糠醛和马来酸酐选择性加氢催化剂的研究
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摘要
含共轭的C=C, C=O键的不饱和有机物选择性加氢是工业生产中一类重要的反应，通过该反应可以获得很多日常生活或工业生产所需的化学品。多相催化选择性加氢技术被认为是该过程最为经济高效的生产工艺。然而目前选择性加氢工业中仍然存在很多问题，例如在糠醛加氢中催化剂主要使用环境污染严重的铜铬催化剂，马来酸酐加氢中大多使用贵金属催化剂和不利于连续生产的间歇式釜式反应工艺。因此，针对不同反应和生产工艺研制高效环保的选择性加氢催化剂仍是亟待解决的问题。此外，如何能深入的理解催化剂的结构与催化性质之间的关系是当前所面临的重要任务。
本论文主要针对糠醛选择性加氢制备糠醇和马来酸酐选择性加氢制备丁二酸酐反应制备了不同类型的非贵金属催化剂。对于糠醛加氢反应，采用燃烧法制备了Cu-MgO催化剂，并且通过改性提高了催化剂的催化性能；同时采用一种高效便捷的方法制备了超细非晶态合金催化剂，其催化性能也采用糠醛加氢进行了考察；对于马来酸酐加氢，制备了一系列非贵金属催化剂，采用固定床连续加氢工艺，筛选出了性能较为优异的催化剂。结合表征手段对催化剂的活性中心性质进行了研究，并探讨了催化剂结构与催化性能之间的关系。论文的主要研究内容如下：一．铜基催化剂上糠醛选择性加氢制备糠醇反应的研究
采用燃烧法制备了Cu-MgO催化剂并用于糠醛气相选择性加氢制备糠醇反应，考察了金属含量和燃烧剂比例（实际燃烧剂用量/理论燃烧剂需要量）对催化性能的影响。结果表明：在燃烧剂比例为4，Cu质量分数为12.1%时催化剂可以获得较高的糠醛转化率和糠醇选择性。表征结果证实：在考察的范围内（燃烧剂比例为1~4），铜含量为12.1%Cu-MgO催化剂活性中心铜的分散度呈现先增大后减小的趋势，当燃烧剂比例为4时的Cu-MgO催化剂上活性中心铜的分散度最高。催化剂上高的糠醇选择性的原因则是由于合适的Cu粒径和MgO碱性载体对糠醛中C=C键强的排斥作用。
为了进一步提高Cu-MgO催化剂的催化性能，尝试了在该体系中引入Zr。评价了Mg/Zr比和燃烧剂比例对Cu-Mg-Zr-O催化剂反应性能的影响。结果表明：燃烧剂比例为2，Mg/Zr比为2/8时所得到的Cu-Mg-Zr-O催化剂的活性、选择性和稳定性都好于Cu-MgO催化剂。Cu-Mg-Zr-O催化剂高活性的原因主要是由于催化剂表面存在更多的Cu~0，同时，Cu~+也可能对反应的活性有作用。催化剂上更多的与载体有强相互作用的CuO物种的存在和新的缺陷位的产生可能有助于提高催化剂的稳定性和选择性。二．超细NiB非晶态合金催化剂的合成及选择性加氢性能的研究
采用化学还原法，通过在合成体系中引入AlCl_3，制备了一系列超细NiB非晶态合金，并用于糠醛选择性加氢和甲基异丁基甲酮加氢反应。XRD，SAED和XPS表征结果表明合成的材料具有非晶态合金结构特征。反应结果表明：在合成体系中引入AlCl_3的NiB合金在加氢反应中表现出了更高的活性；在考察的范围内（Al/Ni=0.5/2~2/2），随着AlCl_3加入量的增加，催化剂的活性逐渐升高。进一步的表征表明：通过控制合成过程中加入的AlCl_3的量，可以有效的调节NiB非晶态合金的粒径和比表面积。当Al/Ni=1/2时，所得非晶态合金粒径大约为3~5nm，仅为传统方法合成的NiB的十分之一。结合各种表征与反应数据认为，催化剂比表面的增大并不是活性提高的唯一原因，纳米尺寸效应可能对此也有一定贡献。
对合成体系中引入AlCl_3的作用进行了研究，结果表明：AlCl_3加入后形成Al(OH)_3胶体，大量的胶体产生后在NiB合金的还原过程起到隔离合金粒子的作用，减小还原过程中由于强放热导致的粒子聚集，从而能够最终获得超细NiB非晶态合金。三．镍基催化剂在马来酸酐选择性加氢中的应用
采用浸渍法制备了一系列非贵金属催化剂并用于马来酸酐气相选择性加氢制备丁二酸酐反应。反应结果表明：一定温度焙烧后的Ni/TiO_2催化剂上可以获得较好的催化性能。当焙烧温度为1023K时，催化剂获得了最好的催化性能，此时马来酸酐转化率为95%，丁二酸酐选择性96%（反应温度493K，压力0.2MPa）。催化剂较高的焙烧温度有利于丁二酸酐选择性的提高，然而过高的焙烧温度容易导致NiTiO_3的形成，从而显著降低了催化剂的反应活性。
对影响催化剂选择性的因素进行了研究。结果表明：Ni/TiO_2催化剂中Ni与载体TiO_2之间的相互作用随着焙烧温度的升高而逐渐变强，而这种强的金属载体相互作用可能会导致活性中心的电子向载体的迁移，从而降低催化剂对C=O键的活化能力。此外，高的焙烧温度会导致催化剂表面Lewis酸的减少，这也会对C=O键的活化产生抑制作用。这两方面的变化都会减少副产物γ-丁内酯的生成，继而提高丁二酸酐的选择性。
Selective hydrogenation of organic substrates containing conjugated C=C, C=Obond is an important type of reaction in the industrial production, lots of chemical canbe obtained though this type of reaction. Catalytic hydrogenation over heterogeneouscatalyst was thought to be the most economical and efficient way among all thetechnics. However, a lot of problems still existed in this technic, for example, copperchromite catalyst which cause sever environmental pollution has been used in thehydrogenation of