α-亚麻酸对产蛋鸡脂质代谢及蛋黄胆固醇沉积的影响及其机理
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摘要
本试验通过研究α-亚麻酸对产蛋鸡生产性能、血液和组织脂质含量、鸡蛋胆固醇含量、内分泌及相关酶的活性与酶基因表达的影响，旨在探明α-亚麻酸对产蛋鸡脂质代谢和胆固醇沉积的营养效应及可能机制，为深入认识蛋鸡的脂质代谢和鸡蛋胆固醇沉积规律与营养调控积累资料。
试验一α-亚麻酸对产蛋鸡生产性能和鸡蛋脂质含量的影响
本试验拟研究日粮添加ALA对产蛋鸡生产性能和鸡蛋脂质含量的影响。试验采用单因素试验设计，共设6个处理，日粮中ALA添加量分别为0.0％(对照组)、0.5％、1.0％、2.0％、3.0％和4.0％。试鸡为210日龄海兰褐商品蛋鸡，试验期28天。结果表明：①随着ALA添加量的增加，试验组蛋重增加，料蛋比降低。蛋重以3.0％组最高(p＜0.05)，料蛋比以4.0％组最低(p＜0.01)；②随着ALA添加量的增加，蛋黄中SFA和n-6／n-3的含量呈直线或二次曲线下降，而C18∶2、C18∶3、C20∶5和C22∶6的含量则呈直线或二次曲线增加(p＜0.01)；③日粮添加ALA可降低蛋黄TG和TC含量(p＜0.05或p＜0.01)。本试验结果表明，饲粮中添加1～4.0％ALA能提高产蛋鸡的蛋重，降低料蛋比，降低蛋黄的TG和TC含量，增加蛋黄PUFA含量。
试验二α-亚麻酸对产蛋鸡血液和组织脂质含量的影响
本试验在试验一的基础上考察了ALA对产蛋鸡血液和组织脂质的影响。结果表明：①第4周血清TG、TC和VLDL-C随添加ALA量呈二次曲线降低(p＜0.05)，其最适ALA水平分别为：4.19％、4.19％和4.26％。②大卵泡和中卵泡的TC以及大卵泡TG含量均以1.0％组最低(p＜0.01)，中卵泡TG含量以2.0％组最低。③肝脏中TC含量以1.0％组最低，TG以3.0％组最低(p＜0.01)。本试验结果表明，饲粮中添加α-亚麻酸能降低血液、卵泡和肝脏的TG和TC含量。
试验三产蛋鸡血脂分泌量测定方法的研究
本试验目的是研究建立测定产蛋鸡血脂分泌量的方法。选用15只24周龄、平均体重1.5kg的罗曼粉壳产蛋鸡，按单因子设计，共设5个处理，分别从翅静脉注射TWR 0、100、200、300和400 mg／kg体重，每只注射溶液总体积均为4ml(缓冲液为生理盐水)。预试5d，正试2d。每只产蛋鸡在注射TWR之前及注射后0.5、1、2、4、8、12、24、36和48h从翅静脉采血，测定血清TG含量。结果表明，从第8h起，注射TWR产蛋鸡的TG含量均显著高于注射生理盐水的产蛋鸡(p＜0.05)，但36小时后不同注射剂量下的TG含量无显著差异(p＞0.05)。注射TWR产蛋鸡在0-8h的TG积累曲线均呈线性增加，到8h达最大值，此后逐渐下降。根据血清TG浓度呈线性增加的回归方程，计算出采食产蛋鸡血脂分泌量为0.1216 mmol／(min·kg体重)。在TG保持线性增加的时间区域内，TWR的注射剂量影响测定结果，其适宜注射量为200～300mg／kg体重。
试验四α-亚麻酸对产蛋鸡脂质合成和分泌的影响
本试验目的是进一步探明ALA对产蛋鸡脂质合成和分泌的影响。试验设二个处理，即基础日粮(不添加ALA，对照组)和添加4.0％ALA日粮两个处理，每个处理组设5个重复，每个重复10只24周龄罗曼粉壳蛋鸡。试验期14天。结果表明：①添加ALA可提高蛋重，降低料蛋比和鸡蛋TC含量；②肝脏中TG含量和脂肪酸合成酶(FAS)活性极显著下降(P＜0.01)；③添加ALA使第2周血清TG、VLDLy极显著下降(p＜0.01)，血脂分泌量降低9.4％；④肝素后血浆中脂蛋白脂酶(LPL)活性极显著升高(p＜0.01)。本试验结果表明，添加4.0％ALA可降低蛋鸡的脂质合成和分泌，加速外周组织对脂质的利用，从而降低蛋黄胆固醇含量。
试验五α-亚麻酸对产蛋鸡脂质代谢的调节机理研究
本试验在试验二和试验四基础上，深入考察了日粮中添加ALA对罗曼粉壳蛋鸡内分泌激素、apoB、相关酶活和基因表达的影响，以探讨ALA调节脂质代谢和鸡蛋胆固醇含量的可能机制。结果表明：①与对照组相比，添加4.0％ALA组第2周血清雌二醇浓度增加4.29％(p＜0.05)，胰岛素浓度降低62.06％(p＜0.01)；②添加4.0％ALA组血清apoB下降7.31％，肝脏中apoB升高80.52％(p＜0.01)：③日粮添加ALA组肝脏中AMPK酶活增加，添加1.0％组最高；ACC和HMGR活力下降，分别在2.0％和3.0％组最低(p＜0.05或p＜0.01)：④日粮添加4.0％ALA组ACC和HMGR基因表达下降，其中ACC基因表达下降33.99％(p＜0.01)。本试验结果表明，添加ALA可通过改变内分泌激素、影响相关酶的基因表达和酶活、改变血清和肝脏中apoB含量来调节蛋鸡的脂质代谢，从而降低蛋黄胆固醇含量。
