GhKNL1在棉花（Gossypium hirsutum）纤维发育中的功能及GhAGP31冷胁迫应答研究
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摘要
棉花是世界上最重要的纤维作物之一。棉纤维是由胚珠外表皮分化而成的高度伸长和增厚的单细胞毛状突起,是研究细胞的伸长和细胞壁纤维素合成的很好模式材料。在棉纤维发育过程中,纤维细胞壁发育通常可分为初生壁和次生壁两个阶段。初生壁阶段一系列复杂的调控影响棉纤维细胞密度和长度,纤维素合成与次生壁沉积最终影响棉纤维的产量和品质。因此,克隆棉纤维次生壁合成相关基因,研究棉纤维发育分子机制,对棉纤维品质改良具有重要意义。本文从棉花中分离了一个KNOX基因和一个细胞壁蛋白基因,并对这两个基因的表达模式及功能进行了研究,获得的主要研究结果如下：
1. GhKNL1基因在棉纤维细胞次生壁发育阶段高水平表达
从棉花中分离鉴定了1个Ⅱ类KNOX蛋白基因,命名为GhKNL1。RT-PCR结果表明,该基因在棉纤维发育初期和其它组织中表达量较低,随着棉纤维发育到次生壁加厚阶段,该基因表达量逐渐升高,达到最高值。分离了该基因的启动子(GhKNL1p)片段,构建了PBI-GhKNL1p::GUS融合表达载体,通过浸花法转化拟南芥,对获得的转基因植株进行GUS活性染色,结果显示GUS信号在拟南芥幼嫩以及成熟组织的维管系统中较强,而在其它组织中基本检测不到。
利用棉花胚珠离体培养技术进一步分析了激素对该基因在棉纤维中表达的影响。结果表明,ABA、KT和GA对GhKNL1对基因表达没有显著影响,以上结果说明GhKNL1基因可能是纤维次生壁发育相关的基因,可能不参与棉纤维次生发育过程中的激素应答。
2. GhKNL1蛋白定位于细胞核中
构建GhKNL1基因与eGFP的融合表达载体,转化拟南芥,筛选获得转基因植株,激光共聚焦显微镜下观察表明,GhKNL1蛋白定位于细胞核中。
3. GhKNL1蛋白相互作用分析
酵母自激活分析显示GhKNL1没有转录激活活性。有报道指出,KNOX蛋白通常形成复合体发挥功能。为了研究GhKNL1蛋白能否形成同源或者异源二聚体,利用酵母双杂交系统分析了GhKNL1蛋白相互作用的情况,结果显示GhKNL1蛋白可以形成同源二聚体。从棉花中分离了一个OFP基因,命名为GhOFP4,该基因在棉纤维次生壁发育过程中高水平表达。亚细胞定位结果显示GhOFP4蛋白定位于细胞核中,酵母双杂交证明GhKNL1蛋白能与GhOFP4相互作用。以上结果表明GhKNL1可能通过形成复合体的形式参与棉纤维发育过程。
4.过量表达和显性抑制GhKNL1导致拟南芥茎中维管束间纤维细胞壁变薄
为了研究该基因对植物次生发育的影响,我们构建了该基因过量表达载体和显性抑制载体,转化模式植物拟南芥,获得转基因植株及其后代株系。选取表达量不同的T2代转基因植株株系进行研究,组织染色和透射电镜结果显示,与野生型相比,过量表达和显性抑制转基因拟南芥主茎的维管束间纤维细胞壁明显变薄。RT-PCR结果显示,一些次生壁合成基因的表达量显著下降。同时,GhKNL1过量表达能在一定程度上恢复拟南芥knat7突变体茎中导管细胞形态异常以及种子表面粘液形成缺陷的表型。以上结果说明GhKNL1基因可能负调控拟南芥茎细胞的次生壁形成。
5. GhKNL1基因的显性抑制导致转基因棉花纤维发育异常
为了研究GhKNL1在棉纤维发育中的功能,通过棉花遗传转化,获得大量GhKNL1显性抑制转基因棉花植株。结果表明,GhKNL1显性抑制转基因棉花的营养生长过程和野生型差异不大,只是棉桃变小、纤维变短、纤维产量下降。纤维半薄切片分析结果显示,转基因棉花胚珠表面纤维细胞的起始滞后,5-20DPA纤维细胞排列松散、形态不规则。与切片结果相一致,转基因棉花20DPA纤维中一些与细胞伸长和次生壁合成相关基因的表达量明显降低。以上结果说明,GhKNL1基因可能在棉纤维伸长和次生壁形成过程中具有重要的调控作用。
6. GhAGP31基因分离鉴定及功能研究
GhAGP31是一个编码非典型阿拉伯半乳聚糖蛋白的基因,GhAGP31蛋白包含非典型AGP具有的一些特征结构域：信号肽、N端富含组氨酸的结构域、中间一段富含脯氨酸的结构域和一段具有半胱氨酸的‘PAC’结构域。亚细胞定位显示该蛋白定位于细胞壁上。GhAGP31基因主要在根、下胚轴和胚珠中表达量较高。GhAGP31基因的表达量随着根的发育有所下降。进一步研究发现,冷处理会诱导GhAGP31基因在根中的表达。同样冷处理后,GhAGP31p::GUS转基因拟南芥根中GUS基因的表达显著上升。GhAGP31基因的过量表达明显提高了酵母细胞和拟南芥对冷胁迫的耐受性。以上结果说明GhAGP31蛋白可能参与棉花发育的冷胁迫应答过程。
Cotton is the most important textile fiber crop in the world. Cotton fiber, a highly elongated and thickened single cell derived from the ovule epidermis, provides an excellent system for studies on cell elongation and cell wall cellulose biosynthesis. Cotton fiber cell wall is usually divided into two categories:the primary cell wall (PCW) and the secondary cell wall (SCW) during cotton fiber development. A series of complex regulations in PCW stage finally affect fiber cell intensity and length. Cellulose synthesis and SCW deposition in later phase determine cotton fiber yield and quality at last. Therefore, it is a vital significance for us to clone the genes related to SCW synthesis and study its molecular mechanism to improve the yield and quality of cotton fibers. In this study, a cotton KNOX gene and a gene encoding cell wall protein were insolated in cotton. The expression patterns and functions of these two genes have been characterized. The main results are as following:
1. GhKNL1gene is highly expressed during the fiber development of SCW synthesis
One full-length cDNA encoding a Class Ⅱ knotted-like homeobox protein (KNOX) was isolated from cotton and designated as GhKNLl. The result of RT-PCR indicated that GhKNL1transcripts were accumulated at low level in elongating fibers and other tissues, but gradually reached the highest level as fiber further developed to SCW stage. The promoter fragment upstream of the GhKNL1was isolated and GhKNLlp::GUS fusion expression vector was constructed and transformed into Arabidopsis by Agrobacterium-mediated method. The expression of GUS gene driven by GhKNL1promoter was only detected in vascular systems of young and matured tissues. However, there was almost not detected in other tissues.
The relationships between phytohormones and GhKNLl were further analyzed in vitro culture of cotton ovules. The expression level of GhKNLl gene was not regulated by ABA, KT and GA treatments. These results indicated that GhKNL1is a gene related to fiber development of SCW synthesis, and may be involved in the SCW synthesis, and does not response to phytohormones.
2. GhKNL1protein is localized in cell nucleus
To evaluate subcellular localization of GhKNL1protein, a GhKNL1::eGFP chimeric gene was constructed and introduced into Arabidopsis thaliana. Transgenic plants were selected on a selective medium and observed under SP5Meta confocal laser scanning microscopy. The results indicated that GhKNL1was localized in the nucleus.
3. Analysis the interactions of GhKNL1protein
The result of transcription activation activity suggested that GhKNL1protein lacks the activity of transcriptional activation. It has reported that KNOX transcription factors can form into complex to have function. In order to determine the interactions of GhKNL1protein, yeast two-hybrid system was employed. The result indicated that GhKNL1can combine into homodimers. A cotton gene GhOFP4was predominantly expressed in the fiber development of SCW synthesis. The result of subcellular localization showed that GhOFP4protein is localized in cell nucleus. Yeast two-hybrid analysis showed that GhKNLl proteins can interact with GhOFP4in cells. These results indicated that GhKNL1protein could playe a role as heterodimer or heterodimers in the fiber development.
