近现代北京胡同的历史变迁及其文化价值
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摘要
北京胡同是历史发展的印记,从元代的建立,明朝的繁荣,清朝的鼎盛,民国的衰落,直至今天的根本性变革,北京胡同的存在和变化都是值得关注的话题。特别是伴随旅游业的发展,物质文化遗产保护的加强,北京胡同的历史变迁及其文化价值成为当前的热点问题。在此背景下,笔者选择以此为题进行研究,以期为实践的发展提供一些借鉴。
在论文结构方面,第一章阐述了北京胡同的基础理论,包括胡同的定义、命名、数量和功能等;分析了北京胡同在元、明、清时期及民国与解放后时期的发展情况,明确了历史变迁的过程。第二章探讨了影响北京胡同演变的主要因素。第三章全面研究了北京胡同变迁所彰显的文化价值,包括历史文化价值、旅游文化价值和文化遗产价值。
论文研究过程中,笔者综合运用文献调研、实地调研、案例分析等多种研究方法,并取得了以下创新成果:第一,笔者对于北京胡同演变的影响因素进行了深入的分析,较之当前的理论研究更为全面;第二,笔者选择了具有代表性的实证案例,使北京胡同的文化价值得到了更加生动的再现。因此,本文也为今后的研究奠定了更加坚实的基础。
In the history of China,Beijing hutong was a main well-known building in the Yuan, Ming and Qing period,and people's lives have been deeply rooted in this imprint. However, with the conflict between rapid expansion of population and urban construction having become increasingly prominent, How to play a continues cultural value of Beijing hutong should be regarded as an important issue of current research. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to research the history and reality of Beijing hutong's cultural value, especially for cultural values of history culture, tourism culture and culture heritage through the analysis of Beijing hutong's historical changes and the evolution of factor using the practice of case study.
People has already familiar with Beijing Hutong. In a point view of concept, Beijing hutong belongs to a historical concept, and its specific meaning changes with the passage of time. Beijing Hutong was originated in the Yuan Dynasty, and it is a space surrounded by both sides of the courtyard-type buildings and the walls of the streets together, which constitute a road system in the old city courtyard cottage. Today Beijing hutong has the same concept as Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasty. Functionally, Beijing Hutong bears not only physical function such as housing, transport and security, but also bears social function such as polity, economy and culture.
Since the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty,Beijing gradually formed the axis pattern that the government was in the centre of the Palace,and the Palace was in the centre of the city. The emperor lived in the center,and people lived all around. Beijing hutong played an important role of living , so the Yuan Dynasty had many large-scale construction projects based on Beijing hutong, creating a trend of Beijing hutong construction, forming a large-scale architectural style of Beijing hutong in city, and providing construction basis for follow-up dynasties.
Compared to Yuan Dynasty, Beijing had moved south of the location in Ming Dynasty. As the population moved to Beijing, the city built thousands of courtyard in line with local conditions, Beijing hutong has been in the rapid development. About management system in the alley, with extension of the Yuan Dynasty, the Ming Dynasty implemented JieFang system. The whole Place was divided into 36 Fang, 28 within the City Square, and the other 8 Fang were out of the City Square under the jurisdiction of the east, west, south (outside the city), north and centre city separately.
Qing Dynasty inherited the basic layout of Beijing hutong form Ming Dynasty, little changed in the physical layout, but increased in terms of quantity and density. The difference is that the administration of the Qing Dynasty in alley became more subtle and depth. The most obvious feature of the Qing Dynasty is the jurisdiction of the implementation of the Eight Banners system, so the Manchu people lived in the centre of the city. Han Chinese lived in the south outside the city bluilt a great number of courtyard,led Beijing hutong to a period of great prosperity as a prosperous time of the alley landscape.
In the period of Republic of China, the construction and transformation's main points of Beijing hutong is to improve the city's traffic by the removal of construction impeding urban traffic. As a result of the war, the Government has no time to attend the renovation of old urban transformation. The alley's living conditions can not meet people's housing needs.
In early liberation, China set off a wave of the Great Leap Forward and People's Communalization Sports. Beijing would change the consumer society from the old city into the production society of new urban community. A large number of migrant workers were recruited to Beijing to attend building modernization of industry. Rapid expansion of the capital's population posed a severe challenge to living. The Housing authorities handed over to the property of uniform distribution, within the courtyard is no longer just one living, but seven or eight, or even more than a dozen families.
During the Cultural Revolution, Beijing's population growth and residential areas have been contradictory to the point where irreconcilable. Construction within courtyard became a temporary solution to people's main means of living. Courtyard is not limited to the pattern of principal room and wing-room, construction has appeared around the house and in the hutong. Courtyard became courta, Beijing hutong appeared signs of recession.