通过上述试验结果表明：在日粮中添加ALA可提高蛋鸡产蛋性能，抑制肝脏脂质合成与分泌，降低血液脂质含量，提高鸡蛋n-3PUFA含量，降低胆固醇含量；ALA的作用机制与蛋鸡内分泌激素调节、相关酶基因的表达和酶活改变有关。
Effects ofα-Linolenic Acid on Lipid Metabolism and Cholesterol Deposition in Yolk of Laying Hens
To explore the role ofα-linolenic acid on regulating lipid metabolism, cholesterol deposition effects and the possible mechanism, the current trials were designed to determine the effects ofα-linolenic acid on performance, blood and organ lipid effects, cholesterol content in yolk, endocrine hormone and the relative enzymes' activities and mRNA expression. Results of this study will provide further data for recognizing the effects and regulations of lipid metabolism and cholesterol deposition in laying hens.
Experiment 1, The effects ofα-linolenie acid in diets on laying performance aria the lipid content of yolks in laying hens
In this study, a single-factorial design was employed to determine the effects of supplementingα-linolenic acid in diet on laying performance and egg quality in laying hens. The level ofα-linolenic acid was 0.0%(the control group),0.5%, 1.0%,2.0%,3.0% and 4.0%,respectively. The trial period was 28 days. The results showed that compared to control group, 3.0% or 4.0%α-linolenic acid supplementation increased the egg weight (p＜0.05) and decreased the ratio of feed intake to egg production (p＜0.01) . The yolk contents of C18:2, C18:3, C20:5 and C22:6 were significantly increased, while SFA and n-6/n-3 in yolk was significantly decreased in 4th week (p＜0.05or p＜0.01) for linolenic acid supplementation treatments. TG and TC in yolk were decreased at 1.0%α-linolenic acid level(p＜0.05 or p＜0.01). It is concluded that 1.0%-4.0%α-linolenic acid supplementation could improve laying performance and egg quality, depress TG and TC contents and enhance PUFA content in yolk.
