漠河地区养殖的北极狐冬季被毛性状研究
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摘要
被毛是哺乳动物最主要的特征之一,不仅在微观结构上存在物种的特异性和毛被类型的多样性,而且在哺乳动物适应性进化过程中具有保温和保护两个重要功能,其形态结构上存在的功能适应性特征因部位不同而表现出适应性分化现象,且由动物体躯干至四肢末端呈显著的梯度变化。
本文以大兴安岭漠河地区图强特种经济动物养殖基地人工饲养的北极狐正冬季成体生皮10张和5份皮板为研究对象,从背中部随机选取直针毛、上层绒毛、下层绒毛各10根,再从这10张皮中随机选取7张皮,分别取背中部特殊上毛5-10根、直针毛70-110根、披针毛25-40根、绒针毛20-45根。再随机选取1张皮,取其颈部、臀部、尾部、腹部、后肢侧部、后肢上部、后肢下部、后爪部等8个部位的特殊上毛5-10根、直针毛30-105根、披针毛20-40根、绒针毛20-45根、绒毛10-25根和后爪部硬毛10根,制作鳞片压膜片和髓质花纹片进行光镜观察,应用普通钢尺、H6303i生物显微镜及配套的tImaPro图片处理、测量软件,测量毛长度、毛根细度、毛干细度、髓质细度、各类型鳞片长度,并计算髓质指数、各类型鳞片所占的比例；制作皮肤组织石蜡切片并用显微测微尺测量单个毛束内的毛数量、毛束密度、毛密度,用SigmaSan5.0图像处理软件测量复合毛囊最大横切面积,计算1mm2内复合毛囊最大横切面总面积。应用SPSS软件对上述指标进行统计分析,得出以下结论：1、北极狐冬季被毛在身体的每个部位均分化为多种类型,不同类型被毛长短有致、粗细相间,形成一个稳定的被毛保温层；2、北极狐被毛长度、髓质指数、各鳞片类型比例等被毛性状因身体部位的不同在保温和保护功能上产生适应性分化,且从躯干至肢体末端呈显著的梯度变化,与动物躯体的异温性相一致；3、北极狐通过调节被毛在皮肤内的分布格局增加毛密度,进而加强保温性能。
Pelage is found only in mammals, the characteristics of the morphology of hair differs with species, and the diversity of hair is not only exhibited in the species divergence, but also in the process of the dynamic adaptations. Moreover, the primary roles of pelage are to serve as insulation and protection from the elements during the course of evolution, while the morphology structure of the pelage that implied to the insulation and protection function differed significantly between body regions, thus, it causes the adaptability-differentiation characteristics on pelage. It is obviously exhibited gradient from the trunk to limbs.
This paper reported the winter pelage characteristics of captive arctic fox (Alopex lagopus) in Mohe, Heilongjiang Province located at the far north of China.10 pieces of winter fur of domestic adult arctic fox were sampled. From the mid-dorsum of each fur,5 pieces of skin,10 guard hairs,10 undercoat hairs forming the top layer, and 10 undercoat hairs in the base layer were sampled. Then 7 pieces fur were random sampled from the 10 pieces of winter fur. From the mid-dorsum of each fur,5-10 special upper hairs,70-110 guard hairs,25-40 sub-awn,20-45 vellus awn were sampled, and 10 bristles in dorsal claw were sampled. Moreover,1 pieces fur was random sampled from the 7 pieces of winter fur. From the cervix, tail, belly, buttock, lateral thigh, front upper hindleg, front lower hindleg, dorsal claw of this fur,5-10 special upper hairs,30-105 guard hairs,20-40 sub-awn,20-45 vellus awn and 10 undercoat hairs were sampled. Hair length was measured by using a steel ruler, hair density was measured on skin paraffin section by using a grid micrometer, the length of the different types of scales was measured by using a micrometer, and hair diameter, medulla diameter were measured by H6303i biology microscope and tImaPro Image Processing Software, and cross section area of the compound hair follicles (hair bundle) was measured by SigmaSan Pro5.0 Image Software.
With the analysis of SPSS, we concluded that:(1) Pelage differentiation caused artic fox had more types of hair, including special upper hair, guard hair, sub-awn, vellus awn, undercoat hairs forming the top layer, and undercoat hairs in the base layer. The range of the hair length and the diameter was great and regular, as it made the hair interlaced perfectly then enhanced the pelage insulation value. (2) The pelage characteristics implied to the insulation and protection function differed significantly between body regions, thus, it causes the adaptability-differentiation characteristics on pelage. This trend was according with the heterothermy. (3) Hair density was increased by variable hair distribution patterns over the skin.
