跨文化交际背景下的中英文禁忌语对比研究
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摘要
随着全球化的发展,文化交流日益加强。它促进了文化沟通,但也形成了许多新的问题。这就要求我们深入辨别文化之间的异同,发现问题并且找出解决的途径。
语言和反映文化和建构文化。两者相互影响,密切相连。没有理解文化背景或者交流情境,我们很难真正理解语言的意义。大量的研究已经足以表明语言和文化之间的重要关系,但从跨文化视角、系统地阐释文化对禁忌语影响的文献近乎阙如。
本文以语用学和跨文化交际理论作为基本骨架,结合人类学和社会语言学中的概念和思想对中西方禁忌语进行比较分析,总结出他们的差异,探讨提高应用禁忌语的跨文化能力的策略。禁忌语是指社会中认为某些对自身有伤害的行为。主要体现在文化上的忌讳和限制。中西文化都忌讳性,死亡,宗教,迷信等语言,但它们遵循着不同的文化规范。中国文化倾向于鼓励消极地使用禁忌语,而西方文化偏好积极地运用禁忌语;两种禁忌语的使用起源于迥异的宗教背景。全球化时代,应用禁忌语的跨文化能力包括开放的态度、跨文化/全球思维、欣赏/消化差异、辨别/容忍暧昧性,以及悬置判断等品格。认知-行为的管理、提问、自我揭示和含糊等是实现成功跨文化交际的有效策略。
With the advancement of globalization, interactions between cultures have been increasingly intensified, which produce both better understandings and new problems. It proves to be an imperative to identify both differences and similarities so that effective strategies might be formulated to deal with the challenges.
Language reflects culture and is significantly shaped by culture. Without understanding of the social-cultural or communication context, we cannot understand the meaning of language. Plenty of studies have addressed the relationships between language and culture, but few of them comprehensively interpret how cultural orientation affects linguistic taboo in social and intercultural communications.
This thesis takes pragmatic and intercultural communication theories as the backbone and incorporates some anthropological and sociolinguistic ideas to analyze linguistic taboos in Chinese and English. It reveals their differences and tentatively proposes workable strategies to improve intercultural taboo competence. Taboo refers to social disapproval of certain kinds of behavior believed to be harmful to its members. It is principally expressed in prohibitions and restrictions. Different cultures do not all agree on what taboo is and what should be tabooed in a given context. Both Chinese and English have taboos on such things as sex, death, religion, superstition and so forth, but they follow different cultural norms. Chinese culture tends to encourage negative use of language taboos, whereas English culture tends to prefer positive use of language taboos. Taboos in Chinese and English originate from different religious traditions. Intercultural taboo competence covers attitudes, intercultural/global thought, appreciating/digesting differences, recognizing/tolerating ambiguity and being nonjudgemental constitute taboo competence in the global era. Cognitive-behavioral management, question-asking, self-revealing, euphemism and vagueness are useful strategies to achieve successful intercultural communication.
语言和反映文化和建构文化。两者相互影响,密切相连。没有理解文化背景或者交流情境,我们很难真正理解语言的意义。大量的研究已经足以表明语言和文化之间的重要关系,但从跨文化视角、系统地阐释文化对禁忌语影响的文献近乎阙如。
本文以语用学和跨文化交际理论作为基本骨架,结合人类学和社会语言学中的概念和思想对中西方禁忌语进行比较分析,总结出他们的差异,探讨提高应用禁忌语的跨文化能力的策略。禁忌语是指社会中认为某些对自身有伤害的行为。主要体现在文化上的忌讳和限制。中西文化都忌讳性,死亡,宗教,迷信等语言,但它们遵循着不同的文化规范。中国文化倾向于鼓励消极地使用禁忌语,而西方文化偏好积极地运用禁忌语;两种禁忌语的使用起源于迥异的宗教背景。全球化时代,应用禁忌语的跨文化能力包括开放的态度、跨文化/全球思维、欣赏/消化差异、辨别/容忍暧昧性,以及悬置判断等品格。认知-行为的管理、提问、自我揭示和含糊等是实现成功跨文化交际的有效策略。
With the advancement of globalization, interactions between cultures have been increasingly intensified, which produce both better understandings and new problems. It proves to be an imperative to identify both differences and similarities so that effective strategies might be formulated to deal with the challenges.
