鸢尾属（Iris L.）部分植物资源评价及种质创新研究
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摘要
本文从部分我国原产鸢尾的抗旱性、鸢尾软腐病害、矮生和抗软腐病新品种选育以及ISSR分子标记在鸢尾属植物资源保存、鉴定及评价中的应用等四个方面进行了研究，得出以下结论：
1．鸢尾属部分植物资源的抗旱性研究
1．1 根据鸢尾属(Iris L)5种植物致死性干旱胁迫处理后复水再生萌发能力及成活率与其抗旱性程度的相关性，初步确定了供试5种鸢尾抗旱性自强而弱的排序，即德国鸢尾(Iris gemanica)＞鸢尾(I. tectorum)＞黄菖蒲(I. pseudacaorus)＞溪荪(I. sanguinea)＞马蔺(I. lactea var.chinensis)，其中德国鸢尾具有更强的抗旱能力，即在盆栽干旱胁迫处理35、48天后的复水再生萌发和成活率分别达到了83.33％和73.68％，鸢尾次之为52.9％和37.5％，对照马蔺仅为23.8％和14.8％。研究还表明，通常用于水生、湿生栽培的黄菖蒲，不仅可以旱生栽培，同时还具一定的抗旱能力。
1．2 进行了干旱胁迫处理下的生理生化指标变化与5种鸢尾抗旱相关性研究、结果表明：叶含水量、膜稳定性、可溶性物质的渗透调节以及叶绿素含量等8种生理生化指标变化特点及规律与各植物种类的抗旱性密切相关，并与致死性干旱胁迫处理所反映的5种鸢尾抗旱性一致。
2．鸢尾属植物软腐病菌的分离、纯化、鉴定研究
从德国鸢尾(Iris germanica L.)栽培品种软腐病感病症状植株上分离到的细菌菌株，结合菌株形态、致病性、染色反应、培养性状及生理生化反应结果，将该菌株初步鉴定为：欧文氏菌菊欧氏杆菌(Erwinia chrysanthemi Burkhdder, Mc Fadden & Dimock)。
3．鸢尾矮化、抗病改良育种研究
3．1 由于所选德国鸢尾(Iris germanics L.)杂交亲本种质的遗传背景复杂，因此，其一些表型性状特别是花色在杂种后代分离中，除了得到与亲本花色表型性状相同或相近花色后代个体外，在其中间色系列中还出现了与亲本花色差异较大的个体后代。本研究结果还表明，德国鸢尾品种间杂交，杂交亲本之一花色为紫色的杂交组合，其杂种后代花色分离规律表现为：紫色花色相对于黄、白、粉、
红等色系具有更强的遗传能力.表现在上紫色和近紫色花后代单株比例数相对于
黄、白、粉等花色的单株比例占有绝对优势.
3.2在德国考尾种内杂种后代株高性状遗传中，高株性状相对于矮生有绝对强
的遗传能力.杂种后代不同株高比例数依次为111级》11级>W级》I级.德国聋
尾的矮生植株需要通过与矮生品种反复杂交筛选得到.
3.3选用双亲之一杭病亲本的杂交组合，是筛选培育抗病性杂种后代的有效方
法，所得杂交后代与对照比，可提高成苗率26.3%一28.7%，降低病株率17.6-
20.3%.本研究得到的具有良好抗病性状的杂种单株，其杭病性通过4个完整生
活周期的病圆观察得到了初步验证.
3.4本研究配五选育矮生后代杂交组合5个，，配置选育杭病后代杂交组合3个，同时
进行了杂种后代优株的筛选，并从杂种后代中选出矮生盆栽类单株8个、杭病单株5个.
4.聋尾须毛附属物亚属部分种质的1 SsR分析
4.1利用IssR分子标记的15个有效引物对德国考尾38个品种(基因型)指纹图谱的
分析结果表明，德国聋尾各栽培品种间具有的较为丰富的遗传多态性，在共检测到的1“
个位点中，多态位点为148个约占总数的89.7%.
