摘要
未来教育是一项颇具挑战性的工作,其需要通过富有敬业精神的教育工作者来完成。他们将协助学习者避免挫折,并成功地去把握机遇。
——米勒(Millar,2000)
当代社会中所反应出的文化、社会、经济和政治动态无不带有全球化的特点,这与以往传统的社会特征相比,有着很大的不同。具体表现为全球性的竞争、经济、政治、技术、环保和社会关系之间的相互依赖以及多元文化、多种族和多民族特点,这使得当代社会比以往更需要教育。这也就是说当代社会的公民需要具备较高的参政能力,并积极地参与到社会活动当中去,在应付各类问题和挑战时,都能够从容不迫,他们应该保持其个性和文化上的独立性,而不被全球化所同化。
此外,一个国家发展程度的衡量标准在于其为公民所提供的物质和文化基础:换言之,国家的发展将依赖于其教育的发展水平(尤其是正式教育或学校教育)。具体是指可向国民所提供的知识和技能。因此,一个国家教育系统所应当承担的义务是培养颇具爱国心,但同时又关心天下事的国民,这样的国民具有较强的适应性,并可以很好的应对当代社会发展的需要。这意味着教育体制需要进行深入的改革来适应那些社会需求。本论文首先将集中阐述学校教育对于解决圣卢西亚社会中所存在的某些问题所发挥的作用,随后将谈到为解决社会文化方面所存在的问题,教育部所采取的一些相关措施和随之所产生的影响。为此,从某种程度上,通过对圣卢西亚社会问题的剖析,可以得出教育对社会所起到的贡献和作用。
本研究表明:有必要对教育机构进行改革,以增强其在培训、技能、职责和资源方面的活力,从而得以应对来自社会的挑战,并可以满足学龄儿童对义务教育的需要。在相关的教育体制改革中,必须要制定有效的政策,从而使教育机构可以积极并富有责任心地开展工作。学校教育应当确保能够为16岁以前的学生提供义务教育,使他们可以在正式的教育体系下成长。为了能使所有的学生都可以适应义务教育,课程的设置应得到广泛的认可,同时尤其需要注重在技能、价值观和道德修养方面的发展。在笔者看来,教育是变革社会强有力的工具,并可以促进经济的增长。
教育的成功性与否将由其所服务的社会反应出来。教育通过其隐性的(道德、价值和文化)和显性的(正式学校教育、行为准则、政策及规章制度)这两大领域的播种,必将最终收获一个进步而又繁荣的社会。鉴于此,教育和行之有效的教育系统对于消除社会弊端以及防止社会问题发挥有着十分积极和重要的作用。
Contemporary societies reflect the dynamic cultural, social, economic and political changes that have been set in motion by globalizations. These societies are far different from their traditional counterparts. Their realities of global competitiveness, economic, political, technological, ecological and social interdependence; diversity in the emergence of new forms of multi-culture, multi-race and multi-nations have forced contemporary societies to demand more from education. This aptly implies that citizens of any society should be well rounded, equipped with heighten level of political consciousness and be able to functionally integrate into society as critical thinkers and problem solvers who will prudently meet those challenges without losing their identity, individuality, cultural footing and subsequently not become submerged and lost in this global fiasco.
Additionally, the wellness of a nation is measured on how capable it can provide for and sustain its citizens: Likewise its progress can be determined based on how effective its education (particularly formal education or schooling) can cater for the intellectual, personal and skills development of its citizens. Hence, the onus is on the education system of a country is to produce citizens who are patriotic and yet at the same time have a sense of global sensitivity, who can easily adapt and effectively respond to the demands of modern societies. This means that education systems must employ profound reform mechanisms and strategies which are geared to address those demands. The focus of this research discourse is to first, explicate how schooling contributes to some of the existing social challenges in the Saint Lucian society; and then to determine the effectiveness of the educational reform measures undertaken by the Ministry of Education in addressing those social-cultural challenges and demands. In so doing, the researcher is of the hypothetical assumption that the very education system has to an extent contributed to the challenges faced by the Saint Lucian society; and has endeavored to illuminate that problem.
Research findings have indicated the followings: That there is a need to empower vital social institutions with training, skills, duties and resources to assist in addressing the social challenges and demands faced by many compulsory school age children. For this empowerment to be effective policies needs to clearly articulate duties and responsibilities to the right social institution to enable them to perform effectively. Very importantly schooling should provide students with an avenue through which they can grow within the formal education system at least up to the compulsory school leaving age of 16. To ensure the ability to cater to all students the curriculum should be balance with an essential focus on skills, value and civic development. The researcher is of the view that, education being the powerful social institution that it is can be used to transform and transcend social changes and catalyze much needed economic growth.
