三个绒山羊品种KIFⅠ基因多态性与绒用性状相关性研究
|
摘要
本研究以220只新疆山羊,305只南疆绒山羊,280只博格达白绒山羊为研究对象,采用PCR-RFLP和PCR-SSCP技术对绒山羊KIFI基因进行单核苷酸多态性检测,探讨KIFI基因在三个品种上的遗传变异多态性。在新疆山羊群体中,运用方差分析和最小二乘拟合线性模型研究KIFI基因多态性与绒细度、绒厚度、产绒量和产绒后体重的相关性。试验所获得结果如下:
1.通过PCR-RFLP技术结合测序表明:KIFI基因外显子1处720位存在C跟T的替换,引起氨基酸C→R的变化,为错义突变;内含子1处1020位A→C的突变行成一个HaeIII酶切位点,用HaeIII酶切检测到AA、AC、CC三种基因型,A为优势等位基因,在新疆绒山羊、南疆绒山羊、博格达白绒山羊中的频率分别为0.700、0.729、0.747;KIFI基因外显子3处3212位存在C→T的突变,减少一个HaeIII酶切位点,检测到AA、AB、BB三种基因型,A为优势等位基因,在新疆绒山羊、南疆绒山羊、博格达白绒山羊中的频率分别为0.823、0.777、0.883。此突变没有引起氨基酸的变化,为同义突变。
2.通过PCR-SSCP技术结合测序表明:KIFI基因外显子2不存在多态性。KIFI基因外显子4检测到4种基因型,定义为AA、BB、AB和AC型,在.4563位和4699位发现两处突变。4563位C→T的突变,为错义突变,导致氨基酸T→M的改变;4699位A→G的突变,没有引起氨基酸的变化,为同义突变。
3.数据分析得知:KIFI基因在3个多态位点上,新疆绒山羊的杂合度都最大,表明选择潜力大。在KIFI-P1基因座,三个品种均表现为中度多态,且都处于Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态;KIFI-P3基因座在南疆绒山羊中表现为中度多态,而在新疆绒山羊和博格达白绒山羊中表现为低度多态,且南疆绒山羊处于非Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态;KIFI-P4两个突变基因座在三个品种中均表现为中度多态,且都处于非Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态。
4.对新疆山羊KIFI基因多态性和产绒性状相关性分析表明,在KIFI-P1位点,绒细度最小二乘均值在AA基因型和CC基因型间差异显著(0.01The experiments was conducted to detect polymorphisms of the goat keratin intermediate-filaments type I (KIF I) gene in three Chinese cashmere goat breeds.Total of 220 Xinjiang goats, 305 Nanjiang cashmere goats and 280 Bogeda Cashmere goats were used in this study. PCR-RFLP,PCR-SSCP and DNA sequencing were used to detect polymorphisms of the goat keratin intermediate-filaments type I (KIF I) gene in three Chinese cashmere goat breeds. At the same time analyzed its associations on cashmere fineness, cashmere thickness, cashmere yield and body weight after combed in Xinjiang cashmere goats.The results as follows:
1. The results of PCR-RFLP and DNA sequencing showed: there is a novel C to T mutation in exon1 720bp, The mution caused C changed to R, this is a missense mutation; there is a a novel A to C mutation in intron1 1020bp, which forms a HaeIII endonuclease restriction site. Three unique PCR-RFLP banding patterns (genotypes AA, AC and CC) were found, A allele is advantage allele,the frequencies of the A allele in Xinjiang cashmere goats and Nanjiang,cashmere goats, Bogeda Cashmere goats were 0.700,0.729 and 0.747, respectively.In KIF type I exon3, there is a C to T mution in 3212bp, which reduces a HaeIII endonuclease restriction site, Three unique PCR-RFLP banding patterns (genotypes AA, AC and CC) were found. A allele is advantage allele,the frequencies of the A allele in Xinjiang cashmere goats and Nanjiang, cashmere goats, Bogeda Cashmere goats were 0.823,0.777 and 0.883, respectively. The motion not caused amino acid change, this is a Synonymous mutation.
