入侵植物加拿大一枝黄花（Solidago canadensis L.）对土传病菌的化感作用
|
摘要
化感作用普遍存在于自然界,是一种重要的生态机制,是植物防御进化的组成部分,也是某些植物为了提高自身竞争能力的一种化学手段。外来植物的入侵过程往往伴随着强烈的化感作用。加拿大一枝黄花(Solidago canadensis L.)是上世纪30年代入侵我国东南沿海地区的典型入侵植物。大量研究表明,加拿大一枝黄花可以通过化感作用加强其竞争优势。但加拿大一枝黄花对入侵地土传病原菌的化感作用迄今鲜有报导。本文通过培养皿、原位实验以及野外模拟实验研究分析了不同浓度加拿大一枝黄花根系提取物、分泌到土壤中的化感物质对终极腐霉菌(Pythium ultimum)、立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani)的抑制效应。并通过实验室受控实验,研究化感物质在土壤中积累所受到土壤生物的影响。主要取得以下结果：
1加拿大一枝黄花提取液对土传病菌菌落生长的影响
不同浓度的加拿大一枝黄花根状茎与根系提取物,对琼脂培养基上生长的土传病原菌菌落生长有抑制作用。提取物浓度越大,对病原菌的抑制效果越强。
2加拿大一枝黄花化感物质对植物幼苗得病率的影响
两种土传病原菌都能使番茄或紫花苜蓿幼苗得病。加拿大一枝黄花提取液或砂培中原位释放的化感物质,都能显著降低幼苗得病率。化感物质浓度越大,得病率越低。但本地植物鸡眼草根系分泌物对得病率无影响。野外采集的土壤,加拿大一枝黄花根际土壤种植的番茄幼苗得病率显著低于鸡眼草根际土壤种植番茄幼苗的得病率。
3加拿大一枝黄花化感物质对植物幼苗死亡率的影响
化感提取物与病原菌都能提高番茄种子的死亡率。土壤未接菌处理,提取物各浓度水平处理对番茄种子萌发都有化感抑制效应。化感效应引起的番茄种子死亡率升高,并随化感物浓度升高而升高。与只接种病原菌但不添加加拿大一枝黄花根状茎与根系提取物处理对照相比,接种后同时加入不同浓度的加拿大一枝黄花根状茎与根系提取物能不同程度地降低指示植物(番茄幼苗)的死亡率,表明加拿大一枝黄花根状茎与根系提取物可以抑制两种土传病原菌的致病活性,抑制效果随着提取物浓度的升高而增强。加拿大一枝黄花根系分泌到体外的化感物质对土传病原菌的致病活性也有抑制作用,能降低番茄幼苗死亡率,但本地植物鸡眼草(Kummerowia striata)根系分泌物却无化感作用。随着加拿大一枝黄花密度逐渐升高,在砂培中检测到总皂苷、总黄酮、总多酚3种化感物质含量也不断升高。土壤接种土传病原菌后,本地植物紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)的死亡率也随着化感物质浓度升高而降低。野外采集的土壤,加拿大一枝黄花根际土壤种植的番茄幼苗死亡率显著低于鸡眼草根际土壤种植番茄幼苗的死亡率。
4土壤生物对化感物质积累的影响
野外模拟加拿大一枝黄花入侵过程,入侵过程中土壤中化感物质浓度升高,化感物质对终极腐霉菌有抑制作用。化感物积累的同时受到土壤微生物的影响。灭菌土壤中化感物质降解速度迟缓,而未灭菌土壤中三种主要化感物质降解迅速。在加入化感提取物第8d总皂苷只存留55%左右,总黄酮存留26%,总多酚存留17%。
Allelopathy is a common phenomenon in nature, and is an important ecological mechanism for plants. It is an part of the evolution of plant defense, but also a chemical means for some plants to improve their competitive ability. Strong allelopathy often accompanied by the invasion progress of exotic plants. Canada goldenrod (Solidago canadensis L.) is a typical invasive plant in southeastern coastal areas of China. Currently a large number of studies have shown that Solidago canadensis could'enhance the competitive advantage by allelopathy. However, at present there is no study about allelopathy of invasive S. canadensis on soil-borne pathogens. In this paper, I design Petri dish experiment, in situ simulation experiments and field studies to study the effects of different concentrations of root extracts of S. canadensis, also the effects of allelochemicals secreted into the soil on the Pythium ultimum and Rhizoctonia solani. At last, I studied whether the accumulation of allelochemicals in the soil affected by soil microbes. Main results obtained from these experiments are as follows:
1 Effects on growth of colonies of two species of Soil-borne pathogens
Rhizome and root extracts of S. canadensis at different concentrations could inhibit the colony growth on agar medium. The higher concentrations of the extracts, the stronger the inhibitory effects.
2 Effects on damping-off rates of seedlings
Both two species of pathogens could cause diseases on M. sativa and tomato seedlings. Extracts or roots exudates of S. canadensis can inhibit activity of these pathogens. The inhibitory effects increase with the increasing of allelochemicals concentrations. Roots exudates of K. striata has no effects on pathogenic activity. Rhizospheric soil of S. canadensis could decrease damping-off rates of tomato seedlings contast to rhizosphere soil of K. striata.
3 Effects on mortality rates of seedlings
Both extracts and soil-borne pathogens could increase the mortality rate of tomato seedlings. The mortality caused by allelopathy increases with the concentration of extracts. Contrast to only-pathogens treatment, the rhizome and root extract of S. canadensis at different concentrations could decrease the mortality rates of tomato seedlings, that is it could inhibit activity of soil-borne pathogens. The inhibitory effects increase with the higher concentrations of rhizome and root extract. The allelochemicals of S. canadensis secreted into sands can also inhibit the activity of soil-borne pathogens. They can decrease the mortality rate of tomato seedlings. But the roots exudates of Kummerowia striata have no allelopathic effects on these two species of soil-bome pathogens. Concentrations of three kinds of allelochemicals (total saponins, total flavonoids and total polyphenols) in sands culture become higher with increasing of the density of S. canadensis. When the sands inoculated with soil-borne pathogens, the mortality rate of native plant Medicago sativa L. decreases, because of the increasing concentrations of allelochemicals. Rhizosphere soil of S. canadensis has allelopathic effects, but rhizosphere soil of K. striata has no allelopathic effects on tomato seedlings.
4 Effects of soil microbes on accumulation of allelochemicals
In field experiment, during the invasion progress of S. canadensis, concentrations of allelochemicals in soil increase, and the allelochemicals can inhibit the activity of Pythium ultimum. The accumulation of allelochemicals are affected by soil microbes. The allelochemicals degrade slowly in sterilized soil, but degrade quickly in unsterileized soil. After 8 days of addition extracts of S. canadensis into soil that never planting this invasive species, total saponin retained only about 55%, total flavonoid retained only about 26%, total polyphenols retained only about 17%.
