西南太平洋劳盆地与西南印度洋中脊深海热液区底栖动物初探
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摘要
深海热液活动和热液生物研究是目前国际海洋研究的热点之一,深海热液生态系统给人们展示了一个独特的海底生命奇观。本论文分析了中国大洋科考第19和第20航次在西南太平洋劳盆地热液区及西南印度洋中脊热液区获得的45个站位的沉积物和生物样品,对其中的底栖动物群落进行了生态学和分类学方面的初步研究,主要结果如下:
1.在劳盆地调查区共检出13个小型底栖动物类群,其中线虫为个体数最优势类群,占45.29%,其次为蜱螨类,占30.53%,桡足类居第三位,占17.56%;其他类群的个体数量都很少。小型底栖动物群落平均丰度、平均生物量和平均生产量分别为18.67±10.12 ind/10cm2、34.79±23.57μg?dwt/10cm2和313.09±212.12μg?dwt/10cm2?a。
2.在西南印度洋调查区29个站位中分布检出小型底栖动物11个类群,大型底栖动物12个类群,巨型底栖动物14个类群,总共检出22个底栖动物类群。调查区的小型底栖动物群落生物多样性较高,主要为以线虫为个体数第一优势类群、桡足类为第二优势类群、其它类群优势度较低的群落,但少数调查站位的端足类和原足类较多,线虫较少。与劳盆地的底栖动物群落相比,西南印度洋的端足类和原足类拥有较高的个体数比例,但蜱螨类相对少得多。
3.在西南印度洋调查站位,含有大量多金属硫化物的沉积物中的底栖动物群落类群组成较单一、多样性程度低,仅检出线虫和桡足类两个类群,其中线虫占有个体数的绝对优势;粗硬的有孔虫钙质软泥沉积物中的底栖动物类群最多,多样性程度相对较高,主要为桡足类-端足类群落,原足类、等足类和线虫也有一定比例;细软的有孔虫钙质软泥沉积物中的底栖动物类群中线虫占有个体数绝对优势,主要为线虫-桡足类群落;含有大量蛋白石的硅质软泥沉积物中的底栖动物为以线虫-桡足类为主、端足类-原足类次之的群落。
4.从形态学角度描述和鉴定了在西南印度洋调查区获得的部分巨型底栖生物样品,包括铠茗荷、锉石鳖、贻贝、铠甲虾以及与热液活动相关的鳞脚腹足类和翼足类等生物外壳。初步探讨了铠甲虾的形态分类,整理出铠甲虾总科下属科的分类检索简表。
Studies on deep-sea hydrothermal activities and hydrothermal lives have been one of the most interesting topics in international marine researches, and the deep-sea hydrothermal ecosystem is showing us a unique benthal picture about lives. This paper analyses the sediment and fauna samples of 45 sites collected during the Chinese DY115-19 and DY115-20 expeditions from the hydrothermal fields both in Lau Basin and in Southewest Indian Ridge (SWIR). Ecology and taxonomy preliminary researches about these benthic communities have been done, follows are the main results:
1. Thirteen meiobenthos groups are detected in Lau Basin hydrothermal fields, nematode is the dominant one in individual amount, takes 45.29% of the total benthos, acari followed, 30.53%, and copepoda is the third one, 17.56%, the other groups are few. Average abundance, biomass, and production of meiobenthos is 18.67±10.12 ind/10cm2、34.79±23.57μg?dwt/10cm2 and 313.09±212.12μg?dwt/10cm2?a respectively.
2. Twenty-two benthic groups are detected in twenty-nine sites in hydrothermal surveyed fields of SWIR, meiobenthos have eleven groups, macrobenthos have twelve groups, and megabenthos have fourteen groups. The meiobenthos community is mainly dominated by nematode in individual amount, followed by copepoda, but the amount of the other groups is low. In another side, amphipoda and tanaidacea are the dominated groups in a few sites while nematode is few. Comparing with the meiobenthos community of Lau Basin, amphipoda and tanaidacea are richer in individual amount in SWIR but acari are few correspondingly.
3. In those surveyed sites of SWIR, only nematode and copepoda are detected in the sediment which containing much sulfides, showing the least groups number and diversity index. Copepoda and amphipoda dominate the benthic community in harder foraminifers’mud which has the highest groups number and diversity index. Tanaidacea, Isopoda and nematode take not low percentages in this community either. The community in softer foraminifers’mud which is dominated by nematode and copepoda, and nematode is the richest groups. Community in silidous mud with much opal is dominated by nematode-copepoda and followed by amphipoda-tanaidacea.