Experiment 2, The effects ofα-linolenie acid on the content of blood and organ lipids in laying hens
Based on the first experiment, the content of blood and organ lipids in laying hens was determined in this experiment. The results showed that blood TG, TC and VLDL-C in the 4th week were quadraticly decreased with increasedα-linolenic acid level(p＜0.05). 4.19％, 4.19％or 4.26％ALA addition may be the optimium level for blood indexes,respectively. The content of TG in middle-size follicle and big-size follicle were significantly decreased (p＜0.01) .The lowest content of TC in middle-size follicle was observed with 2.0% ALA addition. TG and TC contents in the liver were significantly decreased at 1.0% and 3.0%ALA level respectively(p＜0.01). It is concluded thatα-linolenic acid supplementation could decrease TG and TC contents in the blood, follicles and liver.
Experiment 3, Methodological study on the determination of triglyceride secretion by using Triton WR-1339 in laying hens
Triton WR-1339(TWR), a nonionic detergent, could block the hydrolysis of plasma lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and is widely used to evaluate the hepatic TG secretion in laboratory animals. The objective of this study was to establish the methodology of determining blood TG secretion by investigating the effect of different administration doses of TWR on plasma TG concentrations. Fifteen 24-weeks-old, 1.5kg body weight laying hens were used in a single factorial design with 5 days adaptation period and 2 sample-collection days. Hens were injected from jugular vein with 0 (saline),100,200,300 and 400 mg TWR / kg of body weight as a 4ml solution in saline. Blood samples were taken prior to and 0.5,1,2,4,8,12,24, 36 and 48 hours after TWR injection for determination of plasma TG concentrations. Hens had higher plasma TG concentrations when injected with TWR than with saline beginning from 8 hours after injection(p＜0.05). TG concentrations were kept linear increase until 8 hours post injection for hens receiving 100, 200,300 and 400 mg/ kg respectively, and thereafter decreased. Based on the linear equations, it was calculated that rate of TG secretion(i.e.entry into the circulation) was 0.1216 mmol/(min·kg) of body weight. TWR injection dose had influence on the accuracy of the value of TG secretion rate. It is concluded that intravenous administration of TWR 200～300mg/kg body weight provides a valuable tool for studying blood TG secretion rate in laying hens.
Experiment 4, The effects ofα-linolenic acid in diet on the lipid synthesis and secretion in laying hens
The objective of this study is to explore the effects of supplementingα-linolenic acid in diet on the performance, blood TG secretion and enzymes' activities in laying hens. The level ofα-linolenic acid was 0.0%(the control group) or 4.0%. Each group had 5 replications with 10 hens of 24 weeks old per replicate. The trial period was 14 days. The results showed that the performance and yolk TC were improved with supplemented α-linolenic acid. The content of TG and fatty acid synthetase activity in the liver were decreased significantly (p＜0.01). The contents of serum TG and VLDLy were lower (p＜0.01 ). The rate of blood TG secretion(entry) was decreased by 9.40%. The plasma lipoprotein lipase after injection heparin was increased significantly (p＜0.01) . It is concluded that 4.0%α-linolenic acid supplementation could decrease the yolk cholesterol by supressing the lipid synthesis and secretion and promoting peripheral utilization of VLDL.
Experiment 5, The mechanism ofα-linolenie acid for regulating lipd metabolism in laying hen
Based on the 2nd and 4th experiment, the effects of supplementingα-linolenic acid in diet on the hormone,apoB, enzyme activities and mRNA expressions in laying hens were studied to explore the possible mechanism ofα-linolenic acid for regulating lipd metabolism. The results showed that the serum insulin of the trail group was increased significantly (p＜0.01). The serum estradiol was significantly increased in the 2st week compared to the control (p＜0.05). The serum apoB was decreased (p＜0.01). ApoB in the liver was higher than the control group (p＜0.01).AMPK activity was increased with 1.0% level being significantly higher than the control group(P＜0.01).ACC and HMGR activities were significantly decreased (p＜0.05 or p＜0.01). ACC mRNA and HMGR mRNA were decreased and ACC mRNA was decreased significantly. It is concluded that the mechanism ofα-linolenic acid to regulate the metabolism of lipids was associated with the changes of endocrine hormones, related enzymes' activities and enzyme gene mRNA expressions, and apoB synthesis.
