基于GSM延伸的WSN研究与实现
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摘要
无线传感器网络(Wireless Sensor Network, WSN)源于上世纪70年代,是从点到点间的传感器传输,到现场总线应用于传感器控制器,再到现在的具有无线自组织能力的传感器网络。由于无线通信技术、微电子技术、存储技术、能量供应技术的发展,加之IEEE 802.15.4工作组对WSN的物理层和MAC层协议的规范,使得WSN有了很大发展。
WSN中单个节点的通信距离比较有限,所以WSN的单一子网覆盖的范围不可能太大。为了实现大规模无线传感器网络的组网与应用,需要借助广域网络设施作为远程传输的支撑平台,以实现不同传感器子网之间的互联,这就需要设计网关,来完成无线传感器网络与广域网络之间的协议转换。然而WSN经常布设于人员难以到达或者比较偏远的场合,作为支撑平台的广域网如果是有线网,当有线网布线至WSN处时,就会产生高昂的铺设费用。
论文设计了一种依托全球移动通信系统(Global System for Mobile Communications, GSM)平台作为对WSN覆盖延伸的体系结构。根据该体系结构设计出实现方案：用GSM作为节点信息远程传输的支撑平台,用ZigBee技术实现WSN,选用温度作为感知对象,设计出WSN网关,实现WSN与GSM网络之协议转换。研究的主要内容体现在以下几个方面：
1.研究了基于ZigBee技术的WSN。重点研究了ZigBee无线通信协议栈架构、各层所涉及的原语、提供的服务。
2.采用GSM蜂窝网作为无线广域网,研究了GSM空中接口的协议规范,AT指令及其格式。
3.搭建了一个由无线广域子系统、网关子系统、节点子系统组成的体系结构。其中无线广域子系统借助现有的GSM网络。网关子系统由GSM模块和具有FFD(Full Function Device)功能的ZigBee协调器组成,它们之间通过串口RS-232连接。节点子系统由具有RFD (Reduce Function Device)功能的ZigBee无线传感器节点和温度传感器组成。
4.开发环境采用IARSystems公司的IAR软件,并对IAR软件的功能和ZigBee协议栈的软件开发流程进行了研究。
5.在熟悉ZigBee技术规范和GSM规范的基础之上,设计出了无线网关。该网关实现了两种网络协议之间的转换,包括ZigBee协调器控制下的WSN组网,AT指令的置入,以及PDU数据分组的定义。
最后选用了三个节点的星型ZigBee网络结构作为WSN,手机作为用户远程控制终端,设计出软件网关,通过一系列的测试,实现了对WSN中节点的监测和管理,达到了预期目的。
Wireless Sensor Network (Wireless Sensor Network, WSN) technology, which has the ability of self-organizing, is originated from point-point sensors transition in 1970s to the application of sensor controller based on Fieldbus. With the development of wireless communication technology、microelectronic technology、storage technology and energy supply technology, as well as the establishment of the WSN physical layer and MAC layer protocols made by IEEE 802.15.4 workgroups, WSN has made significant progress.
A single WSN covers limited area because a node inside the WSN cannot communicate for a long distance. Wide Area Network is always selected as platform to detect and manage the sensor nodes in order to achieve networking and application in large scale. So it is necessary to design a gateway to convert the protocols between WSN and Wide Area Network.WSN always mount in places people difficult reach or far away from people live, it will cost much money to lay the network to the WSN when the platform is wired network.
An architecture based on GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) Wireless Wide Area Network is proposed to extend the cover of WSN. According to the architecture, GSM is selected as platform to communicate the information from sensor nodes inside the WSN, which is realized by ZigBee technology, and then a gateway is designed to convert the protocols between GSM network and WSN. The detail research contents are shown as follow:
1. Research about WSN protocols based on ZigBee technology. Emphasized on the ZigBee wireless communication protocol stacks construction, the primitive and the service in the protocol stacks.
2. Adopting GSM Cellular Network as WWAN,emphasized on the GSM protocols, AT instructions and its formation.
3. An architecture is designed, which is made up of three parts:WWAN subsystem, gateway subsystem and nodes subsystem.The WWAN subsystem is based on the GSM network, and the gateway subsystem consist of a GSM module and a ZigBee coordinator, the latter has the function of FFD (Full Function Device), and the interface between them is RS-232. The nodes subsystem contain some ZigBee sensor nodes that has the function of RFD (Reduce Function Device)
4. Familing to the IAR software, a develop enviroment made by IARSystems company. Mainly reseach the function of the IAR software,and the software development flow about ZigBee protocol stacks.