1加拿大一枝黄花提取液对土传病菌菌落生长的影响
不同浓度的加拿大一枝黄花根状茎与根系提取物,对琼脂培养基上生长的土传病原菌菌落生长有抑制作用。提取物浓度越大,对病原菌的抑制效果越强。
2加拿大一枝黄花化感物质对植物幼苗得病率的影响
两种土传病原菌都能使番茄或紫花苜蓿幼苗得病。加拿大一枝黄花提取液或砂培中原位释放的化感物质,都能显著降低幼苗得病率。化感物质浓度越大,得病率越低。但本地植物鸡眼草根系分泌物对得病率无影响。野外采集的土壤,加拿大一枝黄花根际土壤种植的番茄幼苗得病率显著低于鸡眼草根际土壤种植番茄幼苗的得病率。
3加拿大一枝黄花化感物质对植物幼苗死亡率的影响
化感提取物与病原菌都能提高番茄种子的死亡率。土壤未接菌处理,提取物各浓度水平处理对番茄种子萌发都有化感抑制效应。化感效应引起的番茄种子死亡率升高,并随化感物浓度升高而升高。与只接种病原菌但不添加加拿大一枝黄花根状茎与根系提取物处理对照相比,接种后同时加入不同浓度的加拿大一枝黄花根状茎与根系提取物能不同程度地降低指示植物(番茄幼苗)的死亡率,表明加拿大一枝黄花根状茎与根系提取物可以抑制两种土传病原菌的致病活性,抑制效果随着提取物浓度的升高而增强。加拿大一枝黄花根系分泌到体外的化感物质对土传病原菌的致病活性也有抑制作用,能降低番茄幼苗死亡率,但本地植物鸡眼草(Kummerowia striata)根系分泌物却无化感作用。随着加拿大一枝黄花密度逐渐升高,在砂培中检测到总皂苷、总黄酮、总多酚3种化感物质含量也不断升高。土壤接种土传病原菌后,本地植物紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)的死亡率也随着化感物质浓度升高而降低。野外采集的土壤,加拿大一枝黄花根际土壤种植的番茄幼苗死亡率显著低于鸡眼草根际土壤种植番茄幼苗的死亡率。
4土壤生物对化感物质积累的影响
野外模拟加拿大一枝黄花入侵过程,入侵过程中土壤中化感物质浓度升高,化感物质对终极腐霉菌有抑制作用。化感物积累的同时受到土壤微生物的影响。灭菌土壤中化感物质降解速度迟缓,而未灭菌土壤中三种主要化感物质降解迅速。在加入化感提取物第8d总皂苷只存留55%左右,总黄酮存留26%,总多酚存留17%。
Allelopathy is a common phenomenon in nature, and is an important ecological mechanism for plants. It is an part of the evolution of plant defense, but also a chemical means for some plants to improve their competitive ability. Strong allelopathy often accompanied by the invasion progress of exotic plants. Canada goldenrod (Solidago canadensis L.) is a typical invasive plant in southeastern coastal areas of China. Currently a large number of studies have shown that Solidago canadensis could'enhance the competitive advantage by allelopathy. However, at present there is no study about allelopathy of invasive S. canadensis on soil-borne pathogens. In this paper, I design Petri dish experiment, in situ simulation experiments and field studies to study the effects of different concentrations of root extracts of S. canadensis, also the effects of allelochemicals secreted into the soil on the Pythium ultimum and Rhizoctonia solani. At last, I studied whether the accumulation of allelochemicals in the soil affected by soil microbes. Main results obtained from these experiments are as follows:
1 Effects on growth of colonies of two species of Soil-borne pathogens
Rhizome and root extracts of S. canadensis at different concentrations could inhibit the colony growth on agar medium. The higher concentrations of the extracts, the stronger the inhibitory effects.
2 Effects on damping-off rates of seedlings
Both two species of pathogens could cause diseases on M. sativa and tomato seedlings. Extracts or roots exudates of S. canadensis can inhibit activity of these pathogens. The inhibitory effects increase with the increasing of allelochemicals concentrations. Roots exudates of K. striata has no effects on pathogenic activity. Rhizospheric soil of S. canadensis could decrease damping-off rates of tomato seedlings contast to rhizosphere soil of K. striata.
3 Effects on mortality rates of seedlings
Both extracts and soil-borne pathogens could increase the mortality rate of tomato seedlings. The mortality caused by allelopathy increases with the concentration of extracts. Contrast to only-pathogens treatment, the rhizome and root extract of S. canadensis at different concentrations could decrease the mortality rates of tomato seedlings, that is it could inhibit activity of soil-borne pathogens. The inhibitory effects increase with the higher concentrations of rhizome and root extract. The allelochemicals of S. canadensis secreted into sands can also inhibit the activity of soil-borne pathogens. They can decrease the mortality rate of tomato seedlings. But the roots exudates of Kummerowia striata have no allelopathic effects on these two species of soil-bome pathogens. Concentrations of three kinds of allelochemicals (total saponins, total flavonoids and total polyphenols) in sands culture become higher with increasing of the density of S. canadensis. When the sands inoculated with soil-borne pathogens, the mortality rate of native plant Medicago sativa L. decreases, because of the increasing concentrations of allelochemicals. Rhizosphere soil of S. canadensis has allelopathic effects, but rhizosphere soil of K. striata has no allelopathic effects on tomato seedlings.
4 Effects of soil microbes on accumulation of allelochemicals
In field experiment, during the invasion progress of S. canadensis, concentrations of allelochemicals in soil increase, and the allelochemicals can inhibit the activity of Pythium ultimum. The accumulation of allelochemicals are affected by soil microbes. The allelochemicals degrade slowly in sterilized soil, but degrade quickly in unsterileized soil. After 8 days of addition extracts of S. canadensis into soil that never planting this invasive species, total saponin retained only about 55%, total flavonoid retained only about 26%, total polyphenols retained only about 17%.
引文
柴强,冯福学.玉米根系分泌物的分离鉴定及典型分泌物的化感效应[J].甘肃农业大学学报,2007,42(5)：43-48
陈慧丽,李玉娟,李博,陈家宽,吴纪华.外来植物入侵对土壤生物多样性和生态系统过程的影响[J].生物多样性,2005,13(6)：555-565
陈静雯,张丽.植物化感作用的机理及应用前景[J].生物学通报,2008,43(11)：13-14
陈欣,唐建军.植物他感作用及其生态学意义U].农业现代化研究,1988,(1)：20-22
戴玉明.湿地松菌根化育苗试验[J].安徽农业科学,2000,28(2)：236
邓世明,王宁,汤丽昌,杨先会.外来入侵植物假臭草的化感作用研究田.中国农学通报,2010,26(16)：277-280
董梅,陆建忠,张文驹,陈家宽,李博.加拿大一枝黄花——一种正在迅速扩张的外来入侵植物[J].植物分类学报,2006,44(1)：72-85
段惠萍,陈碧莲.豚草生物学特性、为害习性及防除策略[J].上海农业学报,2000,16(3)：73-77
方 芳,郭水良,黄林兵.入侵杂草加拿大一枝黄花的化感作用[J].生态科学,2004,23(4)：331-334
方中达.植病研究方法[M].北京：农业出版社,1998,141 pp.