2. The results of PCR-RFLP and DNA sequencing showed: KIF I exon2 has no polymorphism.There were 2 SNP in exon4, the mution C to T in 4563bp was a missense mutation, which caused T changed to M.. The mution A to G in 4699bp was a synonymous mutation, which not caused amino acid change. 3.From the data analysized we know: In three KIFI polymorphism site, heterozygosity in Xinjiang cashmere goat are largest, so the Xinjiang cashmere goat has greatest choice potential.In KIFI-P1 enzyme locus,All breeds showed moderate polymorphism, tests of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium confirmed that all three breeds were in equilibrium; In KIFI-P3 locus, Xinjiang cashmere goat showed moderate polymorphism, but showed low polymorphism, and Nanjiang cashmere goat was not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium; In KIFI-P4 locus, All breeds showed moderate polymorphism in two mutation site, and the genotypic distributions in three cashmere goat breeds were not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
4.The impact of KIFI gene polymorphism on cashmere traits (cashmere fineness, down cashmere thickness, cashmere yield, body weight after combing) in the Xinjiang goats breed were analyzed, the result indicated that: in KIFI-P1 enzyme locus greater cashmere fineness in genotype AA compared to genotype CC ( P < 0.05). Suggesting that this mutation may be a molecular markers that closely linked to a master gene or regulatory factor which impacting cashmere fineness.Therefore,used KIF type I gene genetic marker-assisted selection cashmere fineness has certain basis.
1.通过PCR-RFLP技术结合测序表明:KIFI基因外显子1处720位存在C跟T的替换,引起氨基酸C→R的变化,为错义突变;内含子1处1020位A→C的突变行成一个HaeIII酶切位点,用HaeIII酶切检测到AA、AC、CC三种基因型,A为优势等位基因,在新疆绒山羊、南疆绒山羊、博格达白绒山羊中的频率分别为0.700、0.729、0.747;KIFI基因外显子3处3212位存在C→T的突变,减少一个HaeIII酶切位点,检测到AA、AB、BB三种基因型,A为优势等位基因,在新疆绒山羊、南疆绒山羊、博格达白绒山羊中的频率分别为0.823、0.777、0.883。此突变没有引起氨基酸的变化,为同义突变。
2.通过PCR-SSCP技术结合测序表明:KIFI基因外显子2不存在多态性。KIFI基因外显子4检测到4种基因型,定义为AA、BB、AB和AC型,在.4563位和4699位发现两处突变。4563位C→T的突变,为错义突变,导致氨基酸T→M的改变;4699位A→G的突变,没有引起氨基酸的变化,为同义突变。
3.数据分析得知:KIFI基因在3个多态位点上,新疆绒山羊的杂合度都最大,表明选择潜力大。在KIFI-P1基因座,三个品种均表现为中度多态,且都处于Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态;KIFI-P3基因座在南疆绒山羊中表现为中度多态,而在新疆绒山羊和博格达白绒山羊中表现为低度多态,且南疆绒山羊处于非Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态;KIFI-P4两个突变基因座在三个品种中均表现为中度多态,且都处于非Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态。
4.对新疆山羊KIFI基因多态性和产绒性状相关性分析表明,在KIFI-P1位点,绒细度最小二乘均值在AA基因型和CC基因型间差异显著(0.01
1. The results of PCR-RFLP and DNA sequencing showed: there is a novel C to T mutation in exon1 720bp, The mution caused C changed to R, this is a missense mutation; there is a a novel A to C mutation in intron1 1020bp, which forms a HaeIII endonuclease restriction site. Three unique PCR-RFLP banding patterns (genotypes AA, AC and CC) were found, A allele is advantage allele,the frequencies of the A allele in Xinjiang cashmere goats and Nanjiang,cashmere goats, Bogeda Cashmere goats were 0.700,0.729 and 0.747, respectively.In KIF type I exon3, there is a C to T mution in 3212bp, which reduces a HaeIII endonuclease restriction site, Three unique PCR-RFLP banding patterns (genotypes AA, AC and CC) were found. A allele is advantage allele,the frequencies of the A allele in Xinjiang cashmere goats and Nanjiang, cashmere goats, Bogeda Cashmere goats were 0.823,0.777 and 0.883, respectively. The motion not caused amino acid change, this is a Synonymous mutation.