Society, particularly through its social aspects is a medium that reflects the success of the kinds of education that it has been served with. Education through its teachings be it implicit (morals, values, culture) or explicit (formal schooling, codes of conduct, policies, rules and regulation) sow seeds, which if cultivated carefully will ultimately blossom into a successful, progressive and productive society. Hence, it is on that premise that education and an effective education system are forwarded as the vaccine to cure and medicate existing social ills and difficulties and the anti-dote to immunize against further social challenges that may arise.
引文
① Sourced from Education sector development plan 2000-2005 and beyond, vol 1, p. 26-27
① National Youth Policy Development - Saint Lucia, pp13-14
1. Aniscow, M. (1998), 'Would it work in theory? Argument for Practitioner Research and Teorizing in the Special Needs Field', In Clark, C., and Millward, A. (eds), Theorizing Special Education, London, Routledge.
2. Albert, Virginia. (1998) 'Professional Development of Teachers in Saint Lucia', in Lavia, Jennifer. and Armstong, Derrick. (ed), Teachers' Voices from the Caribbean, SPIE
3. Ambrose, Cadelia. L. (1999), 'A critical examination of how Freire's Philosophy apply to my Professional situation', Paper prepared for Sheffield University, Educational Studies Department, Module Ⅰ assignment on the Foundation of Education, (Unpublished).
4. Ambrose, Cadelia. L. (2001a), 'An investigation into the perceptions of students, teachers, parents and employers of the curriculum at a southern Comprehensive Secondary School in Saint Lucia', Paper prepared for Sheffield University, Educational Studies Department, Module Ⅳ assignment on Education for Employment. (Unpublished).
5. Ambrose, Cadelia. L. (2001b), 'A Case Study Investigation of the Perceptions held by teachers at a Southern Comprehensive Secondary School on a Windward Island towards the concept of Special and Inclusive Education' Dissertation submitted in requirement for the Master degree in Educational Studies, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, (Unpublished)
6. Ambrose, Cadelia. L. (2005a), 'Daring the Challenge - Basic Education in Cuba', article prepared for assignment in Comparative Education Course, East China Normal University, Shanghai, (to be published)
7. Ambrose, Cadelia. L. (2005b), 'Still Bonded by the Shackles of colonialism-An inner perspective into the philosophical perspective underlying education in Saint Lucia', paper prepared for assignment in Philosophy of Education Course, East China Normal University, Shanghai, (to be published)
8. Apple, Micheal. W. (1993), Official Knowledge, Democratic Education in a Conservative Age, New York, Routledge.
9. Ball, S. J. (1995), 'Intellectuals or Technicians? The Urgent Role of Theory in Educational Studies', British Journal of Educational Studies, (Vol.43, No. 3,).
10. Barbados Union of Teachers, Outlook Magazine, January 1998.
11. Barton, L. (2001), 'Inclusion, Teachers and the Demands of Change: The Struggle for A more Effective Practice', Paper presented at a conference on 'Rethinking Teacher Professionalism in the Caribbean Context', Saint Lucia.
12. Bassey, M, (1990), 'On the Nature of Research in Education', Part Ⅰ, Research Intelligence, BERA Newsletter, (No. 36, pp. 35-38).
13. Bassey, M. (1992), 'Creating Education Through Research', British Educational Journal, (Vol 18, No. Ⅰ, pp.3-6).
14. Becker, H. S. (1970), Sociological Work, New Brunswick, Transaction Books.
15. Beckles, Hilary. (1999), Speech on the 'Value of Education', cited in the Mirror Nov.19 issue, Castries, Mirror Publishing Company Ltd
16. Bell, Judith. (1993), Doing Your Research Project-A guide for First Time Researchers in Education and Social Science (second edition), Birmingham, Open University Press.
17. Bernard, A. K. (2000), 'Education For All and Children who are Excluded', EFA Thematic paper (draft), Retrieved Oct 30, 2000 from website http://www2.unesco.org
18. Berry, John., Poonwassie, Deo., and Berry, Dean. B. (1999), 'Improving Learning Outcomes in the Caribbean: Challenges and Lessons. Curriculum Reform', A regional study prepared for the Economic Development Institution of the World Bank and presented at a Workshop, Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago.