4.2依据15个有效引物所产生的165个ISSR标记为表征性状.所建立的德国考尾38
个品种DN人分子系统聚类图，将鸯尾38个品种划归为A、B、C、O、ES个群，其中A
群包含了31个品种，B群和E群各包含1个品种，C群包含2个品种，D群包含3个品
种;同时说明，对一个物种的研究历史越久、栽培品种数量越多、应用越广泛，这一物
种下的栽培品种的遗传背景就越复杂，其遗传的多样性表现的就越丰富.
4.3运用ISsR分子标记的DNA特殊谱带标记，能够有效地对亲缘关系较近的38德国
考尾栽培品种(杂种单株)基因型进行鉴定.因此，认为1 SSR分子标记是用于聋尾种
质(品种)鉴定以及遗传多态性检测等的有效手段.
关键词:奔尾属;种质资源;抗早性;矮生观赏地被植物;抗病性;杂交选育;1 sSR.
The objective of this paper was to research in the fields which were pay close attention in irises application at present such as the drought resistance of some ornamental iris native to China, the isolation and identification bacterial soft rot disease of some introduced Iris, dwarf and bacterial soft rot resistant cultivars breeding and utilization of ISSR molecular markers for identification, analysis and evaluation of genetic diversities and resources preservation of Iris. The results were as follow: 1. Studies on the drought resistance of some ornamental Iris species1.1 Based on the correlationship between the regerminating percentage and the drought resistance of the 5 Iris species by mortal drought treatment and then watered, it is revealed that the drought resistance of Iris species from strongest to the weakest was: I. germcmica, I. tectorum, I. pseudacorus, I sanguined, I. lactea var. chinensis. I. germanica was the most drought tolerant species, being watered after 35and 48 days drought treatment, the germinating rate of I. germanica was 83.33% and 73.68% respectively. Next, I. tectorum, 52.9% and 37.5% respectively. I. lactea var. chinensis, the control just 23.8%andl4.8%. I. pseudacorus was often planted as water plants in the garden before, the results of the experiment also showed that it could not only be planted in the soil and but also be a more drought tolerant plant.1.2 The correlationship between physiological parameter changes and the drought resistance of five Iris species was discussed. It was showed that the characters and regulating change of8 physiological parameter such as relative water content, the chlorophyll content of the leaves, the stability of cell membrance and soluble materials regulation were close related with the drought resistance of 5 Iris species, and that was the same with the mortal drought treatment in each species.2 Studies on the isolation, purification and identification of the bacterial soft rot pathogenic bacteria in Iris L.The pathogen isolated from 7m germanica L.was identified as the bacterial soft rot pathogen, Erwinia chrysanthemi Burkhdder, Me Fadden & Dimock based on bacteria