5. After familiar to the ZigBee protocols and GSM protocols, a wireless gateway is designed to convert the protocols, in which the networking of WSN is controlable by the ZigBee coordinator, AT instructions are posted into ZigBee coordinator and the PDU data packets are defined.
In a star topology structure, WSN, which is based on ZigBee technology, is formed by three sensor nodes, then a wireless gateway is designed by software. after a serise of tests,it achieve good results when a mobile phone is selected as remote terminal unit to detect and manage WSN nodes.
WSN中单个节点的通信距离比较有限,所以WSN的单一子网覆盖的范围不可能太大。为了实现大规模无线传感器网络的组网与应用,需要借助广域网络设施作为远程传输的支撑平台,以实现不同传感器子网之间的互联,这就需要设计网关,来完成无线传感器网络与广域网络之间的协议转换。然而WSN经常布设于人员难以到达或者比较偏远的场合,作为支撑平台的广域网如果是有线网,当有线网布线至WSN处时,就会产生高昂的铺设费用。
论文设计了一种依托全球移动通信系统(Global System for Mobile Communications, GSM)平台作为对WSN覆盖延伸的体系结构。根据该体系结构设计出实现方案：用GSM作为节点信息远程传输的支撑平台,用ZigBee技术实现WSN,选用温度作为感知对象,设计出WSN网关,实现WSN与GSM网络之协议转换。研究的主要内容体现在以下几个方面：
1.研究了基于ZigBee技术的WSN。重点研究了ZigBee无线通信协议栈架构、各层所涉及的原语、提供的服务。
2.采用GSM蜂窝网作为无线广域网,研究了GSM空中接口的协议规范,AT指令及其格式。
3.搭建了一个由无线广域子系统、网关子系统、节点子系统组成的体系结构。其中无线广域子系统借助现有的GSM网络。网关子系统由GSM模块和具有FFD(Full Function Device)功能的ZigBee协调器组成,它们之间通过串口RS-232连接。节点子系统由具有RFD (Reduce Function Device)功能的ZigBee无线传感器节点和温度传感器组成。
4.开发环境采用IARSystems公司的IAR软件,并对IAR软件的功能和ZigBee协议栈的软件开发流程进行了研究。
5.在熟悉ZigBee技术规范和GSM规范的基础之上,设计出了无线网关。该网关实现了两种网络协议之间的转换,包括ZigBee协调器控制下的WSN组网,AT指令的置入,以及PDU数据分组的定义。
最后选用了三个节点的星型ZigBee网络结构作为WSN,手机作为用户远程控制终端,设计出软件网关,通过一系列的测试,实现了对WSN中节点的监测和管理,达到了预期目的。
Wireless Sensor Network (Wireless Sensor Network, WSN) technology, which has the ability of self-organizing, is originated from point-point sensors transition in 1970s to the application of sensor controller based on Fieldbus. With the development of wireless communication technology、microelectronic technology、storage technology and energy supply technology, as well as the establishment of the WSN physical layer and MAC layer protocols made by IEEE 802.15.4 workgroups, WSN has made significant progress.
A single WSN covers limited area because a node inside the WSN cannot communicate for a long distance. Wide Area Network is always selected as platform to detect and manage the sensor nodes in order to achieve networking and application in large scale. So it is necessary to design a gateway to convert the protocols between WSN and Wide Area Network.WSN always mount in places people difficult reach or far away from people live, it will cost much money to lay the network to the WSN when the platform is wired network.
An architecture based on GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) Wireless Wide Area Network is proposed to extend the cover of WSN. According to the architecture, GSM is selected as platform to communicate the information from sensor nodes inside the WSN, which is realized by ZigBee technology, and then a gateway is designed to convert the protocols between GSM network and WSN. The detail research contents are shown as follow:
1. Research about WSN protocols based on ZigBee technology. Emphasized on the ZigBee wireless communication protocol stacks construction, the primitive and the service in the protocol stacks.
2. Adopting GSM Cellular Network as WWAN,emphasized on the GSM protocols, AT instructions and its formation.
3. An architecture is designed, which is made up of three parts:WWAN subsystem, gateway subsystem and nodes subsystem.The WWAN subsystem is based on the GSM network, and the gateway subsystem consist of a GSM module and a ZigBee coordinator, the latter has the function of FFD (Full Function Device), and the interface between them is RS-232. The nodes subsystem contain some ZigBee sensor nodes that has the function of RFD (Reduce Function Device)
4. Familing to the IAR software, a develop enviroment made by IARSystems company. Mainly reseach the function of the IAR software,and the software development flow about ZigBee protocol stacks.