19. Bogdan, R. and Biklen, S. (1982), Qualitative Research for Education, Boston, AUyn and Bacon.
20. Bolton, Neil. (1993), Unit5: The Foundation Module. Differences and Disability, University of Sheffield, Department of Educational Studies. http://mingus.smu.ca/academic/take5.htm
21. Borg, W. R. and Gall. M. D. (1989), Educational Research: An Introduction(fifth edition), New York, Longrnan.
22. Boring, E. G. (1953), 'The Role of Theory in Experimental Psychology', American Joumal of Psychology, (Vol. 66, p. 169-184).
23. Callaghan, James. (1976), Speech on Education, (Ruskin College, Oxford).
24. Carr, Wilfred. and Kemmis, Stephen. (1986), Becoming Critical, London, The Falmer Press.
25. Carr, Wilfred.(1995), 'Adopting an Educational Philosophy' in For Education: Towards Critical Educational Inquiry, Lewes, Falmer Press.
26. Carr, Wilfred. and Hartnett, Anthony, (1996), 'Gentling The Masses': The Nineteenth-Century Origins of the English Educational Traditions', in Education and the Struggle for Democracy: The politics of Educational Ideas, Buckingham, Open University Press.
27. Carr, Wilfred. (1998), 'Understanding Education', in Unit 2: The Foundation Module, The University of Sheffield, Department of Educational Studies.
28. Cohen, Louis. and Manion, Lawrence. (1994), Research Methods in Education (4th edition), London, Rouledge.
29. Collymore, Denise. (2000), 'Education/Training and the Demands of Globalisation', Wayne, Mac. (ed.), She Caribbean, Castries, Star Publishing Company Ltd.
30. Colquhoun, Patrick (1806), A New and Appropriate System of Education for the Labouring People, London.
31. Coolican, Hugh. (1996), Introduction to Research Methods and Statistics in Psychology (2nd edition), London, Hodder and Stoughton.
32. Coon, D. (1991), Essentials of Psychology. Exploration and Application (4th edition), New York, West Publishing Company.
33. Corporate Planning Unit, Ministry of Education, Human Resource Development, Youth and Sports (2004), Education Statistical Digest-Past Trends, Present Position and Projections up to 2009/10, Castries, Ministry of Education, Human Resource, Youth and Sports.
34. Corporate Planning Unit, Ministry of Education, Human Resource Development, Youth and Sports (2005), 'Profile of the Education system', Castries, Ministry of Education, Human Resource, Youth and Sports.
35. Data Management, Corporate Planning Unit, Ministry of Education, Human Resource Development, Youth and Sports, Government of Saint Lucia, (2004), Education Statistical Digest: Past Trends, Present Position and Projections up to 2009-2010, Castries, CAMDU Ministry of Education, Human Resource Development, Youth and Sports.
36. Delors, Jacques. Education the Necessary Utopia
37. Delors, Jacques. Learning the Treasure Within, Report to UNESCO of the International Commission of Education for the Twenty-First Century, UNESCO Publishing.
38. Dewey, John. (1916), Democracy and Education: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Education, New York, Free Press.
39. Downes, Andrew. (1994), 'Education and Sustainable Development: Historical Perspectives and Projections for Barbados', paper presented at a symposium by the Barbados National forum on Education, retrieved Nov 25th, 2005 from website http://D:educa%20/20-9510_FND.htm
40. Education Department.(2005), Basic Education Reform Project:-'Today's move to strengthen the Education System in St Lucia for a Brighter Tomorrow', retrieved on August 22nd,2005. from website http://www.education.gov.lc/edu/project/berp_1.htm
41. Education Department (2005), List of Research Themes, retrieved on August 8th,2005, from website http://www.education.gov.lc/edu/research/agenda.htm
42. EFA (2000), Assessment Reports on Education in Saint Lucia, website http://www2.unesco.org/countryreports/Saint_Lucia/rapport_5_1.html
43. Estaphan, John. (2005), 'To Ponder', in SLTU Dialogue, June 2005.
44. Farrant, J. S. (1993), Principles and Practices of Education, Essex, Longman Group UK Ltd.
45. Fraenkel, Jack. And Wallen, Norman. (1993), How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education (2na edition), New York, Mc Graw Hill Inc.
46. Freire, P. (1970). Pedagogy of the Oppressed, transl. Ramos, Myra., New York, Herder and Herder.
47. Friere, P. (1985), The Politics of Education- Culture, Power, and Liberation, transl. Macedo. Donaldo., Connecticut, Bergin & Garvey.
