从易捷思的实践看中小企业的跨国经营
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摘要
世界经济在加速走向国际化、一体化的过程中,国际资本流动加剧,直接投资的比重不断扩大,这使得我国传统的以贸易为主的对外经济活动方式遇到了越来越多的问题和挑战。目前我国已进入加入世贸组织的后过渡期,对外开放面临更加复杂的国际环境。面对国际经济的变化趋势及我国外向型经济自身的弱点,我们应该调整对外经济发展战略,加强对外直接投资,积极开展跨国经营。国家“十一五”规划纲要再次提出“走出去”战略,今后国家将继续支持有条件的企业对外直接投资和跨国经营,培育和发展我国的跨国公司。可见“走出去”战略是中国企业培育国际竞争力的必由之路。任何企业如果不能适应这一潮流或对新的形势无动于衷,必将在激烈的国际竞争中被淘汰。
中小企业是我国企业的主体,在国民经济和产业链中发挥重要的作用。据中国中小企业协会会长李子彬介绍,改革开放以来,中国中小企业和非公经济蓬勃发展,到2006年底,中小企业数已达到4200多万户,占全国企业总数的99.8%,经工商部门注册的中小企业已达到430多万户,个体工商户达到3800多万户。中小企业创造的最终产品与服务价值、出口总额和上缴税收,分别占全国的58.5%、68.3%和50.2%,已形成中国经济的“半壁江山”;中小企业的发明专利占全国的66%,研发新产品占全国的82%;中小企业提供了城镇就业人口75%以上的就业机会,并吸纳了75%以上农村转移出来的劳动力。1随着经济全球化的发展,面对实力强大、竞争优势明显的国际级跨国公司,中小企业该如何把握各种契机,继续充分利用国内外两种资源、两个市场,加快国际化经营步伐,开展跨国经营,为我国经济持续快速增长做出更大贡献,这己成为当前亟待解决的问题。笔者正是基于这种背景和考虑将我国中小企业跨国经营作为自己的研究课题,在分析自己公司的跨国经营实践的基础上,围绕我国中小企业跨国经营中实际存在的问题,提出了有助于中小企业走出国门进行跨国经营的措施和对同业公司的跨国经营提供一些启示。
结构上,本文从中小企业的界定和中小企业的跨国经营理论基础入手,总结成都易捷思公司的跨国经营实践,通过理论联系实际,从整体到个体,从普遍到特殊的分析,最终目的是要为我国中小企业的国际化经营提出一些可行的策略。全文共分为五章:
第一章阐述了中小企业跨国经营的理论基础及成都易捷思电子有限公司的概况,分析了我国中小企业跨国经营的概况和现状,介绍了本文案例的基本情况。
第二章分析开拓美国市场的可行性及美国物理电子安全行业的市场特点,总结外国企业进入美国市场的方式。特别就案例单位所在行业进行了深入调查,论述了该企业开拓美国市场的方式。
第三章采用SWOT分析方法,通过优势/劣势、机遇/威胁分析,提出中小企业应从三个重点环节:产品、市场、路径上采取有效的国际经营策略,同时总结了案例公司的具体做法。
第四章对我国中小企业跨国经营中存在的问题作了较全面地归纳,探讨产生这些问题的原因和解决这些问题的对策。
第五章对国外推动中小企业国际化经营的成功经验和借鉴意义进行分析,总结对我国推进中小企业跨国经营的启示,同时阐述了易捷思公司的实践对国内同行的启示。
The world economy is accelerating toward internationalization of the process of integration, international capital flows increased, the proportion of direct investment continued to expand, which makes China's traditional trade mainly to the external mode of economic activities encountered a growing number of problems and challenges. At present, China's accession to the WTO have entered the post-transition period, opening up is facing a more complicated international environment. The face of international economic trends and changes in China's export-oriented economy own weaknesses, we should adjust its foreign economic development strategy, enhance foreign direct investment, and actively carry out multinational operations. State, "11th Five-Year" plan outline once again put forward the "going out" strategy, the future state will continue to support enterprises with the right conditions foreign direct investment and transnational business, nurturing and development of China's multinational corporations. This shows that the "going out" strategy is to foster international competitiveness of Chinese enterprises the road we must take. Any enterprise If this trend can not meet the new situation or indifferent, it is bound to the fierce international competition be eliminated.