5. After familiar to the ZigBee protocols and GSM protocols, a wireless gateway is designed to convert the protocols, in which the networking of WSN is controlable by the ZigBee coordinator, AT instructions are posted into ZigBee coordinator and the PDU data packets are defined.
In a star topology structure, WSN, which is based on ZigBee technology, is formed by three sensor nodes, then a wireless gateway is designed by software. after a serise of tests,it achieve good results when a mobile phone is selected as remote terminal unit to detect and manage WSN nodes.
引文
[1]于宏毅,李鸥,张效义等.无线传感器网络理论、技术与实现.北京：国防工业出版社.2008.210-215。
[2]王殊,严毓杰,胡富年等.无线传感器网络的理论和应用.北京：北京航空航天大学出版社.2007.103-107。
[3]瞿雷,刘胜德,胡咸.ZigBee技术及其应用.北京：北京航空航天大学出版社.2007.15-87。
[4]Ruay-Shiung Chang and Chia-Jou Kuo, An Energy Efficient Routing Meehanism for Wlreless Sensor Networks. [J]. Proceedings of the 20th International Confereneeon Advanced Information Networking and APPlieations (AINA'06).2006 IEEE。
[5]郭梯云,杨家玮,李建东.数字移动通信.北京：人民邮电出版.2005.59-109。
[6]Andrew S.Tanenbaum著,潘爱民译.计算机网络(第四版).北京：清华大学出版社.2004.100-130。
[7]Jim Geier著,王群,李馥娟等译.无线局域网.北京：人民邮电出版.59-82。
[8]禹帆.蓝牙技术.北京：清华大学出版社.2002.80-81。
[9]Jon S.Wilson编,林龙信,邓彬等译.传感器技术手册.北京：人民邮电出版.2009.429。
[10]朗为民.射频设别(RFID)技术原理与应用.北京：机械工业出版社.2006.58-68。
[11]李文忠,段朝玉,等.ZigBee2006无线网络与无线定位实战.北京：北京航空航天大学出版社.2008.76-89。
[12]蒋挺,赵成林.紫蜂技术及其应用.北京：北京邮电大学出版社,2006.46-180。
[13]金纯,罗祖秋,罗风等ZigBee技术基础及案例分析.北京：国防工业出版社.2008.24-105。
[14]IEEE Standard 802.15.4-2006:Wireless Medium Aeeess Control (MAC) and Physieal Layer (PHY) SPecifieations for Low-rate Wireless Personal Area Networks(LRWPAN). IEEE Soeiety.2006。
[15]ZigBee Alliance. ZigBee Specification 1.0. http://www.ZigBee.org。
[16]任丰源,黄海宁,林闯.无线传感器网络.软件学报.2003, 14(7).1282-1291。
[17]刘荣伍,蒋挺,周正.利用GSM数据传输的Zigbee无线传感器网络.中国科技论文在线。
[18]郭金发,张龙.短信与BREW开发技术及实践.西安：西安电子科技大学出版社,2005。
[19]求是科技.单片机通信技术与工程实践.北京：人民邮电出版社,2005。
[20]SIEMENS Mobile. TC35i Siemens Cellular Engines AT Command Set. Version 00.01 (Preliminary)。
[21]欧洲通信标准协会(ETSI), GSM 03.38:Europena digital cellular telecommunication system (Phase2+); Alphabets and language specifiec inofmration.版本5.6.1.1998.1。
[22]Texas Instrumens. SmartRF(?) CC2430 PRELIMINARY. rev. 1.01. http://www.ti.com。
[23]Texas Instrumens. Z-Stack User's Guide For CC2430ZDK/CC2431ZDK. http://www.ti.com。
[24]Texas Instrumens. Z-Stack Sample Application For CC2430DB. http://www.ti.com。
[25]Texas Instrumens. Z-Stack Developer's Guide. http://www.ti.com。
[26]SIEMENS Mobile. User Guide TC35i Terminal. http://www. siemens.com。
[27]SIEMENS Mobile. TC35i Siemens Cellular Engines Hardware Interface Description. Version 00.03 (Preliminary)