furfural for decades. For the hydrogenation of maleic anhydride, thecatalysts were mainly noble metal catalysts and the reaction always operated in baltchsystem. So, environmental and economical catalysts still need to develop for thesereactions. Otherwise, the clear relationship between the physicochemical properties ofthe catalysts and their catalytic performance need to be built.
In this work, different types of catalysts were prepared and their catalyticperformance was investigated in the hydrogenation of furfural and maleic anhydride.For the furfural hydrogenation, Cu-MgO catalysts were prepared by combustionmethod and their catalytic performance was improved by modification; An efficientand convenient way was used to prepare ultrafine amorphous alloy and their catalyticperformance were investigated in the hydrogenation of furfural. For hydrogenation ofmaleic anhydride, a series of non-noble catalysts were prepared and catalyticperformance were examined in the fixed bed system. Characterizations were used toclear the relationship between the catalytic performance and physicochemicalproperties of the catalysts. The main research contents and results are as followed:
1. Selective hydrogenation of furfural to furfuryl alcohol on Cu-based catalysts
A series of Cu-MgO catalysts were prepared by combustion method, andcharacterized by XRD, BET, H2-TPR and N_2O chemisorption techniques. The effectof Cu-loading and fuel ratio (actual fuel/stoichiometric fuel) on the catalyticperformance were investigated in the hydrogenation of furfural. It is obtained thatwhen the urea ratio was4, the catalyst with12.1%wt. Cu-loading get best catalytic performance. In the range of urea ratio changing, the Cu dispersion of12.1%Cu-MgO first increase and then decrease with the urea ratio increasing, and highestCu dispersion was obtained when urea ratio was4. High furfuryl alcohol selectivityover Cu-MgO catalyst as prepared was attributed to suitable Cu particle size andrepulsion between C=C bond and base support.
In order to improve the catalytic performance, Zr was introduced to the Cu-MgOcatalysts. The effect of fuel ratio and the Mg/Zr on the catalytic performance wereinvestigated in the hydrogenation of furfural. It can be obtained that, when fuel ratiowas2and Mg/Zr ratio was2/8, the obtained Cu-Mg-Zr-O showed the best catalyticperformance. Compared with Cu-MgO and Cu–ZrO2prepared by the same method,Cu-Mg-Zr-O showed much higher activity and better stability, these might due tohigher Cu dispersion and stronger interaction between Cu and support.