4. GhKNL1-dominant repression and KNL1overexpression transgenic Arabidopsis have the same phenotype of thinner interfascicular fibers cell wall in the inflorescence stem
To further investigate KNL1functions in the regulation of secondary wall formation, the over expression and suppression function of KNL1vectors were constructed and introduced into Arabidopsis thaliana, and T2generation plants with different expression levels were used to further analyzed. Histological staining and TEM (Transmission Electron Microscope) revealed that there was a striking decrease in the secondary wall thickness of the interfascicular fibers of stem in transgenic plants compared with the wild type. The results of RT-PCR showed that the expression levels of SCW synthesis related genes were down-regulated in transgenic plants. In addition, complementation experiment suggested that overexpression of KNL1could rescue the irx phenotype of stems and seed coat mucilage in knat7mutant at some extent. These results suggested that the cotton gene KNL1negatively regulated SCW synthesis and was functionally conserved in regulation of SCW formation in Arabidopsis.
5. Dominant repression of GhKNLl hinders fiber development
In order to investigate the function of GhKNLl protein, a large number of GhKNL1-dominant repression transgenic plants were generated by genetic transformation of cotton. The vegetative growth and flower development of these transgenic lines were similar with wild type. However, the bolls of transgenic plants were much smaller than those of wild type, and the yield of mature fibers was declined. The result of semi-thin sections showed that the fiber initials in transgenic cotton plants were delayed, and even a lot of5-20DPA fiber cells were abnormal and disordered, compared with those of wild type. Being consistent with the above phenotype, the expressions of the genes related to fiber elongation and secondary cell wall synthesis were down-regulated in transgenic fibers. These results indicate that cotton KNL1may play an important role in fiber cell elongation and secondary cell wall formation of cotton fiber cells.
6. Molecular characterization of GhAGP31and its roles in root development
A gene (including its cDNA), designated GhAGP31, encoding a non-classical AGP protein was isolated from cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). The deduced GhAGP31protein contains the conserved features of non-classical AGPs:a putative signal peptide, N-terminal histidine-rich stretch, middle repetitive proline-rich domain and a cysteine-containing 'PAC' domain. GFP fluorescence assay demonstrated that GhAGP31protein was localised on cell walls. GhAGP31transcripts were mainly detected in roots, hypocotyls and ovules. In particular, expression of GhAGP31was decreased during the development of roots. Further study demonstrated that GhAGP31expression in cotton roots was remarkably up-regulated by cold stress. Expression of the GUS gene driven by the GhAGP31promoter was also dramatically enhanced in roots of transgenic Arabidopsis seedlings under cold treatment. Additionally, overexpression of GhAGP31in yeast and Arabidopsis significantly improved the freezing tolerance of yeast cells and cold tolerance of Arabidopsis seedlings. These data implied that GhAGP31protein may be involved in the response to cold stress during early root development of cotton.