SMEs are the mainstay of China's enterprises in the industrial chain of the national economy and play an important role. According to Chinese SMEs Association, Li Zibin, since reform and opening up, China's SMEs and the development of non-public economic boom to the end of 2006, the number of SMEs has reached over 42million, or the total number of enterprises 99.8 percent, the Trade and Industry SMEs registered with the department has reached over 4.3million, and individual industrial and commercial households reached over 38million. SMEs create the ultimate value of products and services, total exports and paid taxes, which accounted for the country's 58.5 percent, 68.3 percent and 50.2 percent, the Chinese economy has developed the "half"; the invention patents SMEs of the country's 66 percent, R & D new products accounted for the country's 82 percent; SMEs with the urban employment population more than 75 percent of jobs and absorbed more than 75 percent of rural labor transfer out. With the development of economic globalization, in the face of a strong, clear competitive advantage world-class multinationals, SMEs how to seize all opportunities, and continue to make full use of both domestic and overseas resources and markets, accelerating the pace of international operations, carry out multinational operations, as China's sustained and rapid economic growth make a greater contribution, which has become the urgent need to solve the problems. The author is based on this background and consider China's SMEs transnational business as their own research topics, in the company of their transnational business practice and on the basis of China's SMEs operating in the actual presence of transnational issues raised help SMEs go abroad for multinational operations of the same measures and the transnational companies operating provide some enlightenment.
Structurally, the paper from the definition of SMEs and SMEs theoretical basis starting with multinational operations, summed up the Chengdu - McNair Reith's transnational business practice, through linking theory with practice, from the overall to the individual, from general to specific analysis, with the ultimate aim for the internationalization of SMEs in China by some viable business strategy. The full text is divided into five chapters:
Chapter I expounded the theory of transnational operations of SMEs and the Chengdu-based Electronic Limited McNair think the profile of the SMEs in China transnational business profiles and status, introduced the basic situation of this case.
Chapter II of the feasibility of opening up the United States market and the United States physical electronic security industry market characteristics, summing up the market for foreign enterprises to enter the United States the way. Special units of the industry on the case conducted an in-depth investigation on the enterprises to expand the way the United States market.
Chapter III SWOT analysis method used by advantages / disadvantages, opportunities / threats analysis, SMEs should focus on three areas: product, market, on the path to effective international business strategies, and summed up the case's specific approach.
Chapter IV on China's SMEs multinational operations made the problems in a more comprehensive manner summarized on the reasons for these problems and solve these problems response.
Chapter V abroad promoting the internationalization of SMEs operating experience and the success of reference for analysis and summing up of transnational business in China promoting SMEs Enlightenment, meanwhile expounded easy McNair Reith's practice on domestic counterparts inspiration.
中小企业是我国企业的主体,在国民经济和产业链中发挥重要的作用。据中国中小企业协会会长李子彬介绍,改革开放以来,中国中小企业和非公经济蓬勃发展,到2006年底,中小企业数已达到4200多万户,占全国企业总数的99.8%,经工商部门注册的中小企业已达到430多万户,个体工商户达到3800多万户。中小企业创造的最终产品与服务价值、出口总额和上缴税收,分别占全国的58.5%、68.3%和50.2%,已形成中国经济的“半壁江山”;中小企业的发明专利占全国的66%,研发新产品占全国的82%;中小企业提供了城镇就业人口75%以上的就业机会,并吸纳了75%以上农村转移出来的劳动力。1随着经济全球化的发展,面对实力强大、竞争优势明显的国际级跨国公司,中小企业该如何把握各种契机,继续充分利用国内外两种资源、两个市场,加快国际化经营步伐,开展跨国经营,为我国经济持续快速增长做出更大贡献,这己成为当前亟待解决的问题。笔者正是基于这种背景和考虑将我国中小企业跨国经营作为自己的研究课题,在分析自己公司的跨国经营实践的基础上,围绕我国中小企业跨国经营中实际存在的问题,提出了有助于中小企业走出国门进行跨国经营的措施和对同业公司的跨国经营提供一些启示。
结构上,本文从中小企业的界定和中小企业的跨国经营理论基础入手,总结成都易捷思公司的跨国经营实践,通过理论联系实际,从整体到个体,从普遍到特殊的分析,最终目的是要为我国中小企业的国际化经营提出一些可行的策略。全文共分为五章:
第一章阐述了中小企业跨国经营的理论基础及成都易捷思电子有限公司的概况,分析了我国中小企业跨国经营的概况和现状,介绍了本文案例的基本情况。
第二章分析开拓美国市场的可行性及美国物理电子安全行业的市场特点,总结外国企业进入美国市场的方式。特别就案例单位所在行业进行了深入调查,论述了该企业开拓美国市场的方式。
第三章采用SWOT分析方法,通过优势/劣势、机遇/威胁分析,提出中小企业应从三个重点环节:产品、市场、路径上采取有效的国际经营策略,同时总结了案例公司的具体做法。
第四章对我国中小企业跨国经营中存在的问题作了较全面地归纳,探讨产生这些问题的原因和解决这些问题的对策。
第五章对国外推动中小企业国际化经营的成功经验和借鉴意义进行分析,总结对我国推进中小企业跨国经营的启示,同时阐述了易捷思公司的实践对国内同行的启示。
The world economy is accelerating toward internationalization of the process of integration, international capital flows increased, the proportion of direct investment continued to expand, which makes China's traditional trade mainly to the external mode of economic activities encountered a growing number of problems and challenges. At present, China's accession to the WTO have entered the post-transition period, opening up is facing a more complicated international environment. The face of international economic trends and changes in China's export-oriented economy own weaknesses, we should adjust its foreign economic development strategy, enhance foreign direct investment, and actively carry out multinational operations. State, "11th Five-Year" plan outline once again put forward the "going out" strategy, the future state will continue to support enterprises with the right conditions foreign direct investment and transnational business, nurturing and development of China's multinational corporations. This shows that the "going out" strategy is to foster international competitiveness of Chinese enterprises the road we must take. Any enterprise If this trend can not meet the new situation or indifferent, it is bound to the fierce international competition be eliminated.