本文以大兴安岭漠河地区图强特种经济动物养殖基地人工饲养的北极狐正冬季成体生皮10张和5份皮板为研究对象,从背中部随机选取直针毛、上层绒毛、下层绒毛各10根,再从这10张皮中随机选取7张皮,分别取背中部特殊上毛5-10根、直针毛70-110根、披针毛25-40根、绒针毛20-45根。再随机选取1张皮,取其颈部、臀部、尾部、腹部、后肢侧部、后肢上部、后肢下部、后爪部等8个部位的特殊上毛5-10根、直针毛30-105根、披针毛20-40根、绒针毛20-45根、绒毛10-25根和后爪部硬毛10根,制作鳞片压膜片和髓质花纹片进行光镜观察,应用普通钢尺、H6303i生物显微镜及配套的tImaPro图片处理、测量软件,测量毛长度、毛根细度、毛干细度、髓质细度、各类型鳞片长度,并计算髓质指数、各类型鳞片所占的比例；制作皮肤组织石蜡切片并用显微测微尺测量单个毛束内的毛数量、毛束密度、毛密度,用SigmaSan5.0图像处理软件测量复合毛囊最大横切面积,计算1mm2内复合毛囊最大横切面总面积。应用SPSS软件对上述指标进行统计分析,得出以下结论：1、北极狐冬季被毛在身体的每个部位均分化为多种类型,不同类型被毛长短有致、粗细相间,形成一个稳定的被毛保温层；2、北极狐被毛长度、髓质指数、各鳞片类型比例等被毛性状因身体部位的不同在保温和保护功能上产生适应性分化,且从躯干至肢体末端呈显著的梯度变化,与动物躯体的异温性相一致；3、北极狐通过调节被毛在皮肤内的分布格局增加毛密度,进而加强保温性能。
Pelage is found only in mammals, the characteristics of the morphology of hair differs with species, and the diversity of hair is not only exhibited in the species divergence, but also in the process of the dynamic adaptations. Moreover, the primary roles of pelage are to serve as insulation and protection from the elements during the course of evolution, while the morphology structure of the pelage that implied to the insulation and protection function differed significantly between body regions, thus, it causes the adaptability-differentiation characteristics on pelage. It is obviously exhibited gradient from the trunk to limbs.
This paper reported the winter pelage characteristics of captive arctic fox (Alopex lagopus) in Mohe, Heilongjiang Province located at the far north of China.10 pieces of winter fur of domestic adult arctic fox were sampled. From the mid-dorsum of each fur,5 pieces of skin,10 guard hairs,10 undercoat hairs forming the top layer, and 10 undercoat hairs in the base layer were sampled. Then 7 pieces fur were random sampled from the 10 pieces of winter fur. From the mid-dorsum of each fur,5-10 special upper hairs,70-110 guard hairs,25-40 sub-awn,20-45 vellus awn were sampled, and 10 bristles in dorsal claw were sampled. Moreover,1 pieces fur was random sampled from the 7 pieces of winter fur. From the cervix, tail, belly, buttock, lateral thigh, front upper hindleg, front lower hindleg, dorsal claw of this fur,5-10 special upper hairs,30-105 guard hairs,20-40 sub-awn,20-45 vellus awn and 10 undercoat hairs were sampled. Hair length was measured by using a steel ruler, hair density was measured on skin paraffin section by using a grid micrometer, the length of the different types of scales was measured by using a micrometer, and hair diameter, medulla diameter were measured by H6303i biology microscope and tImaPro Image Processing Software, and cross section area of the compound hair follicles (hair bundle) was measured by SigmaSan Pro5.0 Image Software.
With the analysis of SPSS, we concluded that:(1) Pelage differentiation caused artic fox had more types of hair, including special upper hair, guard hair, sub-awn, vellus awn, undercoat hairs forming the top layer, and undercoat hairs in the base layer. The range of the hair length and the diameter was great and regular, as it made the hair interlaced perfectly then enhanced the pelage insulation value. (2) The pelage characteristics implied to the insulation and protection function differed significantly between body regions, thus, it causes the adaptability-differentiation characteristics on pelage. This trend was according with the heterothermy. (3) Hair density was increased by variable hair distribution patterns over the skin.
引文
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