Language reflects culture and is significantly shaped by culture. Without understanding of the social-cultural or communication context, we cannot understand the meaning of language. Plenty of studies have addressed the relationships between language and culture, but few of them comprehensively interpret how cultural orientation affects linguistic taboo in social and intercultural communications.
This thesis takes pragmatic and intercultural communication theories as the backbone and incorporates some anthropological and sociolinguistic ideas to analyze linguistic taboos in Chinese and English. It reveals their differences and tentatively proposes workable strategies to improve intercultural taboo competence. Taboo refers to social disapproval of certain kinds of behavior believed to be harmful to its members. It is principally expressed in prohibitions and restrictions. Different cultures do not all agree on what taboo is and what should be tabooed in a given context. Both Chinese and English have taboos on such things as sex, death, religion, superstition and so forth, but they follow different cultural norms. Chinese culture tends to encourage negative use of language taboos, whereas English culture tends to prefer positive use of language taboos. Taboos in Chinese and English originate from different religious traditions. Intercultural taboo competence covers attitudes, intercultural/global thought, appreciating/digesting differences, recognizing/tolerating ambiguity and being nonjudgemental constitute taboo competence in the global era. Cognitive-behavioral management, question-asking, self-revealing, euphemism and vagueness are useful strategies to achieve successful intercultural communication.
引文
[1] Asante, M. K and Newmark, E. and Blake, C. A. Handbook of Intercultural Communication [M]. London: SAGE Publications/Beverly Hills, 1982.
[2] Austin, J. L. How to do thing with words [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2002.
[3] Axtell, Roger E. Dos and Taboos Around the World [M], 3rd Ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1993.
[4] Baykasoglu, A. S. Owen and N. Gindy. Journal of the Operational Research Society [J]. Solution of Goal Programmming Models using a Basic Taboo Search Alqorithm, 1999, 35(5), 23-28.
[5] Borden, G. A. Cultural Orientation: An Approach to Understanding Intercultural Communication [M]. Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1991.
[6] Brown, P&S. Levinson. Questions and Politeness Strategies in Social Interaction [M]. Cambridge University Press, 1978.
[7] Chomsky, N. Syntactic Structures [M]. The Hague: Mouton, 1956.
[8] Cruse, D. A. A glossary of semantics and pragmatics[ M]. Language Arts & Disciplines. Edinburgh University Press, 2006.
[9] Daniel G. Bates and Fred Plog. Cultural Anthropology [M[. MC Graw-Hill, 1990.
[10] Evans, Cornelia. A dictionary of contemporary American usage [Z]. New York: Random House, 1957.
[11] Franz, Steiner. Taboo with a preface by E Evants-Prichard [M]. London: Cohen & West, 1956.
[12] Frazer,James George. The Golden Bough-A Study in Magic and Religion [M]. New York: The Macmillam Press LTD, 1925.
[13] Fu, Chunjiang and Asiapac Editorial, Wei Lin Chua, Joo Ling Choong. Origins of Chinese Name [M]. Asiapac Books Pte Ltd, 2007.
[14] Gary, Ferraro. Cultural Anthropology: An Applied Perspective [M]. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 2004.
[15] Gibson, D. and Zhong, M. Intercultural Journal of Intercultural Relations [J]. Intercultural communication competence in the healthcare context. 2005, 29(5), 621-634.
[16] Glazer, Nathan, Daniel Patrick Moynihan and Corinne Saposs Schelling. Ethnicity: theory and experience [M]. Harvard University Press, 1975.
[17] Goffman, E. Interaction Ritual: Essays in face-to face Behavior [C]. New York: Pantheon Books, 1967.
[18] Grice, H. P. Studies in the Way of Words [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2002.
[19] Hammer, M. R., Bennett, M. J. and Wisemen, R. International Journal of Intercultural Relations [J]. Measuring intercultural sensitivy: the intercultural development inventory. 2005, 27(4), 421-443.
[20] Halliday, M. A. K. Linguistic Sciences and Language Teaching [M]. London: Longman, 1964.