SMEs are the mainstay of China's enterprises in the industrial chain of the national economy and play an important role. According to Chinese SMEs Association, Li Zibin, since reform and opening up, China's SMEs and the development of non-public economic boom to the end of 2006, the number of SMEs has reached over 42million, or the total number of enterprises 99.8 percent, the Trade and Industry SMEs registered with the department has reached over 4.3million, and individual industrial and commercial households reached over 38million. SMEs create the ultimate value of products and services, total exports and paid taxes, which accounted for the country's 58.5 percent, 68.3 percent and 50.2 percent, the Chinese economy has developed the "half"; the invention patents SMEs of the country's 66 percent, R & D new products accounted for the country's 82 percent; SMEs with the urban employment population more than 75 percent of jobs and absorbed more than 75 percent of rural labor transfer out. With the development of economic globalization, in the face of a strong, clear competitive advantage world-class multinationals, SMEs how to seize all opportunities, and continue to make full use of both domestic and overseas resources and markets, accelerating the pace of international operations, carry out multinational operations, as China's sustained and rapid economic growth make a greater contribution, which has become the urgent need to solve the problems. The author is based on this background and consider China's SMEs transnational business as their own research topics, in the company of their transnational business practice and on the basis of China's SMEs operating in the actual presence of transnational issues raised help SMEs go abroad for multinational operations of the same measures and the transnational companies operating provide some enlightenment.
Structurally, the paper from the definition of SMEs and SMEs theoretical basis starting with multinational operations, summed up the Chengdu - McNair Reith's transnational business practice, through linking theory with practice, from the overall to the individual, from general to specific analysis, with the ultimate aim for the internationalization of SMEs in China by some viable business strategy. The full text is divided into five chapters:
Chapter I expounded the theory of transnational operations of SMEs and the Chengdu-based Electronic Limited McNair think the profile of the SMEs in China transnational business profiles and status, introduced the basic situation of this case.
Chapter II of the feasibility of opening up the United States market and the United States physical electronic security industry market characteristics, summing up the market for foreign enterprises to enter the United States the way. Special units of the industry on the case conducted an in-depth investigation on the enterprises to expand the way the United States market.
Chapter III SWOT analysis method used by advantages / disadvantages, opportunities / threats analysis, SMEs should focus on three areas: product, market, on the path to effective international business strategies, and summed up the case's specific approach.
Chapter IV on China's SMEs multinational operations made the problems in a more comprehensive manner summarized on the reasons for these problems and solve these problems response.
Chapter V abroad promoting the internationalization of SMEs operating experience and the success of reference for analysis and summing up of transnational business in China promoting SMEs Enlightenment, meanwhile expounded easy McNair Reith's practice on domestic counterparts inspiration.
引文
1原国家经贸委、原国家计委、财政部和国家统计局共同研究制订:《中小企业标准暂行规定》(2003年3月7日)
1资料来源:刘海云《跨国公司经营优势变迁》,中国发展出版社,2001, 20页。
1资料来源:中华人民共和国商务部网站http: //www. mofcom, gov. cn历年统计数据整理得出。
2资料来源:中华人民共和国商务部网站http: //www. mofcom. gov. cn历年统计数据整理得出。
3国家商务部网站上发布统计资料。
1毛文静《美日两国中小企业政策比较研究及启示》内蒙古财经学院学报2001(3)
1、尹忠明著:《当代跨国公司论》,西南财经大学出版社,1999年
2、尹忠明主编:《国际贸易与国际金融》,西南财经大学出版社,1999年。
3、[美]Kulkami, s. The influence of the type of uncertainty on the mode of international entry[J].American business re-view, 2001, 19,(1):94- 101,
4、[美]Bureel O. and Murray. the international market entry choice of start-up company in high一technology[J].journal of international Marketing, 2000, 8,(2):33- 62.