These studies show thatα-linolenic acid can improve performance,depress the liver lipid synthesis and secretion, lower the blood lipid content, increase the n-3 PUFA content, and decrease the yolk cholesterol content. The mechanism ofα-linolenic acid may be associated with the changes of endocrine hormones, related enzymes' activities and the expressions of enzyme genes.
试验一α-亚麻酸对产蛋鸡生产性能和鸡蛋脂质含量的影响
本试验拟研究日粮添加ALA对产蛋鸡生产性能和鸡蛋脂质含量的影响。试验采用单因素试验设计，共设6个处理，日粮中ALA添加量分别为0.0％(对照组)、0.5％、1.0％、2.0％、3.0％和4.0％。试鸡为210日龄海兰褐商品蛋鸡，试验期28天。结果表明：①随着ALA添加量的增加，试验组蛋重增加，料蛋比降低。蛋重以3.0％组最高(p＜0.05)，料蛋比以4.0％组最低(p＜0.01)；②随着ALA添加量的增加，蛋黄中SFA和n-6／n-3的含量呈直线或二次曲线下降，而C18∶2、C18∶3、C20∶5和C22∶6的含量则呈直线或二次曲线增加(p＜0.01)；③日粮添加ALA可降低蛋黄TG和TC含量(p＜0.05或p＜0.01)。本试验结果表明，饲粮中添加1～4.0％ALA能提高产蛋鸡的蛋重，降低料蛋比，降低蛋黄的TG和TC含量，增加蛋黄PUFA含量。
试验二α-亚麻酸对产蛋鸡血液和组织脂质含量的影响
本试验在试验一的基础上考察了ALA对产蛋鸡血液和组织脂质的影响。结果表明：①第4周血清TG、TC和VLDL-C随添加ALA量呈二次曲线降低(p＜0.05)，其最适ALA水平分别为：4.19％、4.19％和4.26％。②大卵泡和中卵泡的TC以及大卵泡TG含量均以1.0％组最低(p＜0.01)，中卵泡TG含量以2.0％组最低。③肝脏中TC含量以1.0％组最低，TG以3.0％组最低(p＜0.01)。本试验结果表明，饲粮中添加α-亚麻酸能降低血液、卵泡和肝脏的TG和TC含量。
试验三产蛋鸡血脂分泌量测定方法的研究
本试验目的是研究建立测定产蛋鸡血脂分泌量的方法。选用15只24周龄、平均体重1.5kg的罗曼粉壳产蛋鸡，按单因子设计，共设5个处理，分别从翅静脉注射TWR 0、100、200、300和400 mg／kg体重，每只注射溶液总体积均为4ml(缓冲液为生理盐水)。预试5d，正试2d。每只产蛋鸡在注射TWR之前及注射后0.5、1、2、4、8、12、24、36和48h从翅静脉采血，测定血清TG含量。结果表明，从第8h起，注射TWR产蛋鸡的TG含量均显著高于注射生理盐水的产蛋鸡(p＜0.05)，但36小时后不同注射剂量下的TG含量无显著差异(p＞0.05)。注射TWR产蛋鸡在0-8h的TG积累曲线均呈线性增加，到8h达最大值，此后逐渐下降。根据血清TG浓度呈线性增加的回归方程，计算出采食产蛋鸡血脂分泌量为0.1216 mmol／(min·kg体重)。在TG保持线性增加的时间区域内，TWR的注射剂量影响测定结果，其适宜注射量为200～300mg／kg体重。
试验四α-亚麻酸对产蛋鸡脂质合成和分泌的影响
本试验目的是进一步探明ALA对产蛋鸡脂质合成和分泌的影响。试验设二个处理，即基础日粮(不添加ALA，对照组)和添加4.0％ALA日粮两个处理，每个处理组设5个重复，每个重复10只24周龄罗曼粉壳蛋鸡。试验期14天。结果表明：①添加ALA可提高蛋重，降低料蛋比和鸡蛋TC含量；②肝脏中TG含量和脂肪酸合成酶(FAS)活性极显著下降(P＜0.01)；③添加ALA使第2周血清TG、VLDLy极显著下降(p＜0.01)，血脂分泌量降低9.4％；④肝素后血浆中脂蛋白脂酶(LPL)活性极显著升高(p＜0.01)。本试验结果表明，添加4.0％ALA可降低蛋鸡的脂质合成和分泌，加速外周组织对脂质的利用，从而降低蛋黄胆固醇含量。
试验五α-亚麻酸对产蛋鸡脂质代谢的调节机理研究
本试验在试验二和试验四基础上，深入考察了日粮中添加ALA对罗曼粉壳蛋鸡内分泌激素、apoB、相关酶活和基因表达的影响，以探讨ALA调节脂质代谢和鸡蛋胆固醇含量的可能机制。结果表明：①与对照组相比，添加4.0％ALA组第2周血清雌二醇浓度增加4.29％(p＜0.05)，胰岛素浓度降低62.06％(p＜0.01)；②添加4.0％ALA组血清apoB下降7.31％，肝脏中apoB升高80.52％(p＜0.01)：③日粮添加ALA组肝脏中AMPK酶活增加，添加1.0％组最高；ACC和HMGR活力下降，分别在2.0％和3.0％组最低(p＜0.05或p＜0.01)：④日粮添加4.0％ALA组ACC和HMGR基因表达下降，其中ACC基因表达下降33.99％(p＜0.01)。本试验结果表明，添加ALA可通过改变内分泌激素、影响相关酶的基因表达和酶活、改变血清和肝脏中apoB含量来调节蛋鸡的脂质代谢，从而降低蛋黄胆固醇含量。
通过上述试验结果表明：在日粮中添加ALA可提高蛋鸡产蛋性能，抑制肝脏脂质合成与分泌，降低血液脂质含量，提高鸡蛋n-3PUFA含量，降低胆固醇含量；ALA的作用机制与蛋鸡内分泌激素调节、相关酶基因的表达和酶活改变有关。
Effects ofα-Linolenic Acid on Lipid Metabolism and Cholesterol Deposition in Yolk of Laying Hens