[21] Huang, Quanyu, Richard S. Andrulis and Tong Chen. A Guide to Successful Business Relations with the Chinese [M]. The Haworth Press, Inc., 1994.
[22] Hugh, Rawson. Wicked Words [M]. Crown Publishers, 1989.
[23] Hughes, Geoffrey. A History of English Words [M]. Oxford: Blackwell, 2000.
[24] Jay, Timothy. What to Do When Your Students Talk Dirty [M]. Atrium Publishers Group. Why We Curse: A Neuro-psycho-social Theory of Speech [M]. Massachusetts College of Liberal Arts, North Adams, Massachusetts, 1999.
[25] Katamba, Francis. English Words [M]. London: Routledge, 1994.
[26] Leech, G. N. Principle of Pragmatics [M]. London: Longman, 1983.
[27] Locher,Miriam A. Power and politeness in action [M]. Walter de Gruyter, 2004.
[28] Lyons, J. Language and Linguistics [M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981.
[29] Morris, E., ed. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language [Z]. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1983.
[30] Noah, Webster. New International Dictionary of English Language [Z]. Springfield, Mass: G&C. Merriam Co., 1957.
[31] Peter,Trudgil. Sociolinguistics: an Introduction [M]. Harmonds Worth: Penguim, 1974.
[32] Philip, Thody. Don’t do it: A Dictionary of the Forbidden [Z]. London: The Athlone Press, 1997.
[33] Rawson, Hugh. A Dictionary of Euphemism and Other Double talk [Z]. New York: Crown, 1981.
[34] Richard, Brislin. Understanding Culture’s Influence on Behavior Fort Worth [M]. TX: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers, 1993.
[35] Robinett, B.W. Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages [M].University of Minnesota, 1978.
[36] Sapir, E. Psycholinguistics [M]. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1921.
[37] Sarbaugh, L. E. Language Arts & Disciplines [M]. Transaction Publishers, 1988, 150
[38] Sigmund, Freud. The Origins of Religions: Totem aid Taboo: Moses aid Motheim aid Other Works [M]. London: Penguim Books, 1985.
[39] Thomas, J. Applied Linguistics [M]. London: Macmillan, 1983.
[40] Wardhaugh, Ronald. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics [M]. Blackwell Publishing, 2006.
[41] Wilkinson, Endymion Porter. Chinese History: A Manual [M]. Harvard Univ Asia Center, 2000.
[42]陈建民.《语言社会文化新探》[M].上海:上海教育出版社, 1986.
[43]陈原.《语言和社会生活》[M].北京:三联书店, 1999.
[44]弗洛伊德.《图腾与禁忌》[M].北京:中央编译出版社,2005
[45]胡壮磷.《语言学教程》[M].北京:北京大学出版社, 2001.
[46]唐德根.《跨文化交际学》[M].长沙:中南大学出版社,2008.
[47]宋莉.《跨文化交际导语》[M].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学出版社, 2004.
[2] Austin, J. L. How to do thing with words [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2002.
[3] Axtell, Roger E. Dos and Taboos Around the World [M], 3rd Ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1993.
[4] Baykasoglu, A. S. Owen and N. Gindy. Journal of the Operational Research Society [J]. Solution of Goal Programmming Models using a Basic Taboo Search Alqorithm, 1999, 35(5), 23-28.
[5] Borden, G. A. Cultural Orientation: An Approach to Understanding Intercultural Communication [M]. Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1991.
[6] Brown, P&S. Levinson. Questions and Politeness Strategies in Social Interaction [M]. Cambridge University Press, 1978.
[7] Chomsky, N. Syntactic Structures [M]. The Hague: Mouton, 1956.
[8] Cruse, D. A. A glossary of semantics and pragmatics[ M]. Language Arts & Disciplines. Edinburgh University Press, 2006.
[9] Daniel G. Bates and Fred Plog. Cultural Anthropology [M[. MC Graw-Hill, 1990.
[10] Evans, Cornelia. A dictionary of contemporary American usage [Z]. New York: Random House, 1957.
[11] Franz, Steiner. Taboo with a preface by E Evants-Prichard [M]. London: Cohen & West, 1956.