2. Preparation of ultrafine NiB amorphous alloy catalysts and their applicationin hydrogenation reactions
A series of NiB amorphous alloy catalysts were prepared through introducingAlCl_3into the preparation process, and their catalytic performance was investigated inthe hydrogenation of furfural and methyl isobutyl ketone. XRD, SAED and XPScharacterizations were used to verify the amorphous alloy structure of the materials asprepared. The catalytic performance demonstrated that the NiB catalysts showedmuch higher activity than the one prepared by conventional method. In the range ofAl/Ni ratio changing (Al/Ni=0.5/2-2/2), catalytic activity increased with theincreasing of Al/Ni ratio. The characterizations showed that particle size and surfacearea of the as-prepared NiB catalysts can be controlled by changing the amount ofAlCl_3in the preparation process. When Al/Ni ratio was1/1, the NiB particle size wasabout3-5nm, it is about tenth of the NiB particle size prepared by conventionalmethod. Combined the characterizations and catalytic results, it was speculated thatthe increase of surface area should be not the only factor in improving the catalyticactivity of NiB alloy catalysts, some other reason, like relatively small particle sizemay also be have some effect in influencing the catalytic performance.
The influence of AlCl_3added in the preparation process on the formation ofNiB amorphous alloy was investigated. It was believed that when AlCl_3added in thepreparation process, the formation of Al(OH)_3might be the key factor of theformation of nanoparticles size of NiB particle size. The formation of Al(OH)_3sol could play a role in isolating the reduced NiB nanoparticles, and inhibiting the rapidagglomeration during the reduction course by NaBH_4.
3. Selective hydrogenation of maleic anhydride to succinic anhydride overNi-based catalysts
A series of Ni-based catalysts were prepared by impregnation method, and theircatalytic performance was investigated in the hydrogenation of maleic anhydride. Itwas found that in the non-noble catalysts, MA conversion and SA selectivity wasaffected by the calcination temperature over Ni/TiO_2catalysts. Relatively highcalcination temperatures were benefit for the improvement of SA selectivity, however,too higher temperature may result in the formation of NiTiO_3phase, which is inactivefor the hydrogenation reaction. When the calcination temperature was1023K,Ni/TiO_2showed the best catalytic performance with95%maleic anhydride and96%succinic anhydride in the test condition (493K and0.2MPa).
Combined the results and the literatures, the factors which might have effect onthe selectvity of hydrogenation of maleic anhydride was discussed. H2-TPR showedthat the interaction between Ni species and support become stronger with the increaseof calcination temperature, thus may result in the production of electron-deficient Niactive centers, which are more favorable for the activation of C=C bond rather thanC=O bond. Otherwise, the decrease the Lewis acid sites with the increasing oftemperature might inhibit the activation of C=O bond, which also result in thereducing the side-product of GBL.