morphological, pathogenicity tests, cultural, and physiological and biochemical properties.3 The breeding studies on the dwarf and disease resistant cultivars of Iris germanica L.3.1 Due to the cultivars of/, germanica L. used as parents are heterozygotes, therefore, some characters, especially flower colors were different in first filial generation. The flower colors of individual plants obtained in first filial generation were same, similar and some totally different with parents. It was also showed that the heredity of the flower color of purple was much stronger than yellow, pink, red and white in intraspecies crossing of /. germanica L., and the individual plants with purple flowers were much more than the individual plants with other colors in filial generation.3.2 The heredity of tall character was much stronger than that of dwarf ones, and the number of plants with different height of the filial generation reduced from gradeIIIto grade II and gradeIVand grade I . The results showed that the dwarf plants of I. germanica L. could be obtained through repeated backcrossing to the dwarf parent.3.3 The hybrid generation survival rate of the combination with one parent of bacterial soft rot resistant grade 1 were 26.3%~28.7% higher and the percentage of diseased plant 17.6-20.3% fewer than that of the control. A few bacterial soft rot resistant individuals have been obtained by using a bacterial soft rot resistant parent to cross with elite parents. The resistance of the filial generation had been proved through 4 life circles in the plots with pathogenic bacteria. The results showed that bacterial soft rot resistant individuals have been obtained by using a bacterial soft rot resistant parent to cross with elite parents.3.4Fives hybrid combinations for dwarf breeding and 3 for disease resistant were carried out for Iris germanica L. and eight new dwarf individual plants and five bacte
1．鸢尾属部分植物资源的抗旱性研究
1．1 根据鸢尾属(Iris L)5种植物致死性干旱胁迫处理后复水再生萌发能力及成活率与其抗旱性程度的相关性，初步确定了供试5种鸢尾抗旱性自强而弱的排序，即德国鸢尾(Iris gemanica)＞鸢尾(I. tectorum)＞黄菖蒲(I. pseudacaorus)＞溪荪(I. sanguinea)＞马蔺(I. lactea var.chinensis)，其中德国鸢尾具有更强的抗旱能力，即在盆栽干旱胁迫处理35、48天后的复水再生萌发和成活率分别达到了83.33％和73.68％，鸢尾次之为52.9％和37.5％，对照马蔺仅为23.8％和14.8％。研究还表明，通常用于水生、湿生栽培的黄菖蒲，不仅可以旱生栽培，同时还具一定的抗旱能力。
1．2 进行了干旱胁迫处理下的生理生化指标变化与5种鸢尾抗旱相关性研究、结果表明：叶含水量、膜稳定性、可溶性物质的渗透调节以及叶绿素含量等8种生理生化指标变化特点及规律与各植物种类的抗旱性密切相关，并与致死性干旱胁迫处理所反映的5种鸢尾抗旱性一致。
2．鸢尾属植物软腐病菌的分离、纯化、鉴定研究
从德国鸢尾(Iris germanica L.)栽培品种软腐病感病症状植株上分离到的细菌菌株，结合菌株形态、致病性、染色反应、培养性状及生理生化反应结果，将该菌株初步鉴定为：欧文氏菌菊欧氏杆菌(Erwinia chrysanthemi Burkhdder, Mc Fadden & Dimock)。
3．鸢尾矮化、抗病改良育种研究
3．1 由于所选德国鸢尾(Iris germanics L.)杂交亲本种质的遗传背景复杂，因此，其一些表型性状特别是花色在杂种后代分离中，除了得到与亲本花色表型性状相同或相近花色后代个体外，在其中间色系列中还出现了与亲本花色差异较大的个体后代。本研究结果还表明，德国鸢尾品种间杂交，杂交亲本之一花色为紫色的杂交组合，其杂种后代花色分离规律表现为：紫色花色相对于黄、白、粉、
红等色系具有更强的遗传能力.表现在上紫色和近紫色花后代单株比例数相对于
黄、白、粉等花色的单株比例占有绝对优势.
3.2在德国考尾种内杂种后代株高性状遗传中，高株性状相对于矮生有绝对强
的遗传能力.杂种后代不同株高比例数依次为111级》11级>W级》I级.德国聋
尾的矮生植株需要通过与矮生品种反复杂交筛选得到.
3.3选用双亲之一杭病亲本的杂交组合，是筛选培育抗病性杂种后代的有效方
法，所得杂交后代与对照比，可提高成苗率26.3%一28.7%，降低病株率17.6-
20.3%.本研究得到的具有良好抗病性状的杂种单株，其杭病性通过4个完整生
活周期的病圆观察得到了初步验证.
3.4本研究配五选育矮生后代杂交组合5个，，配置选育杭病后代杂交组合3个，同时
进行了杂种后代优株的筛选，并从杂种后代中选出矮生盆栽类单株8个、杭病单株5个.
4.聋尾须毛附属物亚属部分种质的1 SsR分析
4.1利用IssR分子标记的15个有效引物对德国考尾38个品种(基因型)指纹图谱的
分析结果表明，德国聋尾各栽培品种间具有的较为丰富的遗传多态性，在共检测到的1“
个位点中，多态位点为148个约占总数的89.7%.