2. The results of PCR-RFLP and DNA sequencing showed: KIF I exon2 has no polymorphism.There were 2 SNP in exon4, the mution C to T in 4563bp was a missense mutation, which caused T changed to M.. The mution A to G in 4699bp was a synonymous mutation, which not caused amino acid change. 3.From the data analysized we know: In three KIFI polymorphism site, heterozygosity in Xinjiang cashmere goat are largest, so the Xinjiang cashmere goat has greatest choice potential.In KIFI-P1 enzyme locus,All breeds showed moderate polymorphism, tests of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium confirmed that all three breeds were in equilibrium; In KIFI-P3 locus, Xinjiang cashmere goat showed moderate polymorphism, but showed low polymorphism, and Nanjiang cashmere goat was not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium; In KIFI-P4 locus, All breeds showed moderate polymorphism in two mutation site, and the genotypic distributions in three cashmere goat breeds were not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
4.The impact of KIFI gene polymorphism on cashmere traits (cashmere fineness, down cashmere thickness, cashmere yield, body weight after combing) in the Xinjiang goats breed were analyzed, the result indicated that: in KIFI-P1 enzyme locus greater cashmere fineness in genotype AA compared to genotype CC ( P < 0.05). Suggesting that this mutation may be a molecular markers that closely linked to a master gene or regulatory factor which impacting cashmere fineness.Therefore,used KIF type I gene genetic marker-assisted selection cashmere fineness has certain basis.
引文
[1]中国农畜家禽品种委员会.中国羊品种志[M].上海上海科学技术出版社,1989.
[2]呼格吉乐图.世界山羊业的发展概况及特点[J]中国草是动物,2005,6(25):51-54.
[3]张德鹏.世界主要绒山羊品种种质特性及种用价值比较[J].干旱地区农业研究,2007,6(25):249-252.
[4]赵有璋.试论21世纪初我国养羊业的可持续发展问题[A].全国养羊生产与学术研讨会议论文集[C]中国草食动物,2001,6-11. [5 ]赵有璋.中国山羊业的成就和进展[M].中国农业出版社,1996.
[6]贾志海.现代养羊业生产[M].北京:中国农业大学出版社,1997,119-120.
[7]贾志海,彭玉麟,富俊才.中国绒山羊育种现状及展望[J].中国畜牧杂志,1999,35(4):55-57.
[8]吾布力.沙地克,阿布力孜.吾斯曼,买买提.热合曼,等.轮台县绒山羊品种改良效益的研究[J].现代畜牧兽医,2006,2:9-11.
[9]肖光伟,许宗运.南疆绒山羊的培育[J].家畜生态.2002,5:36-37.
[10]张富全,冯克明,张西顺,等.新疆温宿县萨瓦甫齐牧场生态条件与绒山羊可持续发展分析[J].草食家畜,2006,(2):7~9.
[11]张富全,刘武军.新疆阿克苏绒山羊发展对策与政策分析[J].草食家畜,2003,(6):3~4,6.
[12]张富全,张西顺,李远超.南疆绒山羊的培育[J].中国草食动物,1999,6(1):41-42
[13]叶尔夏提.马力克,叶尔江.育成新品种—新疆博格达白绒山羊.新疆畜牧业,2002,4:25-27.
[14]王志林,赵树进,吴新荣.分子标记技术及其发展[J].生命的化学,2001,4(21):39-42.
[15]朱玉贤,李毅.现代分子生物学[M].第二版.北京:高等教育出版社,2002:371-376.
[16]马克世,胡炳义.分子标记的发展及应用[J].周口师范学院学报,2006,3:81-84.
[17] William J C K, Kubelik A R, L ivak K J. DNA polymorphism amp lified by arbitrary primers are useful genetic markers[J]. Nucleic Acids Res, 1990, 18:6531-6537.
[18] Velappam N, Sondgrass J L, Hakovirta J R. Rapid identification of pathogenic bacteria by single enzyme amp lified fragment length polymorphism analysis[J]. Diagnostic Microbiology and infections Disease, 2001, 39:77-83.
[19]黎裕,贾继增,王天宇.分子标记的种类及其发展[J].生物技术通报,1999,15(4):19-22.
[20] Serapion J, Kucudtas H, Feng J , et al. Bioinformatic mining of type Imincrosatellite from expressed sequence tage of channel catfish (lctalurns punctatus ) [J]. Anin Genet, 2003, 34(6):445.