本论文主要针对糠醛选择性加氢制备糠醇和马来酸酐选择性加氢制备丁二酸酐反应制备了不同类型的非贵金属催化剂。对于糠醛加氢反应，采用燃烧法制备了Cu-MgO催化剂，并且通过改性提高了催化剂的催化性能；同时采用一种高效便捷的方法制备了超细非晶态合金催化剂，其催化性能也采用糠醛加氢进行了考察；对于马来酸酐加氢，制备了一系列非贵金属催化剂，采用固定床连续加氢工艺，筛选出了性能较为优异的催化剂。结合表征手段对催化剂的活性中心性质进行了研究，并探讨了催化剂结构与催化性能之间的关系。论文的主要研究内容如下：一．铜基催化剂上糠醛选择性加氢制备糠醇反应的研究
采用燃烧法制备了Cu-MgO催化剂并用于糠醛气相选择性加氢制备糠醇反应，考察了金属含量和燃烧剂比例（实际燃烧剂用量/理论燃烧剂需要量）对催化性能的影响。结果表明：在燃烧剂比例为4，Cu质量分数为12.1%时催化剂可以获得较高的糠醛转化率和糠醇选择性。表征结果证实：在考察的范围内（燃烧剂比例为1~4），铜含量为12.1%Cu-MgO催化剂活性中心铜的分散度呈现先增大后减小的趋势，当燃烧剂比例为4时的Cu-MgO催化剂上活性中心铜的分散度最高。催化剂上高的糠醇选择性的原因则是由于合适的Cu粒径和MgO碱性载体对糠醛中C=C键强的排斥作用。
为了进一步提高Cu-MgO催化剂的催化性能，尝试了在该体系中引入Zr。评价了Mg/Zr比和燃烧剂比例对Cu-Mg-Zr-O催化剂反应性能的影响。结果表明：燃烧剂比例为2，Mg/Zr比为2/8时所得到的Cu-Mg-Zr-O催化剂的活性、选择性和稳定性都好于Cu-MgO催化剂。Cu-Mg-Zr-O催化剂高活性的原因主要是由于催化剂表面存在更多的Cu~0，同时，Cu~+也可能对反应的活性有作用。催化剂上更多的与载体有强相互作用的CuO物种的存在和新的缺陷位的产生可能有助于提高催化剂的稳定性和选择性。二．超细NiB非晶态合金催化剂的合成及选择性加氢性能的研究
采用化学还原法，通过在合成体系中引入AlCl_3，制备了一系列超细NiB非晶态合金，并用于糠醛选择性加氢和甲基异丁基甲酮加氢反应。XRD，SAED和XPS表征结果表明合成的材料具有非晶态合金结构特征。反应结果表明：在合成体系中引入AlCl_3的NiB合金在加氢反应中表现出了更高的活性；在考察的范围内（Al/Ni=0.5/2~2/2），随着AlCl_3加入量的增加，催化剂的活性逐渐升高。进一步的表征表明：通过控制合成过程中加入的AlCl_3的量，可以有效的调节NiB非晶态合金的粒径和比表面积。当Al/Ni=1/2时，所得非晶态合金粒径大约为3~5nm，仅为传统方法合成的NiB的十分之一。结合各种表征与反应数据认为，催化剂比表面的增大并不是活性提高的唯一原因，纳米尺寸效应可能对此也有一定贡献。
对合成体系中引入AlCl_3的作用进行了研究，结果表明：AlCl_3加入后形成Al(OH)_3胶体，大量的胶体产生后在NiB合金的还原过程起到隔离合金粒子的作用，减小还原过程中由于强放热导致的粒子聚集，从而能够最终获得超细NiB非晶态合金。三．镍基催化剂在马来酸酐选择性加氢中的应用
采用浸渍法制备了一系列非贵金属催化剂并用于马来酸酐气相选择性加氢制备丁二酸酐反应。反应结果表明：一定温度焙烧后的Ni/TiO_2催化剂上可以获得较好的催化性能。当焙烧温度为1023K时，催化剂获得了最好的催化性能，此时马来酸酐转化率为95%，丁二酸酐选择性96%（反应温度493K，压力0.2MPa）。催化剂较高的焙烧温度有利于丁二酸酐选择性的提高，然而过高的焙烧温度容易导致NiTiO_3的形成，从而显著降低了催化剂的反应活性。
对影响催化剂选择性的因素进行了研究。结果表明：Ni/TiO_2催化剂中Ni与载体TiO_2之间的相互作用随着焙烧温度的升高而逐渐变强，而这种强的金属载体相互作用可能会导致活性中心的电子向载体的迁移，从而降低催化剂对C=O键的活化能力。此外，高的焙烧温度会导致催化剂表面Lewis酸的减少，这也会对C=O键的活化产生抑制作用。这两方面的变化都会减少副产物γ-丁内酯的生成，继而提高丁二酸酐的选择性。
Selective hydrogenation of organic substrates containing conjugated C=C, C=Obond is an important type of reaction in the industrial production, lots of chemical canbe obtained though this type of reaction. Catalytic hydrogenation over heterogeneouscatalyst was thought to be the most economical and efficient way among all thetechnics. However, a lot of problems still existed in this technic, for example, copperchromite catalyst which cause sever environmental pollution has been used in thehydrogenation of furfural for decades. For the hydrogenation of maleic anhydride, thecatalysts were mainly noble metal catalysts and the reaction always operated in baltchsystem. So, environmental and economical catalysts still need to develop for thesereactions. Otherwise, the clear relationship between the physicochemical properties ofthe catalysts and their catalytic performance need to be built.