4.2依据15个有效引物所产生的165个ISSR标记为表征性状.所建立的德国考尾38
个品种DN人分子系统聚类图，将鸯尾38个品种划归为A、B、C、O、ES个群，其中A
群包含了31个品种，B群和E群各包含1个品种，C群包含2个品种，D群包含3个品
种;同时说明，对一个物种的研究历史越久、栽培品种数量越多、应用越广泛，这一物
种下的栽培品种的遗传背景就越复杂，其遗传的多样性表现的就越丰富.
4.3运用ISsR分子标记的DNA特殊谱带标记，能够有效地对亲缘关系较近的38德国
考尾栽培品种(杂种单株)基因型进行鉴定.因此，认为1 SSR分子标记是用于聋尾种
质(品种)鉴定以及遗传多态性检测等的有效手段.
关键词:奔尾属;种质资源;抗早性;矮生观赏地被植物;抗病性;杂交选育;1 sSR.
The objective of this paper was to research in the fields which were pay close attention in irises application at present such as the drought resistance of some ornamental iris native to China, the isolation and identification bacterial soft rot disease of some introduced Iris, dwarf and bacterial soft rot resistant cultivars breeding and utilization of ISSR molecular markers for identification, analysis and evaluation of genetic diversities and resources preservation of Iris. The results were as follow: 1. Studies on the drought resistance of some ornamental Iris species1.1 Based on the correlationship between the regerminating percentage and the drought resistance of the 5 Iris species by mortal drought treatment and then watered, it is revealed that the drought resistance of Iris species from strongest to the weakest was: I. germcmica, I. tectorum, I. pseudacorus, I sanguined, I. lactea var. chinensis. I. germanica was the most drought tolerant species, being watered after 35and 48 days drought treatment, the germinating rate of I. germanica was 83.33% and 73.68% respectively. Next, I. tectorum, 52.9% and 37.5% respectively. I. lactea var. chinensis, the control just 23.8%andl4.8%. I. pseudacorus was often planted as water plants in the garden before, the results of the experiment also showed that it could not only be planted in the soil and but also be a more drought tolerant plant.1.2 The correlationship between physiological parameter changes and the drought resistance of five Iris species was discussed. It was showed that the characters and regulating change of8 physiological parameter such as relative water content, the chlorophyll content of the leaves, the stability of cell membrance and soluble materials regulation were close related with the drought resistance of 5 Iris species, and that was the same with the mortal drought treatment in each species.2 Studies on the isolation, purification and identification of the bacterial soft rot pathogenic bacteria in Iris L.The pathogen isolated from 7m germanica L.was identified as the bacterial soft rot pathogen, Erwinia chrysanthemi Burkhdder, Me Fadden & Dimock based on bacteria
morphological, pathogenicity tests, cultural, and physiological and biochemical properties.3 The breeding studies on the dwarf and disease resistant cultivars of Iris germanica L.3.1 Due to the cultivars of/, germanica L. used as parents are heterozygotes, therefore, some characters, especially flower colors were different in first filial generation. The flower colors of individual plants obtained in first filial generation were same, similar and some totally different with parents. It was also showed that the heredity of the flower color of purple was much stronger than yellow, pink, red and white in intraspecies crossing of /. germanica L., and the individual plants with purple flowers were much more than the individual plants with other colors in filial generation.3.2 The heredity of tall character was much stronger than that of dwarf ones, and the number of plants with different height of the filial generation reduced from gradeIIIto grade II and gradeIVand grade I . The results showed that the dwarf plants of I. germanica L. could be obtained through repeated backcrossing to the dwarf parent.3.3 The hybrid generation survival rate of the combination with one parent of bacterial soft rot resistant grade 1 were 26.3%~28.7% higher and the percentage of diseased plant 17.6-20.3% fewer than that of the control. A few bacterial soft rot resistant individuals have been obtained by using a bacterial soft rot resistant parent to cross with elite parents. The resistance of the filial generation had been proved through 4 life circles in the plots with pathogenic bacteria. The results showed that bacterial soft rot resistant individuals have been obtained by using a bacterial soft rot resistant parent to cross with elite parents.3.4Fives hybrid combinations for dwarf breeding and 3 for disease resistant were carried out for Iris germanica L. and eight new dwarf individual plants and five bacte
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