48. Gall, P. Joyce. et al (2005), Applying Educational Research-A Practical Guide(5th edition), Boston, Pearson Education Inc.
49. Gasperini, Lavinia (1999), The Cuban Educational System: Lessons and Dilemmas, Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, LAC, Human Development Department.
50. Good, Thomas. L. and Brophy, Jere. E. (2000), Looking in Classroom (6th edition), New York, Addison-Wesley Educational Publishers Inc.
51. Government of Saint Lucia (1999), Education Act, Castries, Ministry of Education, Human Resource, Youth and Sports.
52. Haralamos, Micheal. and Holborn, Martin. (1995), Sociology Themes and Perspectives (4th edition), London, Harper Collins Publishers.
53. Helen Television System News Channel, (2005), 'Crime Under the Microscope', Saint Lucia News, retrieved on September 22nd, 2005, from website http://www.htsstlucia.com
54. Hogan, Patrick. Colin. (2000), Colonialism and Cultural Identity: Crisis of Tradition in the Anglophone Literature of India, Africa and the Caribbean, New York, State University of New York Press.
55. Holt, Maurice. (1999), 'Rediscovering the Comprehensive Ideal', Teacher Development, (vol 3, No. 3)
56. Hurd, Geoffery. et al (1991), Human Societies - An Introduction to Sociology, New York, Routledge & Kegan Paul.
57. International Bureau of Education. (2001), 'The Development of Education-National Report', Barbados Ministry of Education, Youth Affairs and Culture, Bridgetown.
58. Johnson, D. (1994), Research Methods in Educational Management, Essex, Longman Group UK Ltd.
59. Kenny, Anthony. D. (2005), Budget Address 2005-2006, Ministry of Economic Affairs, International Financial Services and Information, Castries
60. Knight, Franklin. W. (1990), The Caribbean: The Genesis of a Fragmented Nationalism(2nd edition), New York, Oxford University Press.
61. Kyriacou, Chris. (1995), Essential Teaching Skills (2nd edition), Cheltenham, Stanley Thornes Ltd.
62. Kyriacou, Chris. (1997), Effective Teaching in Schools - Theory and Practice (2nd edition), Cheltenham, Stanley Thornes Ltd.
63. Lavia, Jennifer. M. (1998), 'The Case of a Visionary Teacher. An Interview with David Conrad' in Armstrong, Derrick. Et al (eds), Teachers' Voices From the Caribbean, Sheffield Papers in Education, University of Sheffield.
64. Lavia, Jennifer. M. (1999), guidelines on Writing a Research Paper, Sheffield, University of Sheffield Caribbean Institute for Research and Professional Education.
65. Lin, N. (1976), Foundation of Social Research, New York, Mc Graw-Hill.
66. Louisy, Pearlette. (1997), 'Dilemmas of Insider Researcher in a Small Country Setting' in Crossley, M. and Vulliamy, G. (eds), Qualitative Educational Research in Developing Countries, London, Garland Publishing Inc.
67. Maslow, A. H. (1970), Motivation and Personality (2nd edition), New York, Harper and Row.
68. Makris, Paula. (2001), 'Beyond the Classics: Legacies of Colonial Education in C.L.R. James and Derek Walcott', in Revista/Review Interamericana, Aponte, Anibal(editor), Vol.ⅩⅩⅪ, retrieved on August 4th, 2005, from website http://www.sg.inter.edu.
69. Mc. Donald, Nicole,(2005), 'Another Murder! 31 and Counting' in The Star online Newspaper, September 14th issue, retrieved September 22nd, 2005 from website http://www.stluciastar.com
70. Micthel, Mario (2005), Budget Address 2005-2006, Ministry of Education, Human Resource Development, Youth and Sports, Castries.
71. Millar, Harvey. (2000), 'Educating the Next Generation', article No.8, retrieved from Harvey Miller's Academic website on June 30th, 2005, http://mingus.smu.ca/academic/take5.htm
72. Millar, Harvey. (2000), 'A Mind is a Terrible Thing to Waste', article No 14, retrieved from Harvey Miller's Academic website on June 30th 2005, http://mingus.smu.ca/academic/take 5.htm
73. Ministry of Education, Human Resource Development, Youth and Sports (2002), Education at a Glance, retrieved on August 22, 2005 from website http://www.education.gov.lv
74. Mills, M. and Huberman, M. (1994), Qualitative Analysis, California, SAGE Publishing.
75. Ministry of Education, Human Resource Development, Youth and Sports (2000), Educational Sector Development Plan 2000-2005 and beyond, Vol. 1, Castries, Government of Saint Lucia.