弓明钦,陈应明,仲崇禄.菌根研究及应用[M].北京：中国林业出版社,1997
郭婕,崔桂友.加拿大一枝黄花总酚超声提取工艺[J].光谱实验室,2010,27(1)：335-338
贺金生,王政权,方精云.全球变化下的地下生态学：问题与展望[J].科学通报,2004,49(13)：1226-1233
Lancy EL著(胡敦孝译).天然化学物质与有害生物防治[M].北京：科学出版社,1988,9-10
胡元森,李翠香,杜国营,刘亚峰,贾新成.黄瓜根分泌物中化感物质的鉴定及其化感效应[J].生态环境,2007,16(3)：954-957
焦骏森,王俊,张有明,蔡建华,张瑞伶,划分吉芳,于军民.不同除草剂防除加拿大一枝黄花效果比较U].杂草科学,2005,3：56
孔垂华,胡 飞.植物化感(相生相克)作用及其应用[M].北京：农业出版社,2001
梁戈亮,林书玉,刘 东.超声提取-分光光度法测定远志总皂苷的含量[J].现代生物医学进展,2008,8(1)：104-106
梁文举,张晓珂,姜勇,孔垂华.根分泌的化感物质及其对土壤生物产生的影响[J].地球科学进展,2005,20(3)：330-336
凌冰,张茂新,孔垂华,庞雄飞,梁文广.飞机草挥发油的化学组成及其对植物、真菌和 昆虫生长的影响[J].应用生态学报,2003,14(5)：744-746
刘志磊,徐海根,丁晖.外来入侵植物紫茎泽兰对昆明地区土壤动物群落的影响[J].生态与农村环境学报,2006,22(2)：31-35
陆大道.中国国家地理：华北华东[M].大象出版社,2005,158-174 pp
梅玲笑,陈欣,唐建军.外来杂草加拿大一枝黄花对入侵地植物的化感效应[J].生态学报,2005,16(12)：2379-2382
曲有乐,于春光,王斌,杨立业.微波辅助萃取——分光光度法测定加拿大一枝黄花中总黄酮[J].浙江海洋学院学报(自然科学版),2010,29(1)：39-43
阮海根,王坚,陆慧明,汤根妹,浦正明.加拿大一枝黄花生物学特性初步试验[J].上海交通大学学报(农业科学版),2004,22(2)：192-195
宋结根.外来入侵植物的控制方法[J].现代农业科技,2005,(10)：72-73
唐建军,陈欣.植物他感作用研究现状与前景[J].青年生态学家,1988,2(1)：1-8
王开金,陈列忠,俞晓平.加拿大一枝黄花化感作用的初步研究[J],浙江农业学报,2006,18(5)：299-303
王倩,孙会军,孙令强.化感物质及作用机理[J].中国蔬菜,2005,(增刊)：70-74
王真辉.外来植物入侵群落理论假说[J].热带农业科学,2007,27(1)：67-72
阎飞,杨振明,韩丽梅.植物化感作用(Allelopathy)及其作用物的研究方法[J].生态学报,2000,20(4)：602-605
张宝琛,白雪芳,顾立华,甄润德.生化他感作用与高寒草甸上人工草地自然退化现象的研究.生态学报,1989,2：115-119
张劲松,李博,陈家宽,周铜水.加拿大一枝黄花挥发油成分及其抗菌活性[J].复旦学报(自然科学版),2006,45(3)：412-416
张茂新,凌冰,孔垂华,赵辉,庞雄飞.薇甘菊挥发油的化感潜力[J].应用生态学报,2002,13(10)：1300-1302
张学文,刘万学,万方浩,刘亦学,杨国庆,张惟,杨秀荣.紫茎泽兰不同部位化感作用研究[J].河北农业大学学报,2007,30(6)：68-76
职桂叶,陈欣,唐建军.丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)对植物群落调节的研究进展[J].菌物系统,2003,22(4)：678-682
周志红,骆世明,牟子平.番茄(Lycopersicum esculentum)的化感作用研究[J].应用生态学报,1997,(4)：445-449
Alford ER, Perry LG, Qin B, Vivanco JM, Paschke MW. A putative allelopathic agent of Russian knapweed occurs in invaded soils[J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2007,39:1812-1815
Anaya AL Allelopathy as a tool in the management of biotic resources in agroecosystems[J]. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences,1999,18:697-739
Bais HP, Vepachedu R, Gilroy S, Callaway RM, Vivanco JM. Allelopathy and exotic plant invasion:from molecules and genes to species interactions[J]. Science, 2003,301(5638):1377-1380
Barney JN, Hay AG, Weston LA. Isolation and characterization of allelopathic volatiles from mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris) [J]. Journal of Chemistry Ecology, 2005,31:247-265
Becker DM, Kinkel LL, Schottel JL. Evidence for interspecies communication and its potential role in pathogen suppression in a naturally occurring disease suppressive soil[J]. Canadian Journal of Microbiology.1997,43:985-990.
Becker JO, Schwinn FJ. Control of soil-borne pathogens with living bacteria and fungi-status and outlook[J]. Pesticide Science.1993,37:355-363.
Beckstead J, Parker IM. Invasiveness of Ammophila arenaria: release from soil-borne pathogens? [J]. Ecology,2003,84:2824-2831
Belnap J, Phillips SL. Soil biota in an ungrazed grassland:response to annual grass Bromus tectoru J. invasion[J]. Ecological Applications,2001,11:1261-1275
Blum U. Allelopathic interactions involving phenolic acids[J]. Journal of Nematology, 1996,28(3):259-267
Blum U, Shafer SR, Lehman ME. Evidence for inhibitory allelopathic interactions involving phenolic acids in field soils:Concepts vs. an experimental model[J]. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences,1999,18(5):673-693
Bohlmann E, Burkhardt T, Zdero C. Naturally Occurring Acetylenes[M]. London and NewYork:Academic Press,1973, p60-66
Bohlmann F, Fritz U, King RM, Robinson H. Sesquiterpene and diterpene derivatives from Solidago species. Phytochemistry,1980,19(12):2655-2661
Bohtmann F, Chen ZL, Schuster A. Aromatic esters from Solidago decurrens[J]. Phytochemistry,1981,20(11):2601-2602
Callaway RM, Aschehoug ET. Invasive plants versus their new and old neighbors: a mechanism for exotic invasion[J]. Science,2000,290(5491):521-523
Callaway RM, Ridenour WM. Novel weapons:invasive success and the evolution of increased competitive ability[J]. Frontier in Ecology and the Environment,2004, 2:436-443
Callaway RM, Thelen GC, Rodriguez A, Holben WE. Soil biota and exotic plant invasion[J]. Nature,2004,427:731-733
Carlton JT. Pattern, process, and prediction in marine invasion ecology[J]. Biological Conservation,1996,78(1):97-106
Choi SZ, Choi SU, Bae SY,Pyo SN, Lee KR. Immunobiological activity of a new benzyl benzoate from the aerial parts of Solidago virga-aurea var. gigantean[J]. Archives of Pharmacal Research,2005,28(1):49-54
Choi SZ, Choi SU, Lee KR. Phytochemical constituents of the aerial parts from Solidago virga-aurea var. gigantean. Archives of Pharmacal Research,2004, 27(2):164-168
Chou CH, Patrick ZA. Allelopathic substances may be released by a variety of mechanisms from various plant structures identification and phytotoxic activity of compounds produced during decomposition of corn and rye residues in soil[J]. Journal of Chemical Ecology,1976,2:369-387
Copley J. Ecology goes underground[J]. Nature,2000,406:452-454
Crank QCB, Fuller L. Plant invaders:The threat to European natural ecosystem from North America and Europe[M]. The Netherlands:Backhoya publisher. 1997
de Candolle AP. Physiologie Vegetale. Bechet Jeune, Paris, France.1832
de Deyn GB, Raaijmakers CE, Van der Putten WH. Plant community development is affected by nutrients and soil biota[J]. Journal of Ecology,2004, 92:824-834
Duda JJ, Freeman DC, Emlen JM, Belnap J, Kitchen SG, Zak JC, Sobek E, Tracy M, Montante J. Differences in native soil ecology associated with invasion of the exotic annual chenopod, Halogeton glomeratus[J]. Biology and Fertility of Soils,2003,38:72-77
Ehrenfeld JG. A potential novel source of information for screening and monitoring the impact of exotic plants on ecosystems[J]. Biological Invasions, 2006,8:1511-1521
Ehrenfeld JG. Effects of exotic plant invasions on soil nutrient cycling processes[J]. Ecosystems,2003,6:503-523
Ehrenfeld JG, Scott N. Invasive species and the soil:effects on organisms-and ecosystem processes[J]. Ecological Applications,2001,11:1259-1260
Eom A, Hartnett DC, Wilson GWT. Host plant species effect on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities in tallgrass prairie[J]. Oecologia,2000, 122:435-444
Eppinga MB, Rietkerk M, Dekker SC, De Ruiter PC, van der Putten WH. Accumulation of local pathogens:a new hypothesis to explain exotic plant invasions[J]. Oikos,2006,114:168-176
Figen MT. Saponins versus plant fungal pathogens[J]. Cellular and Molecular Biology, 2006,5:13-17
Grover R, Cessna A. Environmental Chemistry of Herbicides[M]. CRC Press, Boca Raton,1991
Guenzi WD, Mccalla TM. Phenolic acids in oats, wheat, sorghum, and corn residues and their phytotoxicity[J]. Agronomy Journal,1966,58(3):303-304
Hook PB, Olson BE, Wraith JM. Effects of the invasive forb Centaurea maculosa on grassland carbon and nitrogen pools in Montana, USA[J]. Ecosystems,2004, 7:686-694
Harborne JB. General procedures and measurement of total phenolics. In: Methods in Plant Biochemistry[M], Academic Press, London,1989b,1:1-28.