To explore the role ofα-linolenic acid on regulating lipid metabolism, cholesterol deposition effects and the possible mechanism, the current trials were designed to determine the effects ofα-linolenic acid on performance, blood and organ lipid effects, cholesterol content in yolk, endocrine hormone and the relative enzymes' activities and mRNA expression. Results of this study will provide further data for recognizing the effects and regulations of lipid metabolism and cholesterol deposition in laying hens.
Experiment 1, The effects ofα-linolenie acid in diets on laying performance aria the lipid content of yolks in laying hens
In this study, a single-factorial design was employed to determine the effects of supplementingα-linolenic acid in diet on laying performance and egg quality in laying hens. The level ofα-linolenic acid was 0.0%(the control group),0.5%, 1.0%,2.0%,3.0% and 4.0%,respectively. The trial period was 28 days. The results showed that compared to control group, 3.0% or 4.0%α-linolenic acid supplementation increased the egg weight (p＜0.05) and decreased the ratio of feed intake to egg production (p＜0.01) . The yolk contents of C18:2, C18:3, C20:5 and C22:6 were significantly increased, while SFA and n-6/n-3 in yolk was significantly decreased in 4th week (p＜0.05or p＜0.01) for linolenic acid supplementation treatments. TG and TC in yolk were decreased at 1.0%α-linolenic acid level(p＜0.05 or p＜0.01). It is concluded that 1.0%-4.0%α-linolenic acid supplementation could improve laying performance and egg quality, depress TG and TC contents and enhance PUFA content in yolk.
Experiment 2, The effects ofα-linolenie acid on the content of blood and organ lipids in laying hens
Based on the first experiment, the content of blood and organ lipids in laying hens was determined in this experiment. The results showed that blood TG, TC and VLDL-C in the 4th week were quadraticly decreased with increasedα-linolenic acid level(p＜0.05). 4.19％, 4.19％or 4.26％ALA addition may be the optimium level for blood indexes,respectively. The content of TG in middle-size follicle and big-size follicle were significantly decreased (p＜0.01) .The lowest content of TC in middle-size follicle was observed with 2.0% ALA addition. TG and TC contents in the liver were significantly decreased at 1.0% and 3.0%ALA level respectively(p＜0.01). It is concluded thatα-linolenic acid supplementation could decrease TG and TC contents in the blood, follicles and liver.