1. GhKNL1基因在棉纤维细胞次生壁发育阶段高水平表达
从棉花中分离鉴定了1个Ⅱ类KNOX蛋白基因,命名为GhKNL1。RT-PCR结果表明,该基因在棉纤维发育初期和其它组织中表达量较低,随着棉纤维发育到次生壁加厚阶段,该基因表达量逐渐升高,达到最高值。分离了该基因的启动子(GhKNL1p)片段,构建了PBI-GhKNL1p::GUS融合表达载体,通过浸花法转化拟南芥,对获得的转基因植株进行GUS活性染色,结果显示GUS信号在拟南芥幼嫩以及成熟组织的维管系统中较强,而在其它组织中基本检测不到。
利用棉花胚珠离体培养技术进一步分析了激素对该基因在棉纤维中表达的影响。结果表明,ABA、KT和GA对GhKNL1对基因表达没有显著影响,以上结果说明GhKNL1基因可能是纤维次生壁发育相关的基因,可能不参与棉纤维次生发育过程中的激素应答。
2. GhKNL1蛋白定位于细胞核中
构建GhKNL1基因与eGFP的融合表达载体,转化拟南芥,筛选获得转基因植株,激光共聚焦显微镜下观察表明,GhKNL1蛋白定位于细胞核中。
3. GhKNL1蛋白相互作用分析
酵母自激活分析显示GhKNL1没有转录激活活性。有报道指出,KNOX蛋白通常形成复合体发挥功能。为了研究GhKNL1蛋白能否形成同源或者异源二聚体,利用酵母双杂交系统分析了GhKNL1蛋白相互作用的情况,结果显示GhKNL1蛋白可以形成同源二聚体。从棉花中分离了一个OFP基因,命名为GhOFP4,该基因在棉纤维次生壁发育过程中高水平表达。亚细胞定位结果显示GhOFP4蛋白定位于细胞核中,酵母双杂交证明GhKNL1蛋白能与GhOFP4相互作用。以上结果表明GhKNL1可能通过形成复合体的形式参与棉纤维发育过程。
4.过量表达和显性抑制GhKNL1导致拟南芥茎中维管束间纤维细胞壁变薄
为了研究该基因对植物次生发育的影响,我们构建了该基因过量表达载体和显性抑制载体,转化模式植物拟南芥,获得转基因植株及其后代株系。选取表达量不同的T2代转基因植株株系进行研究,组织染色和透射电镜结果显示,与野生型相比,过量表达和显性抑制转基因拟南芥主茎的维管束间纤维细胞壁明显变薄。RT-PCR结果显示,一些次生壁合成基因的表达量显著下降。同时,GhKNL1过量表达能在一定程度上恢复拟南芥knat7突变体茎中导管细胞形态异常以及种子表面粘液形成缺陷的表型。以上结果说明GhKNL1基因可能负调控拟南芥茎细胞的次生壁形成。
5. GhKNL1基因的显性抑制导致转基因棉花纤维发育异常
为了研究GhKNL1在棉纤维发育中的功能,通过棉花遗传转化,获得大量GhKNL1显性抑制转基因棉花植株。结果表明,GhKNL1显性抑制转基因棉花的营养生长过程和野生型差异不大,只是棉桃变小、纤维变短、纤维产量下降。纤维半薄切片分析结果显示,转基因棉花胚珠表面纤维细胞的起始滞后,5-20DPA纤维细胞排列松散、形态不规则。与切片结果相一致,转基因棉花20DPA纤维中一些与细胞伸长和次生壁合成相关基因的表达量明显降低。以上结果说明,GhKNL1基因可能在棉纤维伸长和次生壁形成过程中具有重要的调控作用。
6. GhAGP31基因分离鉴定及功能研究
GhAGP31是一个编码非典型阿拉伯半乳聚糖蛋白的基因,GhAGP31蛋白包含非典型AGP具有的一些特征结构域：信号肽、N端富含组氨酸的结构域、中间一段富含脯氨酸的结构域和一段具有半胱氨酸的‘PAC’结构域。亚细胞定位显示该蛋白定位于细胞壁上。GhAGP31基因主要在根、下胚轴和胚珠中表达量较高。GhAGP31基因的表达量随着根的发育有所下降。进一步研究发现,冷处理会诱导GhAGP31基因在根中的表达。同样冷处理后,GhAGP31p::GUS转基因拟南芥根中GUS基因的表达显著上升。GhAGP31基因的过量表达明显提高了酵母细胞和拟南芥对冷胁迫的耐受性。以上结果说明GhAGP31蛋白可能参与棉花发育的冷胁迫应答过程。
Cotton is the most important textile fiber crop in the world. Cotton fiber, a highly elongated and thickened single cell derived from the ovule epidermis, provides an excellent system for studies on cell elongation and cell wall cellulose biosynthesis. Cotton fiber cell wall is usually divided into two categories:the primary cell wall (PCW) and the secondary cell wall (SCW) during cotton fiber development. A series of complex regulations in PCW stage finally affect fiber cell intensity and length. Cellulose synthesis and SCW deposition in later phase determine cotton fiber yield and quality at last. Therefore, it is a vital significance for us to clone the genes related to SCW synthesis and study its molecular mechanism to improve the yield and quality of cotton fibers. In this study, a cotton KNOX gene and a gene encoding cell wall protein were insolated in cotton. The expression patterns and functions of these two genes have been characterized. The main results are as following:
1. GhKNL1gene is highly expressed during the fiber development of SCW synthesis
One full-length cDNA encoding a Class Ⅱ knotted-like homeobox protein (KNOX) was isolated from cotton and designated as GhKNLl. The result of RT-PCR indicated that GhKNL1transcripts were accumulated at low level in elongating fibers and other tissues, but gradually reached the highest level as fiber further developed to SCW stage. The promoter fragment upstream of the GhKNL1was isolated and GhKNLlp::GUS fusion expression vector was constructed and transformed into Arabidopsis by Agrobacterium-mediated method. The expression of GUS gene driven by GhKNL1promoter was only detected in vascular systems of young and matured tissues. However, there was almost not detected in other tissues.