76. Ministry of Education, Human Resource Development, Youth and Sports (2001),Top Class Saint Lucia, Vol 1. No. 7, Castries, Ministry of Education, Human Resource Development, Youth and Sports.
77. Monlouis, Claudia. (2005) OECS States consider "their place" in the CSME, retrieved on August 22, 2005 from website http://www.stlucia.gov.lc
78. Myers, David. G. (1989), Psychology (2nd edition), New York, Worth Publishers, Inc.
79. Nationwide (2005), 'Continuing Education-the St. Lucian Context', Castries, St. Lucia Nationwide.
80. Nisbet, J. and Watt, J. (1984), 'Case Study Guides in Educational Research' in Bell, J. et al (eds), Conducting Small Scale Investigation in Educational Management, London, Harper and Row.
81. Piaget, J. (1970), The Science of Education and The Psychology of The Child, New York, Orion Press.
82. Rapoport, Liora. (2002,) The Formation and Perfection of Personal pedagogoy-Education in Cuba.
83. Ritzen, Jo. (1999), Looking for Eagles; A short Guide to Bird watching in an Educational Context. World Bank. Washington.
84. Roizen, J. and Jepson, M. (1985), Degrees for Jobs: Employers' Expectations of Higher Education, Windsor, SRHE/NFER- Nelson.
85. Schratz, M. and Walker, R. (1995), Research as Social change: New Opportunities for Qualitative Research, London Routledge.
86. Sandiford, Keith. Albert. (2000), The Cultural Policies of Sugar: Caribbean Slavery and Narratives of Colonialism, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
87. Saunders, Lesley. (1991), 'Education, Work and the curriculum', Policy Studies, Summer Vol. 12 (2).
88. Slavin, Robert. (1988) Educational Psychology-Theory into Practice (2nd edition), New Jersey, Prentice Hall.
89. Stack, Jayne. (1997), Research Methods and Data Analysis, London, Wye College.
90. Stake, R. (1995), The Art of Case Study Research, London, Sage Publication.
91. Stenhouse, L. (1985), 'ANote on Case Study and Educational Practice', in Burgess, R. (ed), (1985b), pp.266.
92. Stephenson, J. and Greer, L. (1981), 'Enthographers in Their Own Cultures. Two Appalachian Cases', Human Organization, (Vol. 40, No.2)
93. Saint Lucia Teachers' Union, (2002), 'Constitution of the St. Lucia Teachers' Union'.
94. Sutton, Paul. K. (1986), Dual Legacies in the Contemporary Caribbean: Continuing Aspects of British and French Dominion, London, Frank Cass Co.Ltd.
95. Saint Lucia's Ministry of Education, Education Department (2005) 'Basic Education Reform Project', retrieved on August 8th, 2005, from website http://www.education.gov.lc
96. Saint Lucia's Ministry of Education, Education Department (2005) 'External Examinations-CXC/GCE', retrieved on August 8th, 2005, from website http://www.education.gov.lc
97. Saint Lucia's Ministry of Education, Education Department (2005) 'List of Research themes', retrieved on August 22th, 2005, from website http://www.education.gov.lc
98. Saint Lucia's Ministry of Education, Education Department (2005) 'Minimum Standards Testing', retrieved on August 8th, 2005, from website http://www.education.gov.lc
99. Saint Lucia's Ministry of Education, Education Department (2005) '13 (+): Background to the Project', retrieved on August 8th, 2005, from website http://www.education.gov.lc
100. Saint Lucia's Ministry of Education, Education Department (2005) 'The Common Entrance Examination', retrieved on August 8th, 2005, from website http://www.education.gov.lc
101. Saint Lucia's Teachers' Union (2002), Constitution of the Saint Lucia Teachers' Union, Castries, Saint Lucia Teachers Union.
102. The Planning, Research and Development Unit, (2000), 'Information Handbook', Barbados Ministry of Education, Youth Affairs and Sports, Bridgetown.
103. The Planning, Research and Development Unit, (2002), 'Miniature Digest', Barbados Ministry of Education, Youth Affairs and Sports, Bridgetown.