Harborne JB. Methods in Plant Biochemistry. I. Plant Phenolics[M]. London:Academic Press,.1989a.
Harborne J. Phytochemical Methods[M]. London:Chapman and Hall,.1973, p212
Heemsbergen DA, Berg MP, Loreau M, van Naj JR, Faber JH, Verhoef HA. Biodiversity effects on soil processes explained by interspecific functional dissimilarity[J]. Science,2004,306:1019-1020
Hoagland DR, Amon DI The Water Culture Method for Growing Plants without Soil, Circular 347. University of California Agricultural Experiment Station, Berkeley CA,1950, pp 1-39
Inderjit, Dakshini KMM. Allelopathic effect of Pluchea lanceolata (Asteraceae) on characteristics of four soils and tomato and mustard growth[J]. American Journal of Botany,1994,81:799-804
Inose Y, Miyase T, Ueno A. Studies on the constituents of Solidago virga-aurea L. III. Structures of Solidago saponins in the herb[J]. Chemical (?) Pharmaceutical Bulletin,1991,39(8):2037-2042
Johnson D, Vandenkoornhuvse PJ, Leake JR, Gilbert L, Booth RE, Grime JP, Young JPW, Read D.Plant communities affect arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal diversity and community composition in grassland microcosms[J]. New Phytologist,2004,161:503-515
Kasali AA, Ekundayo O, Paul C, Konig WA. epi-Cubebanes from Solidago canadensis[J]. Phytochemistry,2002,59(8):805-810
Keating KI. Allelochemistry in plankton communities[M]. In:Inderjit Keds. Principles and Practices of Plant Ecology:Allelochemical Interaction. New York:CRC Press.1999,165-178
Klironomos JN. Feedback with soil biota contributes to plant rarity and invasiveness in communities[J]. Nature,2002,417:67-70
Kourtev PS, Ehrenfeld JG, Haggblom M. Exotic plant species alter the microbial community structure and function in the soil[J]. Ecology,2002,83:3152-3166
Kraus TEC, Zasoski RJ, Dahlgren RA, Horwath WR, Preston CM. Carbon and nitrogen dynamics in a forest soil amended with purified tannins from different plant species[J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2004,36:309-321
Lam J. Polyacetylenes of Solidago virgaurea:Their seasonal variation and NMR long-range spin coupling constants[J]. Phytochemistry,1971,10(3):647-653
Levine JM, Vila M, D'Antonio CM, Dukes JS, Grigulis K, Lavorel S. Mechanisms underlying the impacts of exotic plant invasions [J]. Proceedings of the Royal Society London Series B-Biological Sciences,2003,270:775-781
Livingston BE, Britton JC, Reid FR. Studies on the properties of an unproductive soil[M]. Bulletin 28, Bureau of Soils, U.S Department of Agriculture.1905
Lu TS, Menelaou MA, Vargas D, Fronczek FR, Fischer NH. Polyacetylenes and diterpenes from Solidago canadensis[3]. Phytochemistry,1993,32(6):1483-1488
Lu T, Vargas D, Franzblau SG, Fischer NH. Diterpenes from Solidago rugosa[J]. Phytochemistry,1995,38(2):451-456
Mallik AU, Inderjit. Problems and prospects in the study of plant allelochemicals[M]. a brief introduction in Chemical ecology of plants: Allelopathy in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, ed. by Inderjit, Mallik AU. Birkhauser Verlag, Baser-Boston-Berlin,2002,1-5pp
Mangla S, Inderjit, Callaway RM. Exotic invasive plant accumulates native soil pathogens which inhibit native plants[J]. Journal of Ecology,2008,96:58-67
Nijjer S, Rogers WE, Siemann E. Negative plant-soil feedbacks may limit persistence of an invasive tree due to rapid accumulation of soil pathogens[J]. Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences,2007, 274:2621-2627
Nishida N, Tamotsu S, Nagata N, Saito C, Sakai A. Allelopathic effects of volatile monoterpenoids produced by Salvia leucophylla:Inhibition of cell proliferation and DNA synthesis in the root apical meristem of Brassica campestris seedlings[J]. Journal of Chemical Ecology,2005,31:1187-1192
Olofsdotter M, Rebulanan M, Madrid A, Wang D, Navarez D, Olk DC. Why phenolic acids are unlikely primary allelochemicals in rice[J]. Journal of Chemical Ecology,2002,28(1):229-242
Paavolainen L, Kitunen V, Smolander A. Inhibition of nitrification in forest soil by monoterpenes[J]. Plant and Soil,1998,205:147-154
Papp I, Apati P, Andrasek V, Blazovics A, Balazs A, Kursinszki L, Kite GC, Houghton PJ, Kery A. LC-MS analysis of antioxidant plant phenoloids[J]. Chromatographia,2004,60:93-100
Perry LG, Johnson C, Alford ER, Vivanco JM, Paschke MW. Screening of grassland plants for restoration after spotted knapweed invasion [J]. Restoration Ecology, 2005a,13:725-735
Perry LG, Thelen GC, Ridenour WM, Weir TL, Callaway RM, Paschke MW, and Vivanco JM. Dual role for an allelochemical:(±)-catechin from Centaurea maculosa root exudates regulates conspecific seedling establishment[J]. Journal of Ecology,2005b,93:1126-1135
Quesne PWL, Honkan V, Onan KD,Morrow PA, Tonkyn D. Oxidized kaurene derivatives from leaves of Solidago missouriensis and Solidago rigida[J]. Phytochemistry,1985,24(8):1785-1787
Rafin C and Tirilly Y. Characteristics and pathogenicity of Pythium spp. associated with root rot of tomatoes in soilless culture in Brittany, France[J]. Plant Pathology,1995,44:779-785
Reigosa MJ, Pazos-Malvido E. Phytotoxic Effects of 21 plant secondary metabolites on Arabidopsis thaliana germination and root growth[J]. Journal of Chemical Ecology,2007,33:1456-1466
Reinhart KO, Callaway RM. Soil biota and invasive plants[J]. New Phytologist,2006, 170:445-457
Reznicek G, Jurenitsch J, Freiler M, Korhammer H, Haslinger E, Hiller K, Kubelka W. Isolation and structure elucidation of further saponins from. Solidago canadesisi[J]. Planta Medica,1992,58(1):94-98
Reznicek G, Jurenitsch J, Michl G, Haslinger E. The first structurally confirmed saponin from Solidago gigantean:structure elucidation by modem NMR techniques[J]. Tetrahedron Letter,1989,3O(31):4097-4100
Rice EL, Pancholy SK. Inhibition of nitrification by climax ecosystems. II. Additional evidence and possible role of tannins[J]. American Journal of Botany, 1973,60:691-702
Rice EL. Allelopathy (the 2nd edition) [M]. New York:Academic Press,1984, 23-28pp