After the Cultural Revolution, Beijing started to carry out housing construction in order to improve people's material and cultural standard of living.A great lot of Courtyard and alley were pushed down, and a great number of High-rise buildings were built at the same time. The alleys began to wither away. However, Fortunately, some valuable Beijing Hutong were included in the protected areas, so that Beijing hutong culture can be handed down.
The reason for Beijing hutong's above-mentioned evolution has a wide range of factors. Polity, economy, population and traffic are the most important factors. Since the Yuan Dynasty, the potentate's decision-making played a decisive role on the birth, development, decline and extinction of an alley. After Yuan Dynasty Kublai Khan's reunification of the Chinese territory, those in power set up a unified plan, built the courtyard with an area of 8 acres and a alley with a 9 meters wide in order to show a unified style and noble country. In order to maintain feudal hierarchy, Ming Dynasty set up stringent requirement to all sectors of the residential buildings from the system, scale, color and so on. This measure has played a positive role in creating orderly development for a different rank of people building housings. The early Qing Dynasty carried out the measure of sub-Man lived, a large number of Han Chinese was expelled from the inner city, and built housing in Nancheng. Alley has got a great deal of geographical expansion and development. During the period of Republic of China, the Government failed to rehabilitate courtyard and alley because of political instability and chaos caused by wars. Beijing hutong began to recession. After the founding of new China, with Beijing's ever-increasing population, the alleys were difficult to meet people's housing needs. Tearing down the alley and construction of buildings became an important means to solve living. Beijing hutong appeared the final demise.
Economic base is the core factor for Beijing Hutong changing. After Yuan Dynasty set up in Beijing, economic got a stable development opportunity, and economic development provide the material guarantee to an alley construction. Beijing hutong began to built. To the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the economic development had been noticeably accelerated. Technological advances had enriched the Beijing Hutong's construction, and also promoted the construction of the intensive construction of an alley. An alley utilization ratio increased substantially. In Republic of China, Beijing Hutong appeared a mixed pattern of Man-Han. Due to limited economic level, dilapidated alleys began to decline.
After the founding of new China, the increased productivity level had brought the city a new high-rises style. A lot of alley construction were replaced by the construction of the building with high utilization rate and completed modern facilities. Beijing hutong began to disappear.
The increase in population will inevitably need more corresponding residential alley. Since the Yuan Dynasty, Beijing Hutong showed the same trend of growth in the expanding area and utilization rate of Hutong with population increase. New China's population increase continuously, so the original construction of the alley can not cover the enormous demand of the population lives. Beijing Hutong is bound to be replaced by Building Construction which carrying a higher rate of inhabitation.
Transport development promote the evolution of Beijing Hutong. In the Yuan, Ming and Qing period, the more common means of transport include cars, horse and chair. An alley size should meet the corresponding features of free flow of transport, so alley size is generally narrow. In Republic of China, the original Royal dedicated road was opened and widened in order to adapt to the demand of new transport.
After the founding of new China, a nationwide construction of the traffic increased rapidly. Beijing's public transport facilities, such as automobiles, subway and so on affected the local hutong by varying degrees, in fact, most of the alley had been demolition. However, the improvement of traffic conditions alleviate the request of an alley road. Mature bypass transport facilities can provide the space and is conducive to the protection of the city alley landscape.
Given the history of the development of Beijing Hutong complex process of far-reaching changes, it is the rise and fall of the evolution of Beijing Hutong that make them appear to be of cultural value. First of all, in the value of historical culture, a substantial proportion of the existing intact residential alley is belonging to famous people, which has a great reference value to contemporary social research. Even in the current construction, Beijing Hutong's history of style still has some to been learned. In addition, social systems in different dynasties have been an important part of history and cultural study.
Second, in the value of tour culture, Beijing Hutong has accumulated a profound and unique culture of the folk-culture activities in the evolution of its own development. More and more tourists hope to visit Beijing Hutong, experience hutong life, and understand Beijing hutong's historical and cultural connotations. Therefore, the Beijing Hutong cultural tourism has become another important embodiment of cultural values. Cultural value of tourism in general can be divided into two categories. One is based on the alley contained the history of their own imprint. The other is based on Beijing Hutong architecture for the provision of modern tourism and cultural activities as a carrier.