[21]冯龙仁,牛安欧.微卫星简单重复序列锚定PCR扩增技术(SSR-PCR)及其在寄生虫基因研究中的应用[J].实用寄生虫杂志,2000,8(1):33-34.
[22]杨昭庆,洪坤学,褚嘉佑.单核苷酸多态性的研究进展[J].国外医学:遗传学分册,2000,23(1):4-8.
[23]张效萌,韩金祥.单核苷酸多态性的检测及其在医药领域的应用[J].生命的化学,2001,21(4):325-327. [24 ]唐棣,王志民.SNPs检测方法研究进展.上海交通大学学报[J].2007,25(2):406-418.
[25]鞠慧萍,吴圣龙,陈国宏.RFLP技术的研究进展及其在猪的抗病基因研究中的应用.上海畜牧兽医通讯,2007,2:4-5.
[26]马中军,张文举.动物RFLP分子遗传标记及其应用.甘肃畜牧兽医,1997,2(133):27-29.
[27] Cohen J B, A D Levinson. A point mutation in the last intron responsible for increased expression and transforming activity of the c-Ha-ras oncogene[J]. Nature, 1988, 334:119-124.
[28] Day I N M, S E Humphries. Electrophoresis for genotyping: Microtiter array diagonal gel electrophoresis on horizontal polyacrylamide gels, hydrolink, or agarose[J]. Anal Biochem, 1994, 222:389-395.
[29] Orita M K, Suzuki Y K, et al. Rapid and sensitive detection of mutations and DNA polymorphisms using the polymerase chain reaction [J]. Genomics, 1989, 5:8741.
[30] Orita M, Suzuki Y, Swkiya T, Hayashi, K. Rapid and sensitive detection of point mutations and genetic polymorphism using polymerase chain reaction [J]. Genomics, 1989, 5: 874–879.
[31] Hartmut R K, Lan K M, Ack I E, et al. Fish species identification in canned tuna by PCR-SSCP validation by a collaborative study and investigation of intra species variability of the DNA patterns [J]. Food Chemistry, 1999, 64: 263–268.
[32]李祥龙,张亚平,陈圣偶,等.山羊品种间线粒体DNA限制性片断长度多态性研究[J].动物学研究,1997,18(4)∶421—428.
[33]贾永红,史宪伟,简松承,等.贵州四个山羊品种mtDNA多态性起源分化研究[J].动物学研究,1999,20(2)∶88—92
[34]刘迎春,张润梧,尹俊等.微卫星DNA标记在绒山羊群体中的初步研究[J].生物技术,2004,(14),7-9.
[35] Chen H, Leibenguth F, Zhu BC. DNA Fingerprinting in five animal species usingmicrosatellite probe ( GTG) 5 [J]. Animal biotechnology bulletin, 2002, 8(1):67-72.
[36]陈宏,李瑞彪,雷初朝,等.西农萨能奶山羊β2lgT和CSN3基因与产奶性能关系研究[A].中国动物遗传育种研究进展,中国农业科学技术出版社,2003,258-262
[37]赵俊星,任有蛇,岳文斌.三个山羊品种KAP8基因的PCR-SSCP分析[J].生物技术,2007.17(5):3-6.
[38] Vaiman D, et al. A genetic linkage map of the male goat genome[J]. Genetics, 1996, 144:279-305.
[39] Nybom H, Esselink GD, Werlemark Get al . Microssatellite DNA marker inheritance indicates preferential pairing between two highly homologous genomes in polyploid and hemisexual dog - roses, Rose L. Sect. Caninae DC [J]. Heredity. 2004 , 92 (3):139-150.
[40]张英杰,刘月琴,孙洪新,等.3个山羊群体中4个微卫星DNA多态性及其与杂种优势的关系[J].遗传,2004,26(5):631-636.
[41]朱玉成.影响山羊绒细度的因素及控制羊绒细度的研究现状[J].当代畜牧, 2003,24(2):24-27.
[42]安玉君.内蒙古白绒母山羊绒质绒量变化规律及选育初探[J].中国养羊,1993(2):41-43.
[43]刘桂莲,张永斌,闫志文.内蒙古白绒山羊优质高产新品系选育基础羊绒毛品质的分析[J].内蒙古畜牧科学,1994(2):37-41.