[28]范逸之,陈立元.Vissual Basic与RS-232串行通信控制.北京：中国青年出版社.2002。
[29]郭梯云,邬国杨,李建东.移动通信(第三版).西安：西安电子科技大学出版社.2005.22-24。
[30]Texas Instrumens. IAR IDE User Manual. Rev.1.2. http://www.ti.com。
[31]谭浩强.c程序设计(第二版).北京：清华大学出版社.1999。
[32]高守玮,吴灿阳.ZigBee技术实践教程.北京：北京航空航天大学出版社.2009.170-178。
[2]王殊,严毓杰,胡富年等.无线传感器网络的理论和应用.北京：北京航空航天大学出版社.2007.103-107。
[3]瞿雷,刘胜德,胡咸.ZigBee技术及其应用.北京：北京航空航天大学出版社.2007.15-87。
[4]Ruay-Shiung Chang and Chia-Jou Kuo, An Energy Efficient Routing Meehanism for Wlreless Sensor Networks. [J]. Proceedings of the 20th International Confereneeon Advanced Information Networking and APPlieations (AINA'06).2006 IEEE。
[5]郭梯云,杨家玮,李建东.数字移动通信.北京：人民邮电出版.2005.59-109。
[6]Andrew S.Tanenbaum著,潘爱民译.计算机网络(第四版).北京：清华大学出版社.2004.100-130。
[7]Jim Geier著,王群,李馥娟等译.无线局域网.北京：人民邮电出版.59-82。
[8]禹帆.蓝牙技术.北京：清华大学出版社.2002.80-81。
[9]Jon S.Wilson编,林龙信,邓彬等译.传感器技术手册.北京：人民邮电出版.2009.429。
[10]朗为民.射频设别(RFID)技术原理与应用.北京：机械工业出版社.2006.58-68。
[11]李文忠,段朝玉,等.ZigBee2006无线网络与无线定位实战.北京：北京航空航天大学出版社.2008.76-89。
[12]蒋挺,赵成林.紫蜂技术及其应用.北京：北京邮电大学出版社,2006.46-180。
[13]金纯,罗祖秋,罗风等ZigBee技术基础及案例分析.北京：国防工业出版社.2008.24-105。
[14]IEEE Standard 802.15.4-2006:Wireless Medium Aeeess Control (MAC) and Physieal Layer (PHY) SPecifieations for Low-rate Wireless Personal Area Networks(LRWPAN). IEEE Soeiety.2006。
[15]ZigBee Alliance. ZigBee Specification 1.0. http://www.ZigBee.org。
[16]任丰源,黄海宁,林闯.无线传感器网络.软件学报.2003, 14(7).1282-1291。
[17]刘荣伍,蒋挺,周正.利用GSM数据传输的Zigbee无线传感器网络.中国科技论文在线。
[18]郭金发,张龙.短信与BREW开发技术及实践.西安：西安电子科技大学出版社,2005。
[19]求是科技.单片机通信技术与工程实践.北京：人民邮电出版社,2005。
[20]SIEMENS Mobile. TC35i Siemens Cellular Engines AT Command Set. Version 00.01 (Preliminary)。
[21]欧洲通信标准协会(ETSI), GSM 03.38:Europena digital cellular telecommunication system (Phase2+); Alphabets and language specifiec inofmration.版本5.6.1.1998.1。
[22]Texas Instrumens. SmartRF(?) CC2430 PRELIMINARY. rev. 1.01. http://www.ti.com。
[23]Texas Instrumens. Z-Stack User's Guide For CC2430ZDK/CC2431ZDK. http://www.ti.com。
[24]Texas Instrumens. Z-Stack Sample Application For CC2430DB. http://www.ti.com。
[25]Texas Instrumens. Z-Stack Developer's Guide. http://www.ti.com。
[26]SIEMENS Mobile. User Guide TC35i Terminal. http://www. siemens.com。
[27]SIEMENS Mobile. TC35i Siemens Cellular Engines Hardware Interface Description. Version 00.03 (Preliminary)
[28]范逸之,陈立元.Vissual Basic与RS-232串行通信控制.北京：中国青年出版社.2002。
[29]郭梯云,邬国杨,李建东.移动通信(第三版).西安：西安电子科技大学出版社.2005.22-24。
[30]Texas Instrumens. IAR IDE User Manual. Rev.1.2. http://www.ti.com。
[31]谭浩强.c程序设计(第二版).北京：清华大学出版社.1999。
[32]高守玮,吴灿阳.ZigBee技术实践教程.北京：北京航空航天大学出版社.2009.170-178。