5、克里斯托弗·A·巴特里特《.跨国管理一教程、案例和阅读材料》东北财经大学出版社,2000年
6、赵优珍著:《中小企业国际化:理论探讨与经营实践》,复旦大学出版社,2005年2月
7、徐靖严大中唐方敏编著:《中小企业国际化经营战略----中小企业管理与发展论丛》,科学出版社,2005年8月
8、郎咸平等编著:《科幻:中国高新技术企业发展战略评判》,东方出版社,2006年1月1日
9、邵祥林著:《“走出去”跨国经营---中国经贸强国之路》中国经济出版社,2005年7月
10、鲁桐等著:《中国企业海外市场进入模式研究》,经济管理出版社,2007年6月
11、鲁桐著:《WTO与中国企业国际化》,经济管理出版社,2007年4月
12、尤宏兵著:《中国民营企业国际化经营》,经济科学出版社,2006年11月
13、达捷董春著:《我国中小企业国际发展研究》,西南财经大学出版社,2007年6月
14、魏昕等编著:《中国企业跨国发展研究报告》(2006版),中国社会科学出版社,2006年3月
15、赵伟著:《民营企业国际化:理论分析与典型案例研究》,经济科学出版社,2006年3月
16、刘冀生石涌江编著:《中国企业“走出去”战略》,新华出版社,2003年8月
17、胡丽华著:《国外推动中小企业国际化经验与启示》江淮论坛,2001, ( 1) : 34- 39.
18、刘海云.《跨国公司经营优势变迁》中国发展出版社,2001年
1资料来源:刘海云《跨国公司经营优势变迁》,中国发展出版社,2001, 20页。
1资料来源:中华人民共和国商务部网站http: //www. mofcom, gov. cn历年统计数据整理得出。
2资料来源:中华人民共和国商务部网站http: //www. mofcom. gov. cn历年统计数据整理得出。
3国家商务部网站上发布统计资料。
1毛文静《美日两国中小企业政策比较研究及启示》内蒙古财经学院学报2001(3)
1、尹忠明著:《当代跨国公司论》,西南财经大学出版社,1999年
2、尹忠明主编:《国际贸易与国际金融》,西南财经大学出版社,1999年。
3、[美]Kulkami, s. The influence of the type of uncertainty on the mode of international entry[J].American business re-view, 2001, 19,(1):94- 101,
4、[美]Bureel O. and Murray. the international market entry choice of start-up company in high一technology[J].journal of international Marketing, 2000, 8,(2):33- 62.
5、克里斯托弗·A·巴特里特《.跨国管理一教程、案例和阅读材料》东北财经大学出版社,2000年
6、赵优珍著:《中小企业国际化:理论探讨与经营实践》,复旦大学出版社,2005年2月
7、徐靖严大中唐方敏编著:《中小企业国际化经营战略----中小企业管理与发展论丛》,科学出版社,2005年8月
8、郎咸平等编著:《科幻:中国高新技术企业发展战略评判》,东方出版社,2006年1月1日
9、邵祥林著:《“走出去”跨国经营---中国经贸强国之路》中国经济出版社,2005年7月
10、鲁桐等著:《中国企业海外市场进入模式研究》,经济管理出版社,2007年6月
11、鲁桐著:《WTO与中国企业国际化》,经济管理出版社,2007年4月
12、尤宏兵著:《中国民营企业国际化经营》,经济科学出版社,2006年11月
13、达捷董春著:《我国中小企业国际发展研究》,西南财经大学出版社,2007年6月
14、魏昕等编著:《中国企业跨国发展研究报告》(2006版),中国社会科学出版社,2006年3月
15、赵伟著:《民营企业国际化:理论分析与典型案例研究》,经济科学出版社,2006年3月
16、刘冀生石涌江编著:《中国企业“走出去”战略》,新华出版社,2003年8月
17、胡丽华著:《国外推动中小企业国际化经验与启示》江淮论坛,2001, ( 1) : 34- 39.
18、刘海云.《跨国公司经营优势变迁》中国发展出版社,2001年