The relationships between phytohormones and GhKNLl were further analyzed in vitro culture of cotton ovules. The expression level of GhKNLl gene was not regulated by ABA, KT and GA treatments. These results indicated that GhKNL1is a gene related to fiber development of SCW synthesis, and may be involved in the SCW synthesis, and does not response to phytohormones.
2. GhKNL1protein is localized in cell nucleus
To evaluate subcellular localization of GhKNL1protein, a GhKNL1::eGFP chimeric gene was constructed and introduced into Arabidopsis thaliana. Transgenic plants were selected on a selective medium and observed under SP5Meta confocal laser scanning microscopy. The results indicated that GhKNL1was localized in the nucleus.
3. Analysis the interactions of GhKNL1protein
The result of transcription activation activity suggested that GhKNL1protein lacks the activity of transcriptional activation. It has reported that KNOX transcription factors can form into complex to have function. In order to determine the interactions of GhKNL1protein, yeast two-hybrid system was employed. The result indicated that GhKNL1can combine into homodimers. A cotton gene GhOFP4was predominantly expressed in the fiber development of SCW synthesis. The result of subcellular localization showed that GhOFP4protein is localized in cell nucleus. Yeast two-hybrid analysis showed that GhKNLl proteins can interact with GhOFP4in cells. These results indicated that GhKNL1protein could playe a role as heterodimer or heterodimers in the fiber development.
4. GhKNL1-dominant repression and KNL1overexpression transgenic Arabidopsis have the same phenotype of thinner interfascicular fibers cell wall in the inflorescence stem
To further investigate KNL1functions in the regulation of secondary wall formation, the over expression and suppression function of KNL1vectors were constructed and introduced into Arabidopsis thaliana, and T2generation plants with different expression levels were used to further analyzed. Histological staining and TEM (Transmission Electron Microscope) revealed that there was a striking decrease in the secondary wall thickness of the interfascicular fibers of stem in transgenic plants compared with the wild type. The results of RT-PCR showed that the expression levels of SCW synthesis related genes were down-regulated in transgenic plants. In addition, complementation experiment suggested that overexpression of KNL1could rescue the irx phenotype of stems and seed coat mucilage in knat7mutant at some extent. These results suggested that the cotton gene KNL1negatively regulated SCW synthesis and was functionally conserved in regulation of SCW formation in Arabidopsis.
5. Dominant repression of GhKNLl hinders fiber development
In order to investigate the function of GhKNLl protein, a large number of GhKNL1-dominant repression transgenic plants were generated by genetic transformation of cotton. The vegetative growth and flower development of these transgenic lines were similar with wild type. However, the bolls of transgenic plants were much smaller than those of wild type, and the yield of mature fibers was declined. The result of semi-thin sections showed that the fiber initials in transgenic cotton plants were delayed, and even a lot of5-20DPA fiber cells were abnormal and disordered, compared with those of wild type. Being consistent with the above phenotype, the expressions of the genes related to fiber elongation and secondary cell wall synthesis were down-regulated in transgenic fibers. These results indicate that cotton KNL1may play an important role in fiber cell elongation and secondary cell wall formation of cotton fiber cells.
6. Molecular characterization of GhAGP31and its roles in root development
A gene (including its cDNA), designated GhAGP31, encoding a non-classical AGP protein was isolated from cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). The deduced GhAGP31protein contains the conserved features of non-classical AGPs:a putative signal peptide, N-terminal histidine-rich stretch, middle repetitive proline-rich domain and a cysteine-containing 'PAC' domain. GFP fluorescence assay demonstrated that GhAGP31protein was localised on cell walls. GhAGP31transcripts were mainly detected in roots, hypocotyls and ovules. In particular, expression of GhAGP31was decreased during the development of roots. Further study demonstrated that GhAGP31expression in cotton roots was remarkably up-regulated by cold stress. Expression of the GUS gene driven by the GhAGP31promoter was also dramatically enhanced in roots of transgenic Arabidopsis seedlings under cold treatment. Additionally, overexpression of GhAGP31in yeast and Arabidopsis significantly improved the freezing tolerance of yeast cells and cold tolerance of Arabidopsis seedlings. These data implied that GhAGP31protein may be involved in the response to cold stress during early root development of cotton.
引文
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