Rice SK, Westerman B, Federici R. Impacts of the exotic, nitrogen-fixing black locust(Robinia pseudoacacia) on nitrogen cycling in a pine-oak ecosystem[J]. Plant Ecology,2004,174:97-107
Richardson DM, Allsopp N, D'Antonio CM, Milton SJ, and Rejmanek M. Plant invasions:the role of mutualisms[J]. Biological Reviews,2000,75:65-93
Ridenour WM, Callaway RM. The relative importance of allelopathy in interference:the effects of an invasive weed on an native bunchgrass[J]. Oecologia,2001,126:444-450
Ryder M, Warren R, Harvey P, Tang WH, Yang HT, Zhang X, Zhang BX. Recent advances in biological control of soil borne root diseases of wheat, vegetables and cotton in China and Australia. Shandong Science.2005,18(3): 1-8
Sanon A, Beguiristai T, Cebro A, Berthelin J, Ndoye I, Leyval C, Sylla S, Duponnois R. Changes in soil diversity and global activities following invasions of the exotic invasive plant, Amaranthus viridis L., decrease the growth of native sahelian Acacia species[J]. FEMS Microbiology Ecology,2009, 70:118-131
Scharfy D, Gusewell S, Gessner MO, Venterink HO. Invasion of Solidago gigantea in contrasting experimental plant communities:effects on soil microbes, nutrients and plant-soil feedback[J]. Journal of Ecology,2010, 98:1379-1388
Schreiner O, Reed HS. The production of deleterious excretions by roots[J]. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club,1907,34:279-303
Schreiner O, Reed HS. The toxic action of certain organic plant constituents[J]. Botanical Gazette.1908,45:73-102
Souto C, Pellissier F, Chiapusio G. Allelopathic effects of humus phenolics on growth and respiration of mycorrhizal fungi[J]. Journal of Chemical Ecology,2000, 26(9):2015-2023
Sun WH, Yu ZW, Yu SW. Inhibitory effect of Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms on algae[J]. Acta Phytophysiologica Sinica,1988,143:294-300
Thiem B, Wesolowska M, Skrzypezak L, Budzianowski J. Phenolic compounds in two Solidago species from in vitro culture[J]. Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica,2001, 58(4):277-281
Thorpe AS, Thelen GC, Diaconu A, Callaway RM. Root exudates is allelopathic in invaded community but not in native community:field evidence for the novel weapons hypothesis[J]. Journal of Ecology,2009,97:641-645
Tori M, Katto A, Sono M. Nine new clerodane diterpenoids from rhizome of Solidago altissima[J]. Phytochemistry,1999,52(3):487-493
Tegegne G, Pretorius JC, Swart WJ. Antifungal properties of Agapanthu safricanus L extracts against plant pathogens[J]. Crop Protection,2008,27: 1052-1060
Vaughan D, Ord BG. Excretion of potential allelochemicals and their effects on root morphology and nutrient contents[M]//Atkinson D. Plant root growth:an ecological perspective. Oxford:Blackwell,1991,399-421
van der Heijden MG, Wiemken A, Sanders IR. Different arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi alter coexistence and resource distribution between co-occurring plant[J]. New Phytologist,2003,157:569-578
van der Putten WH, Klironomos JN, Wardle DA. Microbial ecology of biological invasions[J]. ISME Journal,2007,1:28-37
Vila R, Mundina M, Tomi F, Furlan R, Zacchino S, Casanova J, Caniguera S. Composition and antifungal activity of the essential oil of Solidago chilens[J]. Planta Medica.2002,68(2):164-167
Vivanco JM. Bais HP, Stermitz FR, Thelen GC, Callaway RM. Biogeographical variation in community response to root allelochemistry novelweapons and exotic invasion[J]. Ecology Letters,2004,7:285-292
Vitousek PM, Walker LR. Biological invasion by Myrica faya in Hawaii plant demography, nitrogen-fixation, ecosystem effects[J]. Ecological Monographs, 1989,59:247-265
Wardle DA, Bardgett RD, Klironomos JN, Setala H, van der Putten WH, Wall DH. Ecological linkages between aboveground and belowground biota[J]. Science, 2004,304:1629-1633
Wardle DA, Bonner KI, Barker G M, Yeates GW, Nicholson KS, Bardgett RD, Watson RN, Ghani A. Plant removals in perennial grassland:vegetation dynamics, decomposers, soil biodiversity, and ecosystem properties[J]. Ecological Monographs,1999,69:535-568
Waterman PG, Mole S. Extrinsic factors influencing production of secondary metabolites in plants[M]. in Insect-Plant Interactions, edited by E. A. Bernays. Boca Raton (FL):CRC Press.1989,1:107-134
Weir TL The role of allelopathy and mycorrhizal associations in biological invasions[J]. Journal of Allelopathy,2007,20:43-50
Weir TL, Bais HP, Vivanco JM. Intraspecific and interspecific interactions mediated by a phytotoxin, (-)-catechin, secreted by the roots of Centaurea maculosa (spotted knapweed) [J]. Journal of Chemical Ecology,2003,29:2379-2394
Williamson M, Fitter A. The varying success of invaders[J]. Ecology,1996,77(6): 1661-1666
Yangui T, Rhouma A, Triki MA, Gargouri K, Bouzid J. Control of damping-off caused by Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium solani using olive mill waste water and some of its indigenous bacterial strains[J]. Crop Protection,2008, 27:189-197
Yu XJ, Yu D, Ma KP. Relationships between allelopathy and invasiveness by Eupatorium adenophorum at different sides[J]. Acta Phytoecologica Sinica,2004, 286:773-780
Zhang Qian, Yao Leijun, Yang Ruyi, Tang Jianjun, Chen Xin. Potential allelopathic effects of an invasive species Solidago canadensis in the mycorrhizae of native plant species[J]. Allelopathy Journal,2007,20:71-78
Zhang Shanshan, Jin Yili, Tang Jianjun, Chen Xin. The invasive plant Solidago canadensis L. suppresses local soil pathogens through allelopathy[J]. Applied Soil Ecology,2009,41(2):215-222
陈慧丽,李玉娟,李博,陈家宽,吴纪华.外来植物入侵对土壤生物多样性和生态系统过程的影响[J].生物多样性,2005,13(6)：555-565
陈静雯,张丽.植物化感作用的机理及应用前景[J].生物学通报,2008,43(11)：13-14
陈欣,唐建军.植物他感作用及其生态学意义U].农业现代化研究,1988,(1)：20-22
戴玉明.湿地松菌根化育苗试验[J].安徽农业科学,2000,28(2)：236
邓世明,王宁,汤丽昌,杨先会.外来入侵植物假臭草的化感作用研究田.中国农学通报,2010,26(16)：277-280
董梅,陆建忠,张文驹,陈家宽,李博.加拿大一枝黄花——一种正在迅速扩张的外来入侵植物[J].植物分类学报,2006,44(1)：72-85
段惠萍,陈碧莲.豚草生物学特性、为害习性及防除策略[J].上海农业学报,2000,16(3)：73-77
方 芳,郭水良,黄林兵.入侵杂草加拿大一枝黄花的化感作用[J].生态科学,2004,23(4)：331-334
方中达.植病研究方法[M].北京：农业出版社,1998,141 pp.