[12] Frazer,James George. The Golden Bough-A Study in Magic and Religion [M]. New York: The Macmillam Press LTD, 1925.
[13] Fu, Chunjiang and Asiapac Editorial, Wei Lin Chua, Joo Ling Choong. Origins of Chinese Name [M]. Asiapac Books Pte Ltd, 2007.
[14] Gary, Ferraro. Cultural Anthropology: An Applied Perspective [M]. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 2004.
[15] Gibson, D. and Zhong, M. Intercultural Journal of Intercultural Relations [J]. Intercultural communication competence in the healthcare context. 2005, 29(5), 621-634.
[16] Glazer, Nathan, Daniel Patrick Moynihan and Corinne Saposs Schelling. Ethnicity: theory and experience [M]. Harvard University Press, 1975.
[17] Goffman, E. Interaction Ritual: Essays in face-to face Behavior [C]. New York: Pantheon Books, 1967.
[18] Grice, H. P. Studies in the Way of Words [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2002.
[19] Hammer, M. R., Bennett, M. J. and Wisemen, R. International Journal of Intercultural Relations [J]. Measuring intercultural sensitivy: the intercultural development inventory. 2005, 27(4), 421-443.
[20] Halliday, M. A. K. Linguistic Sciences and Language Teaching [M]. London: Longman, 1964.
[21] Huang, Quanyu, Richard S. Andrulis and Tong Chen. A Guide to Successful Business Relations with the Chinese [M]. The Haworth Press, Inc., 1994.
[22] Hugh, Rawson. Wicked Words [M]. Crown Publishers, 1989.
[23] Hughes, Geoffrey. A History of English Words [M]. Oxford: Blackwell, 2000.
[24] Jay, Timothy. What to Do When Your Students Talk Dirty [M]. Atrium Publishers Group. Why We Curse: A Neuro-psycho-social Theory of Speech [M]. Massachusetts College of Liberal Arts, North Adams, Massachusetts, 1999.
[25] Katamba, Francis. English Words [M]. London: Routledge, 1994.
[26] Leech, G. N. Principle of Pragmatics [M]. London: Longman, 1983.
[27] Locher,Miriam A. Power and politeness in action [M]. Walter de Gruyter, 2004.
[28] Lyons, J. Language and Linguistics [M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981.
[29] Morris, E., ed. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language [Z]. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1983.
[30] Noah, Webster. New International Dictionary of English Language [Z]. Springfield, Mass: G&C. Merriam Co., 1957.
[31] Peter,Trudgil. Sociolinguistics: an Introduction [M]. Harmonds Worth: Penguim, 1974.
[32] Philip, Thody. Don’t do it: A Dictionary of the Forbidden [Z]. London: The Athlone Press, 1997.
[33] Rawson, Hugh. A Dictionary of Euphemism and Other Double talk [Z]. New York: Crown, 1981.
[34] Richard, Brislin. Understanding Culture’s Influence on Behavior Fort Worth [M]. TX: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers, 1993.
[35] Robinett, B.W. Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages [M].University of Minnesota, 1978.
[36] Sapir, E. Psycholinguistics [M]. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1921.
[37] Sarbaugh, L. E. Language Arts & Disciplines [M]. Transaction Publishers, 1988, 150
[38] Sigmund, Freud. The Origins of Religions: Totem aid Taboo: Moses aid Motheim aid Other Works [M]. London: Penguim Books, 1985.
[39] Thomas, J. Applied Linguistics [M]. London: Macmillan, 1983.
[40] Wardhaugh, Ronald. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics [M]. Blackwell Publishing, 2006.
[41] Wilkinson, Endymion Porter. Chinese History: A Manual [M]. Harvard Univ Asia Center, 2000.
[42]陈建民.《语言社会文化新探》[M].上海:上海教育出版社, 1986.
[43]陈原.《语言和社会生活》[M].北京:三联书店, 1999.
[44]弗洛伊德.《图腾与禁忌》[M].北京:中央编译出版社,2005
[45]胡壮磷.《语言学教程》[M].北京:北京大学出版社, 2001.
[46]唐德根.《跨文化交际学》[M].长沙:中南大学出版社,2008.
[47]宋莉.《跨文化交际导语》[M].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学出版社, 2004.