[44]贾志海.国外绒山羊研究现状及展望[J].中国畜牧杂志,1994,30(1):57-59.
[45]贾双进,高佩民,田永强,等.辽宁绒山羊绒毛纤维理化性能的研究[J].中国养羊,1988(4):31-32.
[46]王宏博,高雅琴.影响绒山羊产绒性能和绒毛品质的因素及其研究进展[J].2007,27(4):62-63.
[47] Santiago-Moreno J, López-Sebastián A, Campo A. del, et al. Effect of constant–release melatonin implants and prolonged exposure to a long day photoperiod on prolactin secretion and hair growth in mouflon (Ovis gmelini musimon) [J]. Domestic Animal Endocrinology, 2004, 26(4): 303–314.
[48] Messer L A, Lizheng Wang, Tuggle C K, et al. Mapping of the melatonin receptor1a (MTNR1A) gene in pigs, sheep, and cattle [J]. Mammalian Genome, 1997, (8):368–370.
[49] Eric Hirsch–Rodriguez, Marta Imbesi, Radmila Manev, et al. The pattern of melatonin receptor expression in the brain may influence antidepressant treatment [J]. Medical Hypotheses, 2007, 69 (1):120–124.
[50] Abecia J A, Valares J A, Forcada F. The effect of melatonin treatment on wool growth and thyroxine secretion in sheep [J]. Small Ruminant Research, 2005, 56:265–270.
[51]赵苗.绒山羊6个候选基因遗传变异及其与经济性状关系研究[D].西安:西北农林科技大学硕士论文,2008.
[52] Rosen CJ, Pollak M. Circulating IGF-1: New perspectives for a new century [J]. Trends Endocrinol Metab, 1999, 10: 136–141
[53] Twigg S M, Baxter R C. IGF binding protein 5 forms an alternative ternary complex with IGFs and the acid lable subunit [J]. J Biol Chem, 1998, 273: 6074–6079.
[54] Rosemary Sutton, Warren G. Ward, Kathryn A. Raphael, et al. Growth factor expression in skin during wool follicle development [J]. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1995, 10(4): 697–7053.
[55] Harris P M, McBride B W, GurnseyM P. Direct infusion of a variant of insulin-like growth factor-I into skin of sheep and effects on local blood flow, amino acid utilisation and cell replication [J]. Endocrinology, 1993, 139: 463–472.
[56] Barkan A L, Halasz I, Dornfeld K J, et al. Pituitary radiation is ineffective in normalizing plasma insulin-like growth factor I in patients with acromegaly [J]. Clin Endocrinol Metab, 1997, 82: 3187–3191.
[57]赵宗胜,王根林,李大全,等.IGF-I和EGF对绵羊毛囊体外培养的影响[J].南京农业大学学报,2006,29(2):138–141.
[58] Powell, B. C, Rogers, G. E., 1997. The role of keratin proteins and their genes in the growth, structure and properties of hair. In: Formation and Structure of hair. P. Jolles, H.. Zahnand and H. Hocker (eds.). Birkhauser Verlag, Basel, p. 59-148.
[59]赵俊星,任有蛇,岳文斌.KAP6.1基因在两个山羊品种间的表达差异[J].草食家畜,2007,137(4):4–6.
[60]钟白玉,程波,麦跃,等.正常人头皮毛囊角蛋白的免疫组化研究[J].第三军医大学学.
[61] Coulombe, PA, Omary, MB.‘Hard’and‘soft’principles defining the structure, function and regulation of keratin intermediate filaments [J]. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2002, 14: 110–122.
[62] Deramaudt, TB, Sachdeva, MM, Wescott, MP, et al. The PDX1 homeodomain transcription factor negatively regulates the pancreatic ductal cell-specific keratin 19 promoter [J]. J Biol Chem, 2006, 281: 38385– 38395.
[63] Powell BC, Rogers GE, Hair keratin. Composition, structure and biogenesis [A]. Biology of the Integument [C]. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1986, 696–721.