In this work, different types of catalysts were prepared and their catalyticperformance was investigated in the hydrogenation of furfural and maleic anhydride.For the furfural hydrogenation, Cu-MgO catalysts were prepared by combustionmethod and their catalytic performance was improved by modification; An efficientand convenient way was used to prepare ultrafine amorphous alloy and their catalyticperformance were investigated in the hydrogenation of furfural. For hydrogenation ofmaleic anhydride, a series of non-noble catalysts were prepared and catalyticperformance were examined in the fixed bed system. Characterizations were used toclear the relationship between the catalytic performance and physicochemicalproperties of the catalysts. The main research contents and results are as followed:
1. Selective hydrogenation of furfural to furfuryl alcohol on Cu-based catalysts
A series of Cu-MgO catalysts were prepared by combustion method, andcharacterized by XRD, BET, H2-TPR and N_2O chemisorption techniques. The effectof Cu-loading and fuel ratio (actual fuel/stoichiometric fuel) on the catalyticperformance were investigated in the hydrogenation of furfural. It is obtained thatwhen the urea ratio was4, the catalyst with12.1%wt. Cu-loading get best catalytic performance. In the range of urea ratio changing, the Cu dispersion of12.1%Cu-MgO first increase and then decrease with the urea ratio increasing, and highestCu dispersion was obtained when urea ratio was4. High furfuryl alcohol selectivityover Cu-MgO catalyst as prepared was attributed to suitable Cu particle size andrepulsion between C=C bond and base support.
In order to improve the catalytic performance, Zr was introduced to the Cu-MgOcatalysts. The effect of fuel ratio and the Mg/Zr on the catalytic performance wereinvestigated in the hydrogenation of furfural. It can be obtained that, when fuel ratiowas2and Mg/Zr ratio was2/8, the obtained Cu-Mg-Zr-O showed the best catalyticperformance. Compared with Cu-MgO and Cu–ZrO2prepared by the same method,Cu-Mg-Zr-O showed much higher activity and better stability, these might due tohigher Cu dispersion and stronger interaction between Cu and support.
2. Preparation of ultrafine NiB amorphous alloy catalysts and their applicationin hydrogenation reactions
A series of NiB amorphous alloy catalysts were prepared through introducingAlCl_3into the preparation process, and their catalytic performance was investigated inthe hydrogenation of furfural and methyl isobutyl ketone. XRD, SAED and XPScharacterizations were used to verify the amorphous alloy structure of the materials asprepared. The catalytic performance demonstrated that the NiB catalysts showedmuch higher activity than the one prepared by conventional method. In the range ofAl/Ni ratio changing (Al/Ni=0.5/2-2/2), catalytic activity increased with theincreasing of Al/Ni ratio. The characterizations showed that particle size and surfacearea of the as-prepared NiB catalysts can be controlled by changing the amount ofAlCl_3in the preparation process. When Al/Ni ratio was1/1, the NiB particle size wasabout3-5nm, it is about tenth of the NiB particle size prepared by conventionalmethod. Combined the characterizations and catalytic results, it was speculated thatthe increase of surface area should be not the only factor in improving the catalyticactivity of NiB alloy catalysts, some other reason, like relatively small particle sizemay also be have some effect in influencing the catalytic performance.
The influence of AlCl_3added in the preparation process on the formation ofNiB amorphous alloy was investigated. It was believed that when AlCl_3added in thepreparation process, the formation of Al(OH)_3might be the key factor of theformation of nanoparticles size of NiB particle size. The formation of Al(OH)_3sol could play a role in isolating the reduced NiB nanoparticles, and inhibiting the rapidagglomeration during the reduction course by NaBH_4.
3. Selective hydrogenation of maleic anhydride to succinic anhydride overNi-based catalysts
A series of Ni-based catalysts were prepared by impregnation method, and theircatalytic performance was investigated in the hydrogenation of maleic anhydride. Itwas found that in the non-noble catalysts, MA conversion and SA selectivity wasaffected by the calcination temperature over Ni/TiO_2catalysts. Relatively highcalcination temperatures were benefit for the improvement of SA selectivity, however,too higher temperature may result in the formation of NiTiO_3phase, which is inactivefor the hydrogenation reaction. When the calcination temperature was1023K,Ni/TiO_2showed the best catalytic performance with95%maleic anhydride and96%succinic anhydride in the test condition (493K and0.2MPa).
Combined the results and the literatures, the factors which might have effect onthe selectvity of hydrogenation of maleic anhydride was discussed. H2-TPR showedthat the interaction between Ni species and support become stronger with the increaseof calcination temperature, thus may result in the production of electron-deficient Niactive centers, which are more favorable for the activation of C=C bond rather thanC=O bond. Otherwise, the decrease the Lewis acid sites with the increasing oftemperature might inhibit the activation of C=O bond, which also result in thereducing the side-product of GBL.
引文
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