弓明钦,陈应明,仲崇禄.菌根研究及应用[M].北京：中国林业出版社,1997
郭婕,崔桂友.加拿大一枝黄花总酚超声提取工艺[J].光谱实验室,2010,27(1)：335-338
贺金生,王政权,方精云.全球变化下的地下生态学：问题与展望[J].科学通报,2004,49(13)：1226-1233
Lancy EL著(胡敦孝译).天然化学物质与有害生物防治[M].北京：科学出版社,1988,9-10
胡元森,李翠香,杜国营,刘亚峰,贾新成.黄瓜根分泌物中化感物质的鉴定及其化感效应[J].生态环境,2007,16(3)：954-957
焦骏森,王俊,张有明,蔡建华,张瑞伶,划分吉芳,于军民.不同除草剂防除加拿大一枝黄花效果比较U].杂草科学,2005,3：56
孔垂华,胡 飞.植物化感(相生相克)作用及其应用[M].北京：农业出版社,2001
梁戈亮,林书玉,刘 东.超声提取-分光光度法测定远志总皂苷的含量[J].现代生物医学进展,2008,8(1)：104-106
梁文举,张晓珂,姜勇,孔垂华.根分泌的化感物质及其对土壤生物产生的影响[J].地球科学进展,2005,20(3)：330-336
凌冰,张茂新,孔垂华,庞雄飞,梁文广.飞机草挥发油的化学组成及其对植物、真菌和 昆虫生长的影响[J].应用生态学报,2003,14(5)：744-746
刘志磊,徐海根,丁晖.外来入侵植物紫茎泽兰对昆明地区土壤动物群落的影响[J].生态与农村环境学报,2006,22(2)：31-35
陆大道.中国国家地理：华北华东[M].大象出版社,2005,158-174 pp
梅玲笑,陈欣,唐建军.外来杂草加拿大一枝黄花对入侵地植物的化感效应[J].生态学报,2005,16(12)：2379-2382
曲有乐,于春光,王斌,杨立业.微波辅助萃取——分光光度法测定加拿大一枝黄花中总黄酮[J].浙江海洋学院学报(自然科学版),2010,29(1)：39-43
阮海根,王坚,陆慧明,汤根妹,浦正明.加拿大一枝黄花生物学特性初步试验[J].上海交通大学学报(农业科学版),2004,22(2)：192-195
宋结根.外来入侵植物的控制方法[J].现代农业科技,2005,(10)：72-73
唐建军,陈欣.植物他感作用研究现状与前景[J].青年生态学家,1988,2(1)：1-8
王开金,陈列忠,俞晓平.加拿大一枝黄花化感作用的初步研究[J],浙江农业学报,2006,18(5)：299-303
王倩,孙会军,孙令强.化感物质及作用机理[J].中国蔬菜,2005,(增刊)：70-74
王真辉.外来植物入侵群落理论假说[J].热带农业科学,2007,27(1)：67-72
阎飞,杨振明,韩丽梅.植物化感作用(Allelopathy)及其作用物的研究方法[J].生态学报,2000,20(4)：602-605
张宝琛,白雪芳,顾立华,甄润德.生化他感作用与高寒草甸上人工草地自然退化现象的研究.生态学报,1989,2：115-119
张劲松,李博,陈家宽,周铜水.加拿大一枝黄花挥发油成分及其抗菌活性[J].复旦学报(自然科学版),2006,45(3)：412-416
张茂新,凌冰,孔垂华,赵辉,庞雄飞.薇甘菊挥发油的化感潜力[J].应用生态学报,2002,13(10)：1300-1302
张学文,刘万学,万方浩,刘亦学,杨国庆,张惟,杨秀荣.紫茎泽兰不同部位化感作用研究[J].河北农业大学学报,2007,30(6)：68-76
职桂叶,陈欣,唐建军.丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)对植物群落调节的研究进展[J].菌物系统,2003,22(4)：678-682
周志红,骆世明,牟子平.番茄(Lycopersicum esculentum)的化感作用研究[J].应用生态学报,1997,(4)：445-449
Alford ER, Perry LG, Qin B, Vivanco JM, Paschke MW. A putative allelopathic agent of Russian knapweed occurs in invaded soils[J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2007,39:1812-1815
Anaya AL Allelopathy as a tool in the management of biotic resources in agroecosystems[J]. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences,1999,18:697-739
Bais HP, Vepachedu R, Gilroy S, Callaway RM, Vivanco JM. Allelopathy and exotic plant invasion:from molecules and genes to species interactions[J]. Science, 2003,301(5638):1377-1380
Barney JN, Hay AG, Weston LA. Isolation and characterization of allelopathic volatiles from mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris) [J]. Journal of Chemistry Ecology, 2005,31:247-265
Becker DM, Kinkel LL, Schottel JL. Evidence for interspecies communication and its potential role in pathogen suppression in a naturally occurring disease suppressive soil[J]. Canadian Journal of Microbiology.1997,43:985-990.
Becker JO, Schwinn FJ. Control of soil-borne pathogens with living bacteria and fungi-status and outlook[J]. Pesticide Science.1993,37:355-363.
Beckstead J, Parker IM. Invasiveness of Ammophila arenaria: release from soil-borne pathogens? [J]. Ecology,2003,84:2824-2831
Belnap J, Phillips SL. Soil biota in an ungrazed grassland:response to annual grass Bromus tectoru J. invasion[J]. Ecological Applications,2001,11:1261-1275
Blum U. Allelopathic interactions involving phenolic acids[J]. Journal of Nematology, 1996,28(3):259-267
Blum U, Shafer SR, Lehman ME. Evidence for inhibitory allelopathic interactions involving phenolic acids in field soils:Concepts vs. an experimental model[J]. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences,1999,18(5):673-693
Bohlmann E, Burkhardt T, Zdero C. Naturally Occurring Acetylenes[M]. London and NewYork:Academic Press,1973, p60-66
Bohlmann F, Fritz U, King RM, Robinson H. Sesquiterpene and diterpene derivatives from Solidago species. Phytochemistry,1980,19(12):2655-2661
Bohtmann F, Chen ZL, Schuster A. Aromatic esters from Solidago decurrens[J]. Phytochemistry,1981,20(11):2601-2602
Callaway RM, Aschehoug ET. Invasive plants versus their new and old neighbors: a mechanism for exotic invasion[J]. Science,2000,290(5491):521-523
Callaway RM, Ridenour WM. Novel weapons:invasive success and the evolution of increased competitive ability[J]. Frontier in Ecology and the Environment,2004, 2:436-443
Callaway RM, Thelen GC, Rodriguez A, Holben WE. Soil biota and exotic plant invasion[J]. Nature,2004,427:731-733
Carlton JT. Pattern, process, and prediction in marine invasion ecology[J]. Biological Conservation,1996,78(1):97-106
Choi SZ, Choi SU, Bae SY,Pyo SN, Lee KR. Immunobiological activity of a new benzyl benzoate from the aerial parts of Solidago virga-aurea var. gigantean[J]. Archives of Pharmacal Research,2005,28(1):49-54
Choi SZ, Choi SU, Lee KR. Phytochemical constituents of the aerial parts from Solidago virga-aurea var. gigantean. Archives of Pharmacal Research,2004, 27(2):164-168
Chou CH, Patrick ZA. Allelopathic substances may be released by a variety of mechanisms from various plant structures identification and phytotoxic activity of compounds produced during decomposition of corn and rye residues in soil[J]. Journal of Chemical Ecology,1976,2:369-387
Copley J. Ecology goes underground[J]. Nature,2000,406:452-454
Crank QCB, Fuller L. Plant invaders:The threat to European natural ecosystem from North America and Europe[M]. The Netherlands:Backhoya publisher. 1997
de Candolle AP. Physiologie Vegetale. Bechet Jeune, Paris, France.1832
de Deyn GB, Raaijmakers CE, Van der Putten WH. Plant community development is affected by nutrients and soil biota[J]. Journal of Ecology,2004, 92:824-834
Duda JJ, Freeman DC, Emlen JM, Belnap J, Kitchen SG, Zak JC, Sobek E, Tracy M, Montante J. Differences in native soil ecology associated with invasion of the exotic annual chenopod, Halogeton glomeratus[J]. Biology and Fertility of Soils,2003,38:72-77
Ehrenfeld JG. A potential novel source of information for screening and monitoring the impact of exotic plants on ecosystems[J]. Biological Invasions, 2006,8:1511-1521
Ehrenfeld JG. Effects of exotic plant invasions on soil nutrient cycling processes[J]. Ecosystems,2003,6:503-523
Ehrenfeld JG, Scott N. Invasive species and the soil:effects on organisms-and ecosystem processes[J]. Ecological Applications,2001,11:1259-1260
Eom A, Hartnett DC, Wilson GWT. Host plant species effect on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities in tallgrass prairie[J]. Oecologia,2000, 122:435-444