Experiment 3, Methodological study on the determination of triglyceride secretion by using Triton WR-1339 in laying hens
Triton WR-1339(TWR), a nonionic detergent, could block the hydrolysis of plasma lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and is widely used to evaluate the hepatic TG secretion in laboratory animals. The objective of this study was to establish the methodology of determining blood TG secretion by investigating the effect of different administration doses of TWR on plasma TG concentrations. Fifteen 24-weeks-old, 1.5kg body weight laying hens were used in a single factorial design with 5 days adaptation period and 2 sample-collection days. Hens were injected from jugular vein with 0 (saline),100,200,300 and 400 mg TWR / kg of body weight as a 4ml solution in saline. Blood samples were taken prior to and 0.5,1,2,4,8,12,24, 36 and 48 hours after TWR injection for determination of plasma TG concentrations. Hens had higher plasma TG concentrations when injected with TWR than with saline beginning from 8 hours after injection(p＜0.05). TG concentrations were kept linear increase until 8 hours post injection for hens receiving 100, 200,300 and 400 mg/ kg respectively, and thereafter decreased. Based on the linear equations, it was calculated that rate of TG secretion(i.e.entry into the circulation) was 0.1216 mmol/(min·kg) of body weight. TWR injection dose had influence on the accuracy of the value of TG secretion rate. It is concluded that intravenous administration of TWR 200～300mg/kg body weight provides a valuable tool for studying blood TG secretion rate in laying hens.
Experiment 4, The effects ofα-linolenic acid in diet on the lipid synthesis and secretion in laying hens
The objective of this study is to explore the effects of supplementingα-linolenic acid in diet on the performance, blood TG secretion and enzymes' activities in laying hens. The level ofα-linolenic acid was 0.0%(the control group) or 4.0%. Each group had 5 replications with 10 hens of 24 weeks old per replicate. The trial period was 14 days. The results showed that the performance and yolk TC were improved with supplemented α-linolenic acid. The content of TG and fatty acid synthetase activity in the liver were decreased significantly (p＜0.01). The contents of serum TG and VLDLy were lower (p＜0.01 ). The rate of blood TG secretion(entry) was decreased by 9.40%. The plasma lipoprotein lipase after injection heparin was increased significantly (p＜0.01) . It is concluded that 4.0%α-linolenic acid supplementation could decrease the yolk cholesterol by supressing the lipid synthesis and secretion and promoting peripheral utilization of VLDL.
Experiment 5, The mechanism ofα-linolenie acid for regulating lipd metabolism in laying hen
Based on the 2nd and 4th experiment, the effects of supplementingα-linolenic acid in diet on the hormone,apoB, enzyme activities and mRNA expressions in laying hens were studied to explore the possible mechanism ofα-linolenic acid for regulating lipd metabolism. The results showed that the serum insulin of the trail group was increased significantly (p＜0.01). The serum estradiol was significantly increased in the 2st week compared to the control (p＜0.05). The serum apoB was decreased (p＜0.01). ApoB in the liver was higher than the control group (p＜0.01).AMPK activity was increased with 1.0% level being significantly higher than the control group(P＜0.01).ACC and HMGR activities were significantly decreased (p＜0.05 or p＜0.01). ACC mRNA and HMGR mRNA were decreased and ACC mRNA was decreased significantly. It is concluded that the mechanism ofα-linolenic acid to regulate the metabolism of lipids was associated with the changes of endocrine hormones, related enzymes' activities and enzyme gene mRNA expressions, and apoB synthesis.
These studies show thatα-linolenic acid can improve performance,depress the liver lipid synthesis and secretion, lower the blood lipid content, increase the n-3 PUFA content, and decrease the yolk cholesterol content. The mechanism ofα-linolenic acid may be associated with the changes of endocrine hormones, related enzymes' activities and the expressions of enzyme genes.
引文
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