Finally, in the value of cultural heritage. The value of cultural heritage was constituted by the value of historical culture and the value of tour culture. Departed Beijing Hutong building can not be allowed to happen again in Beijing history, and how to protect the existing alley building best need to be addressed currently. Government has given more attention to the protection of cultural heritage, and now has identify many hutong buildings as National heritage conservation units. The value of cultural heritage carried by Beijing Hutong is rich, the great importance of cultural heritage value should be recognized only in order to develop other values better.
在论文结构方面,第一章阐述了北京胡同的基础理论,包括胡同的定义、命名、数量和功能等;分析了北京胡同在元、明、清时期及民国与解放后时期的发展情况,明确了历史变迁的过程。第二章探讨了影响北京胡同演变的主要因素。第三章全面研究了北京胡同变迁所彰显的文化价值,包括历史文化价值、旅游文化价值和文化遗产价值。
论文研究过程中,笔者综合运用文献调研、实地调研、案例分析等多种研究方法,并取得了以下创新成果:第一,笔者对于北京胡同演变的影响因素进行了深入的分析,较之当前的理论研究更为全面;第二,笔者选择了具有代表性的实证案例,使北京胡同的文化价值得到了更加生动的再现。因此,本文也为今后的研究奠定了更加坚实的基础。
In the history of China,Beijing hutong was a main well-known building in the Yuan, Ming and Qing period,and people's lives have been deeply rooted in this imprint. However, with the conflict between rapid expansion of population and urban construction having become increasingly prominent, How to play a continues cultural value of Beijing hutong should be regarded as an important issue of current research. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to research the history and reality of Beijing hutong's cultural value, especially for cultural values of history culture, tourism culture and culture heritage through the analysis of Beijing hutong's historical changes and the evolution of factor using the practice of case study.
People has already familiar with Beijing Hutong. In a point view of concept, Beijing hutong belongs to a historical concept, and its specific meaning changes with the passage of time. Beijing Hutong was originated in the Yuan Dynasty, and it is a space surrounded by both sides of the courtyard-type buildings and the walls of the streets together, which constitute a road system in the old city courtyard cottage. Today Beijing hutong has the same concept as Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasty. Functionally, Beijing Hutong bears not only physical function such as housing, transport and security, but also bears social function such as polity, economy and culture.
Since the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty,Beijing gradually formed the axis pattern that the government was in the centre of the Palace,and the Palace was in the centre of the city. The emperor lived in the center,and people lived all around. Beijing hutong played an important role of living , so the Yuan Dynasty had many large-scale construction projects based on Beijing hutong, creating a trend of Beijing hutong construction, forming a large-scale architectural style of Beijing hutong in city, and providing construction basis for follow-up dynasties.
Compared to Yuan Dynasty, Beijing had moved south of the location in Ming Dynasty. As the population moved to Beijing, the city built thousands of courtyard in line with local conditions, Beijing hutong has been in the rapid development. About management system in the alley, with extension of the Yuan Dynasty, the Ming Dynasty implemented JieFang system. The whole Place was divided into 36 Fang, 28 within the City Square, and the other 8 Fang were out of the City Square under the jurisdiction of the east, west, south (outside the city), north and centre city separately.
Qing Dynasty inherited the basic layout of Beijing hutong form Ming Dynasty, little changed in the physical layout, but increased in terms of quantity and density. The difference is that the administration of the Qing Dynasty in alley became more subtle and depth. The most obvious feature of the Qing Dynasty is the jurisdiction of the implementation of the Eight Banners system, so the Manchu people lived in the centre of the city. Han Chinese lived in the south outside the city bluilt a great number of courtyard,led Beijing hutong to a period of great prosperity as a prosperous time of the alley landscape.
In the period of Republic of China, the construction and transformation's main points of Beijing hutong is to improve the city's traffic by the removal of construction impeding urban traffic. As a result of the war, the Government has no time to attend the renovation of old urban transformation. The alley's living conditions can not meet people's housing needs.
In early liberation, China set off a wave of the Great Leap Forward and People's Communalization Sports. Beijing would change the consumer society from the old city into the production society of new urban community. A large number of migrant workers were recruited to Beijing to attend building modernization of industry. Rapid expansion of the capital's population posed a severe challenge to living. The Housing authorities handed over to the property of uniform distribution, within the courtyard is no longer just one living, but seven or eight, or even more than a dozen families.
During the Cultural Revolution, Beijing's population growth and residential areas have been contradictory to the point where irreconcilable. Construction within courtyard became a temporary solution to people's main means of living. Courtyard is not limited to the pattern of principal room and wing-room, construction has appeared around the house and in the hutong. Courtyard became courta, Beijing hutong appeared signs of recession.