Eppinga MB, Rietkerk M, Dekker SC, De Ruiter PC, van der Putten WH. Accumulation of local pathogens:a new hypothesis to explain exotic plant invasions[J]. Oikos,2006,114:168-176
Figen MT. Saponins versus plant fungal pathogens[J]. Cellular and Molecular Biology, 2006,5:13-17
Grover R, Cessna A. Environmental Chemistry of Herbicides[M]. CRC Press, Boca Raton,1991
Guenzi WD, Mccalla TM. Phenolic acids in oats, wheat, sorghum, and corn residues and their phytotoxicity[J]. Agronomy Journal,1966,58(3):303-304
Hook PB, Olson BE, Wraith JM. Effects of the invasive forb Centaurea maculosa on grassland carbon and nitrogen pools in Montana, USA[J]. Ecosystems,2004, 7:686-694
Harborne JB. General procedures and measurement of total phenolics. In: Methods in Plant Biochemistry[M], Academic Press, London,1989b,1:1-28.
Harborne JB. Methods in Plant Biochemistry. I. Plant Phenolics[M]. London:Academic Press,.1989a.
Harborne J. Phytochemical Methods[M]. London:Chapman and Hall,.1973, p212
Heemsbergen DA, Berg MP, Loreau M, van Naj JR, Faber JH, Verhoef HA. Biodiversity effects on soil processes explained by interspecific functional dissimilarity[J]. Science,2004,306:1019-1020
Hoagland DR, Amon DI The Water Culture Method for Growing Plants without Soil, Circular 347. University of California Agricultural Experiment Station, Berkeley CA,1950, pp 1-39
Inderjit, Dakshini KMM. Allelopathic effect of Pluchea lanceolata (Asteraceae) on characteristics of four soils and tomato and mustard growth[J]. American Journal of Botany,1994,81:799-804
Inose Y, Miyase T, Ueno A. Studies on the constituents of Solidago virga-aurea L. III. Structures of Solidago saponins in the herb[J]. Chemical (?) Pharmaceutical Bulletin,1991,39(8):2037-2042
Johnson D, Vandenkoornhuvse PJ, Leake JR, Gilbert L, Booth RE, Grime JP, Young JPW, Read D.Plant communities affect arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal diversity and community composition in grassland microcosms[J]. New Phytologist,2004,161:503-515
Kasali AA, Ekundayo O, Paul C, Konig WA. epi-Cubebanes from Solidago canadensis[J]. Phytochemistry,2002,59(8):805-810
Keating KI. Allelochemistry in plankton communities[M]. In:Inderjit Keds. Principles and Practices of Plant Ecology:Allelochemical Interaction. New York:CRC Press.1999,165-178
Klironomos JN. Feedback with soil biota contributes to plant rarity and invasiveness in communities[J]. Nature,2002,417:67-70
Kourtev PS, Ehrenfeld JG, Haggblom M. Exotic plant species alter the microbial community structure and function in the soil[J]. Ecology,2002,83:3152-3166
Kraus TEC, Zasoski RJ, Dahlgren RA, Horwath WR, Preston CM. Carbon and nitrogen dynamics in a forest soil amended with purified tannins from different plant species[J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2004,36:309-321
Lam J. Polyacetylenes of Solidago virgaurea:Their seasonal variation and NMR long-range spin coupling constants[J]. Phytochemistry,1971,10(3):647-653
Levine JM, Vila M, D'Antonio CM, Dukes JS, Grigulis K, Lavorel S. Mechanisms underlying the impacts of exotic plant invasions [J]. Proceedings of the Royal Society London Series B-Biological Sciences,2003,270:775-781
Livingston BE, Britton JC, Reid FR. Studies on the properties of an unproductive soil[M]. Bulletin 28, Bureau of Soils, U.S Department of Agriculture.1905
Lu TS, Menelaou MA, Vargas D, Fronczek FR, Fischer NH. Polyacetylenes and diterpenes from Solidago canadensis[3]. Phytochemistry,1993,32(6):1483-1488
Lu T, Vargas D, Franzblau SG, Fischer NH. Diterpenes from Solidago rugosa[J]. Phytochemistry,1995,38(2):451-456
Mallik AU, Inderjit. Problems and prospects in the study of plant allelochemicals[M]. a brief introduction in Chemical ecology of plants: Allelopathy in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, ed. by Inderjit, Mallik AU. Birkhauser Verlag, Baser-Boston-Berlin,2002,1-5pp
Mangla S, Inderjit, Callaway RM. Exotic invasive plant accumulates native soil pathogens which inhibit native plants[J]. Journal of Ecology,2008,96:58-67
Nijjer S, Rogers WE, Siemann E. Negative plant-soil feedbacks may limit persistence of an invasive tree due to rapid accumulation of soil pathogens[J]. Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences,2007, 274:2621-2627
Nishida N, Tamotsu S, Nagata N, Saito C, Sakai A. Allelopathic effects of volatile monoterpenoids produced by Salvia leucophylla:Inhibition of cell proliferation and DNA synthesis in the root apical meristem of Brassica campestris seedlings[J]. Journal of Chemical Ecology,2005,31:1187-1192
Olofsdotter M, Rebulanan M, Madrid A, Wang D, Navarez D, Olk DC. Why phenolic acids are unlikely primary allelochemicals in rice[J]. Journal of Chemical Ecology,2002,28(1):229-242
Paavolainen L, Kitunen V, Smolander A. Inhibition of nitrification in forest soil by monoterpenes[J]. Plant and Soil,1998,205:147-154
Papp I, Apati P, Andrasek V, Blazovics A, Balazs A, Kursinszki L, Kite GC, Houghton PJ, Kery A. LC-MS analysis of antioxidant plant phenoloids[J]. Chromatographia,2004,60:93-100
Perry LG, Johnson C, Alford ER, Vivanco JM, Paschke MW. Screening of grassland plants for restoration after spotted knapweed invasion [J]. Restoration Ecology, 2005a,13:725-735
Perry LG, Thelen GC, Ridenour WM, Weir TL, Callaway RM, Paschke MW, and Vivanco JM. Dual role for an allelochemical:(±)-catechin from Centaurea maculosa root exudates regulates conspecific seedling establishment[J]. Journal of Ecology,2005b,93:1126-1135
Quesne PWL, Honkan V, Onan KD,Morrow PA, Tonkyn D. Oxidized kaurene derivatives from leaves of Solidago missouriensis and Solidago rigida[J]. Phytochemistry,1985,24(8):1785-1787
Rafin C and Tirilly Y. Characteristics and pathogenicity of Pythium spp. associated with root rot of tomatoes in soilless culture in Brittany, France[J]. Plant Pathology,1995,44:779-785
Reigosa MJ, Pazos-Malvido E. Phytotoxic Effects of 21 plant secondary metabolites on Arabidopsis thaliana germination and root growth[J]. Journal of Chemical Ecology,2007,33:1456-1466
Reinhart KO, Callaway RM. Soil biota and invasive plants[J]. New Phytologist,2006, 170:445-457