104. The Salamanca Statement and Framework for Action on Special Needs Education, World Conference on Special Needs Education, Access and Quality, Retrieved Nov. 19, 2000, from website http://www.unesco.org/education/educprog/sne/salamanc/index.htm
105. Torres, Rosa-Maria. (2001), 'From Dakar to Cochabamba (April 2000-April 2001)-Education For All Follow-up in Latin America and the Caribbean' report prepared for Action Aid-UK, website http://www.fronesis.org
106. UNESCO, The EFA 2000 Assessment (2000), 'The Education For All: Year 2000 Assessment on Basic Education, encompassing Early Childhood Education, Basic Education, Adult Literacy and Learning Achievement and Outcome', Saint Lucia Report, retrieved from website http://www2.unesco.org
107. UNESCO (2002) Institute for Statistics, World Education Indicators, Paris UNESCO
108. UNESCO(2002) Institute for Statistics, Literacy and Non Formal Education Sector, Special Estimates and Projections of Adult Literacy for Population Aged 15 Years Old and Above, By Country and By Gender, Paris, UNESCO
109. UNESCO. (2001a), The Dakar Framework for Action, "Education for All: Meeting Our Collective Commitments", World education Forum (Dakar, Senegal, 26-28 April 2000). Paris.
110. UNESCO. (2001b), World Education Final Forum Report, Paris.
111. UNESCO-OREALC. (2001a) Overview of the 20 years of the Major Project of education in Latin America and the Caribbean, Santiago.
112. UNESCO-OREALC. (2001b), Analysis of Prospects of Education in Latin America and the Caribbean, Santiago.
113. UNESCO-OREALC Laboratorio Latinamericano de evaluaci6n de la calidad de la educacion, Primer Estudio Internacional Comparativo sobre Lenguaje, Matematica Factores Asociados en Tercero y Cuarto graado, UNESCO, Santigo 1998.
114. UNESCO, SIRI, Regional Information System, "The state of Education in Latin America and the Caribbean, 1980 to 1994, Major projects of education", UNESCO Santiago, Chile, 1996, UNESCO-OREALC 1998.
115. Watson, Claire. (1998) 'The Future of Teacher Education: the Role of the Trinidad and Tobago Unified Teachers' Association (T&TUTA)', in Lavia, Jennifer. and Armstong, Derrick. (ed), Teachers' Voices from the Caribbean, SPIE
116. Welcome to the Caribbean, (2005), 'Caribbean Education System' retrieved on April 4th, 2005, from website http://www.welcometothecaribbean.com
117. Wellinton, J. J. (1996), Methods and Issues in Educational Research, Sheffield, University of Sheffield.
118. Williams, Eric (1970) From Columbus to Castro: The History of the Caribbean, New York, Vintage Books.
119. Wills-Williams, Helen. (1998) 'Research on Inclusive Schooling for the Hearing Impaired', in Lavia, Jennifer. and Armstong, Derrick. (ed), Teachers' Voices from the Caribbean, SPIE
120. Woolfolk, Anita. (1995), Educational Psychology (6th edition), Boston, Allyn and Bacon.
121. Barbados Ministry of Education, Youth Affairs and Sports website: http://www.mes.gov.bb
122. Basic Education for All-ⅡEP Research: http://www.unesco.org
123. Basic Education coalition: http://www.basiced.org
124. Basic Education Policy and Support Activity: http://www.berps.net
125. Caribbean Documentation Centre-Sub-regional headquarters for the Caribbean-Economic commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (Caribbean Digital Library): http://www.eclac.cl
126. Educational for all 2002 global monitoring reports: http://www.eldis.org
127. Education for Sustainable Development: http://portal.unesco.org
128. 2005 UN Millennium Project: http://www.unmillenniumproject.org
129. Improving Education in the Caribbean: http://www.educoas.org
130. Statistics on Education: http://www.nationmaster.com
131. Third World-Learn from Cuba: http://www.twnside.org.sg/akyuz.html
132. UN Population and Vital Statistics Report: http://unstats.un.org/uns/advancedsearch.htm
133. UN Statistics Division 2004 Millennium Indicators,http://www.hdr.undp.org/statisitcs/data
134. For General Information on combined topics:
http://en.wikipedia.org
http://encylopedia.laborlawtalk.com/Greek_philosophy
http://us.politinfo.com
http://www.bbc.co.uk
http://www.caribbeanedu.com
http://www.caricom.org
http://wwwglobalis.gvu.unu.edu
http://www.innercity.org
http://www.mfaft.gov.jm/Intl.Community
http://www.msu.edu
http://ww.unicef.org
www.education.gov.lc
www.stluciamirroronline.com