After the Cultural Revolution, Beijing started to carry out housing construction in order to improve people's material and cultural standard of living.A great lot of Courtyard and alley were pushed down, and a great number of High-rise buildings were built at the same time. The alleys began to wither away. However, Fortunately, some valuable Beijing Hutong were included in the protected areas, so that Beijing hutong culture can be handed down.
The reason for Beijing hutong's above-mentioned evolution has a wide range of factors. Polity, economy, population and traffic are the most important factors. Since the Yuan Dynasty, the potentate's decision-making played a decisive role on the birth, development, decline and extinction of an alley. After Yuan Dynasty Kublai Khan's reunification of the Chinese territory, those in power set up a unified plan, built the courtyard with an area of 8 acres and a alley with a 9 meters wide in order to show a unified style and noble country. In order to maintain feudal hierarchy, Ming Dynasty set up stringent requirement to all sectors of the residential buildings from the system, scale, color and so on. This measure has played a positive role in creating orderly development for a different rank of people building housings. The early Qing Dynasty carried out the measure of sub-Man lived, a large number of Han Chinese was expelled from the inner city, and built housing in Nancheng. Alley has got a great deal of geographical expansion and development. During the period of Republic of China, the Government failed to rehabilitate courtyard and alley because of political instability and chaos caused by wars. Beijing hutong began to recession. After the founding of new China, with Beijing's ever-increasing population, the alleys were difficult to meet people's housing needs. Tearing down the alley and construction of buildings became an important means to solve living. Beijing hutong appeared the final demise.
Economic base is the core factor for Beijing Hutong changing. After Yuan Dynasty set up in Beijing, economic got a stable development opportunity, and economic development provide the material guarantee to an alley construction. Beijing hutong began to built. To the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the economic development had been noticeably accelerated. Technological advances had enriched the Beijing Hutong's construction, and also promoted the construction of the intensive construction of an alley. An alley utilization ratio increased substantially. In Republic of China, Beijing Hutong appeared a mixed pattern of Man-Han. Due to limited economic level, dilapidated alleys began to decline.
After the founding of new China, the increased productivity level had brought the city a new high-rises style. A lot of alley construction were replaced by the construction of the building with high utilization rate and completed modern facilities. Beijing hutong began to disappear.
The increase in population will inevitably need more corresponding residential alley. Since the Yuan Dynasty, Beijing Hutong showed the same trend of growth in the expanding area and utilization rate of Hutong with population increase. New China's population increase continuously, so the original construction of the alley can not cover the enormous demand of the population lives. Beijing Hutong is bound to be replaced by Building Construction which carrying a higher rate of inhabitation.
Transport development promote the evolution of Beijing Hutong. In the Yuan, Ming and Qing period, the more common means of transport include cars, horse and chair. An alley size should meet the corresponding features of free flow of transport, so alley size is generally narrow. In Republic of China, the original Royal dedicated road was opened and widened in order to adapt to the demand of new transport.
After the founding of new China, a nationwide construction of the traffic increased rapidly. Beijing's public transport facilities, such as automobiles, subway and so on affected the local hutong by varying degrees, in fact, most of the alley had been demolition. However, the improvement of traffic conditions alleviate the request of an alley road. Mature bypass transport facilities can provide the space and is conducive to the protection of the city alley landscape.
Given the history of the development of Beijing Hutong complex process of far-reaching changes, it is the rise and fall of the evolution of Beijing Hutong that make them appear to be of cultural value. First of all, in the value of historical culture, a substantial proportion of the existing intact residential alley is belonging to famous people, which has a great reference value to contemporary social research. Even in the current construction, Beijing Hutong's history of style still has some to been learned. In addition, social systems in different dynasties have been an important part of history and cultural study.
Second, in the value of tour culture, Beijing Hutong has accumulated a profound and unique culture of the folk-culture activities in the evolution of its own development. More and more tourists hope to visit Beijing Hutong, experience hutong life, and understand Beijing hutong's historical and cultural connotations. Therefore, the Beijing Hutong cultural tourism has become another important embodiment of cultural values. Cultural value of tourism in general can be divided into two categories. One is based on the alley contained the history of their own imprint. The other is based on Beijing Hutong architecture for the provision of modern tourism and cultural activities as a carrier.
Finally, in the value of cultural heritage. The value of cultural heritage was constituted by the value of historical culture and the value of tour culture. Departed Beijing Hutong building can not be allowed to happen again in Beijing history, and how to protect the existing alley building best need to be addressed currently. Government has given more attention to the protection of cultural heritage, and now has identify many hutong buildings as National heritage conservation units. The value of cultural heritage carried by Beijing Hutong is rich, the great importance of cultural heritage value should be recognized only in order to develop other values better.
引文
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