4. Morphological taxon researches in several megabenthic groups from SWIR hydrothermal fields have been carried out, including scalpellomorpha, ischnochitonidae, mytilidae, squat lobster and some other lives related with hydrothermal activities: scaly-foot gastropod, thecosomata, et al. The preliminary studies on galathea’morphological taxons have been done too, and a table of abridged keys to families of Galatheoidea is presented.
1.在劳盆地调查区共检出13个小型底栖动物类群,其中线虫为个体数最优势类群,占45.29%,其次为蜱螨类,占30.53%,桡足类居第三位,占17.56%;其他类群的个体数量都很少。小型底栖动物群落平均丰度、平均生物量和平均生产量分别为18.67±10.12 ind/10cm2、34.79±23.57μg?dwt/10cm2和313.09±212.12μg?dwt/10cm2?a。
2.在西南印度洋调查区29个站位中分布检出小型底栖动物11个类群,大型底栖动物12个类群,巨型底栖动物14个类群,总共检出22个底栖动物类群。调查区的小型底栖动物群落生物多样性较高,主要为以线虫为个体数第一优势类群、桡足类为第二优势类群、其它类群优势度较低的群落,但少数调查站位的端足类和原足类较多,线虫较少。与劳盆地的底栖动物群落相比,西南印度洋的端足类和原足类拥有较高的个体数比例,但蜱螨类相对少得多。
3.在西南印度洋调查站位,含有大量多金属硫化物的沉积物中的底栖动物群落类群组成较单一、多样性程度低,仅检出线虫和桡足类两个类群,其中线虫占有个体数的绝对优势;粗硬的有孔虫钙质软泥沉积物中的底栖动物类群最多,多样性程度相对较高,主要为桡足类-端足类群落,原足类、等足类和线虫也有一定比例;细软的有孔虫钙质软泥沉积物中的底栖动物类群中线虫占有个体数绝对优势,主要为线虫-桡足类群落;含有大量蛋白石的硅质软泥沉积物中的底栖动物为以线虫-桡足类为主、端足类-原足类次之的群落。
4.从形态学角度描述和鉴定了在西南印度洋调查区获得的部分巨型底栖生物样品,包括铠茗荷、锉石鳖、贻贝、铠甲虾以及与热液活动相关的鳞脚腹足类和翼足类等生物外壳。初步探讨了铠甲虾的形态分类,整理出铠甲虾总科下属科的分类检索简表。
Studies on deep-sea hydrothermal activities and hydrothermal lives have been one of the most interesting topics in international marine researches, and the deep-sea hydrothermal ecosystem is showing us a unique benthal picture about lives. This paper analyses the sediment and fauna samples of 45 sites collected during the Chinese DY115-19 and DY115-20 expeditions from the hydrothermal fields both in Lau Basin and in Southewest Indian Ridge (SWIR). Ecology and taxonomy preliminary researches about these benthic communities have been done, follows are the main results:
1. Thirteen meiobenthos groups are detected in Lau Basin hydrothermal fields, nematode is the dominant one in individual amount, takes 45.29% of the total benthos, acari followed, 30.53%, and copepoda is the third one, 17.56%, the other groups are few. Average abundance, biomass, and production of meiobenthos is 18.67±10.12 ind/10cm2、34.79±23.57μg?dwt/10cm2 and 313.09±212.12μg?dwt/10cm2?a respectively.
2. Twenty-two benthic groups are detected in twenty-nine sites in hydrothermal surveyed fields of SWIR, meiobenthos have eleven groups, macrobenthos have twelve groups, and megabenthos have fourteen groups. The meiobenthos community is mainly dominated by nematode in individual amount, followed by copepoda, but the amount of the other groups is low. In another side, amphipoda and tanaidacea are the dominated groups in a few sites while nematode is few. Comparing with the meiobenthos community of Lau Basin, amphipoda and tanaidacea are richer in individual amount in SWIR but acari are few correspondingly.
3. In those surveyed sites of SWIR, only nematode and copepoda are detected in the sediment which containing much sulfides, showing the least groups number and diversity index. Copepoda and amphipoda dominate the benthic community in harder foraminifers’mud which has the highest groups number and diversity index. Tanaidacea, Isopoda and nematode take not low percentages in this community either. The community in softer foraminifers’mud which is dominated by nematode and copepoda, and nematode is the richest groups. Community in silidous mud with much opal is dominated by nematode-copepoda and followed by amphipoda-tanaidacea.
4. Morphological taxon researches in several megabenthic groups from SWIR hydrothermal fields have been carried out, including scalpellomorpha, ischnochitonidae, mytilidae, squat lobster and some other lives related with hydrothermal activities: scaly-foot gastropod, thecosomata, et al. The preliminary studies on galathea’morphological taxons have been done too, and a table of abridged keys to families of Galatheoidea is presented.
引文
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