Reznicek G, Jurenitsch J, Freiler M, Korhammer H, Haslinger E, Hiller K, Kubelka W. Isolation and structure elucidation of further saponins from. Solidago canadesisi[J]. Planta Medica,1992,58(1):94-98
Reznicek G, Jurenitsch J, Michl G, Haslinger E. The first structurally confirmed saponin from Solidago gigantean:structure elucidation by modem NMR techniques[J]. Tetrahedron Letter,1989,3O(31):4097-4100
Rice EL, Pancholy SK. Inhibition of nitrification by climax ecosystems. II. Additional evidence and possible role of tannins[J]. American Journal of Botany, 1973,60:691-702
Rice EL. Allelopathy (the 2nd edition) [M]. New York:Academic Press,1984, 23-28pp
Rice SK, Westerman B, Federici R. Impacts of the exotic, nitrogen-fixing black locust(Robinia pseudoacacia) on nitrogen cycling in a pine-oak ecosystem[J]. Plant Ecology,2004,174:97-107
Richardson DM, Allsopp N, D'Antonio CM, Milton SJ, and Rejmanek M. Plant invasions:the role of mutualisms[J]. Biological Reviews,2000,75:65-93
Ridenour WM, Callaway RM. The relative importance of allelopathy in interference:the effects of an invasive weed on an native bunchgrass[J]. Oecologia,2001,126:444-450
Ryder M, Warren R, Harvey P, Tang WH, Yang HT, Zhang X, Zhang BX. Recent advances in biological control of soil borne root diseases of wheat, vegetables and cotton in China and Australia. Shandong Science.2005,18(3): 1-8
Sanon A, Beguiristai T, Cebro A, Berthelin J, Ndoye I, Leyval C, Sylla S, Duponnois R. Changes in soil diversity and global activities following invasions of the exotic invasive plant, Amaranthus viridis L., decrease the growth of native sahelian Acacia species[J]. FEMS Microbiology Ecology,2009, 70:118-131
Scharfy D, Gusewell S, Gessner MO, Venterink HO. Invasion of Solidago gigantea in contrasting experimental plant communities:effects on soil microbes, nutrients and plant-soil feedback[J]. Journal of Ecology,2010, 98:1379-1388
Schreiner O, Reed HS. The production of deleterious excretions by roots[J]. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club,1907,34:279-303
Schreiner O, Reed HS. The toxic action of certain organic plant constituents[J]. Botanical Gazette.1908,45:73-102
Souto C, Pellissier F, Chiapusio G. Allelopathic effects of humus phenolics on growth and respiration of mycorrhizal fungi[J]. Journal of Chemical Ecology,2000, 26(9):2015-2023
Sun WH, Yu ZW, Yu SW. Inhibitory effect of Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms on algae[J]. Acta Phytophysiologica Sinica,1988,143:294-300
Thiem B, Wesolowska M, Skrzypezak L, Budzianowski J. Phenolic compounds in two Solidago species from in vitro culture[J]. Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica,2001, 58(4):277-281
Thorpe AS, Thelen GC, Diaconu A, Callaway RM. Root exudates is allelopathic in invaded community but not in native community:field evidence for the novel weapons hypothesis[J]. Journal of Ecology,2009,97:641-645
Tori M, Katto A, Sono M. Nine new clerodane diterpenoids from rhizome of Solidago altissima[J]. Phytochemistry,1999,52(3):487-493
Tegegne G, Pretorius JC, Swart WJ. Antifungal properties of Agapanthu safricanus L extracts against plant pathogens[J]. Crop Protection,2008,27: 1052-1060
Vaughan D, Ord BG. Excretion of potential allelochemicals and their effects on root morphology and nutrient contents[M]//Atkinson D. Plant root growth:an ecological perspective. Oxford:Blackwell,1991,399-421
van der Heijden MG, Wiemken A, Sanders IR. Different arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi alter coexistence and resource distribution between co-occurring plant[J]. New Phytologist,2003,157:569-578
van der Putten WH, Klironomos JN, Wardle DA. Microbial ecology of biological invasions[J]. ISME Journal,2007,1:28-37
Vila R, Mundina M, Tomi F, Furlan R, Zacchino S, Casanova J, Caniguera S. Composition and antifungal activity of the essential oil of Solidago chilens[J]. Planta Medica.2002,68(2):164-167
Vivanco JM. Bais HP, Stermitz FR, Thelen GC, Callaway RM. Biogeographical variation in community response to root allelochemistry novelweapons and exotic invasion[J]. Ecology Letters,2004,7:285-292
Vitousek PM, Walker LR. Biological invasion by Myrica faya in Hawaii plant demography, nitrogen-fixation, ecosystem effects[J]. Ecological Monographs, 1989,59:247-265
Wardle DA, Bardgett RD, Klironomos JN, Setala H, van der Putten WH, Wall DH. Ecological linkages between aboveground and belowground biota[J]. Science, 2004,304:1629-1633
Wardle DA, Bonner KI, Barker G M, Yeates GW, Nicholson KS, Bardgett RD, Watson RN, Ghani A. Plant removals in perennial grassland:vegetation dynamics, decomposers, soil biodiversity, and ecosystem properties[J]. Ecological Monographs,1999,69:535-568
Waterman PG, Mole S. Extrinsic factors influencing production of secondary metabolites in plants[M]. in Insect-Plant Interactions, edited by E. A. Bernays. Boca Raton (FL):CRC Press.1989,1:107-134
Weir TL The role of allelopathy and mycorrhizal associations in biological invasions[J]. Journal of Allelopathy,2007,20:43-50
Weir TL, Bais HP, Vivanco JM. Intraspecific and interspecific interactions mediated by a phytotoxin, (-)-catechin, secreted by the roots of Centaurea maculosa (spotted knapweed) [J]. Journal of Chemical Ecology,2003,29:2379-2394
Williamson M, Fitter A. The varying success of invaders[J]. Ecology,1996,77(6): 1661-1666
Yangui T, Rhouma A, Triki MA, Gargouri K, Bouzid J. Control of damping-off caused by Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium solani using olive mill waste water and some of its indigenous bacterial strains[J]. Crop Protection,2008, 27:189-197
Yu XJ, Yu D, Ma KP. Relationships between allelopathy and invasiveness by Eupatorium adenophorum at different sides[J]. Acta Phytoecologica Sinica,2004, 286:773-780
Zhang Qian, Yao Leijun, Yang Ruyi, Tang Jianjun, Chen Xin. Potential allelopathic effects of an invasive species Solidago canadensis in the mycorrhizae of native plant species[J]. Allelopathy Journal,2007,20:71-78
Zhang Shanshan, Jin Yili, Tang Jianjun, Chen Xin. The invasive plant Solidago canadensis L. suppresses local soil pathogens through allelopathy[J]. Applied Soil Ecology,2009,41(2):215-222