[64] Pruett, N. D., Tkatchenko, T. V., Jave-Suarez, L., Jacobs, D. F., Potter, C. S., Tkatchenko, A. V., Schweizer, J., Awgulewitsch, A.,. Krtap16, characterization of a new hair keratin-associated protein (KAP) gene complex on mouse chromosome 16 and evidence forregulation by Hoxc13. J. Biol. Chem. 2004, 279:51524-51533.
[65] Crewther, WG: Primary structure and chemical properties of wool. Proceedings of 5th International Wool Textile Research Conference 1976, 1: 1-101.
[66] Dolling, C. H. S., Brooker, M. G.. A viable hypotrichosis in Polled Dorset Sheep. J. Hered. 1996, 57: 87-90
[67] Powell B C , Sleigh MJ , Ward KA , Roger G E. Mammalian keratin gene families : organization for genes coding for the B2 high - sulphur proteins sheepwool [J]. Nucleic Acids Res, 1983, 11:5327-5346.
[68]尹俊等,扈廷茂,李金泉.内蒙古蒙古绒山羊6个与相似绵羊KAP6-1的cDNAs的克隆及特征分析遗传学报[J],2004,31(5):502–507.
[69] Rogers GE, Powell BC. Organization and expression of hair follicle genes [J]. J Invest Dermatol, 1993, 101: 50-55.
[70] McLaren RJ, Rogers GR, Davies KP, et al. Linkage mapping of wool keratin and keratin-associated protein genes [J]. Mamm Genome, 1997, 8: 938-940.
[71]刘桂芬,田可川,张恩平,等.优质细毛羊羊毛细度的候选基因分析[J].遗传,2007,29(1):70-74.
[72]张亚妮,张恩平,吴迪,等.内蒙古绒山羊KAP基因与经济性状关系的研究[J].畜牧兽医学报,2007,38(5):447-451.
[73]常洪.家畜遗传资源学纲要[M].中国农业出版社,1999.
[74]陈幼春.品种内亚群定点随机抽样法的应用研究[J].黄牛杂志,2001,27(1),1-3.
[75]Hedrick PW. Population Biology [M]. Boston: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. 1984.
[76]陈幼春.中国黄牛生态钟特征及其利用方向[M].农业出版社.1990.
[77]熊元著.猪生化及分子遗传实验导论[M].中国农业出版社,1999,165-70.
[78]赵兴波,储明星,李宁等.绵羊线粒体DNA控制区5’端序列PCR-SSCP与序列分析[J].遗传学报,2001,28(3):225-228.
[79]Lee S T, Park S K. Anon-radioactive method for simultaneous detection of single-strand conformation polymorphisms (SSCPs) and heterroduplexes [J]. Mol Cell, 1995, 5: 627-668.
[80]姜运良,李宁,赵兴波,吴常信.影响PCR-SSCP的因素分析[J].农业生物技术学报,2000,8(3):245-247.
[81]姜运良.猪肌肉生长抑制素基因单核苷酸多态性及其与生产性能的关系分析[D].北京:中国农业大学博士学位论文,2000.
[82]Fukuoko Y,et al.Variation of the CGG repeat at the fragile X site results in genetic instability: resolution of the sherman paradox [J]. Cell, 1992, 67: 1047-1058.
[83]刘佳健,彭中镇,李奎等.甘油浓度对PCR-SSCP分辨效果的影响[J].生物技术通讯,1998,9(2):160-161.
[84]杨志惠,周斌,贾静,王闯,张林. PCR-SSCP分析参数的研究[J].2005,28(5):391-393.
[85]Itenge-Mwezaa, T. O., Forresta, R. H. J., McKenzie, G. W., Hogana, A., Abbott, J., Amoafoa, O., Hickford, J. G. H., 007. Polymorphism of the KAP1.1, KAP1.3 and K33 genes in Merino sheep. Molecular and Cellular Probes 21: 338–342
[86]Rogers GR, Hickford JGH, Bickerstaffe R. Msp1 RFLP in the gene for a Type I intermediate filament wool keratin. Anim Genet, 1993, 24:218.
[87]Greenwood, T. A., Kelsoe, J. R., 2003. Promoter and intronic variants affect the transcriptional regulation of the human dopamine transporter gene. Genom. 82:511-520.
[88]Le Hir, Nott, H. A., Moore, M. J., 2003. How introns influence and enhance eukaryotic gene expression. Trends Biochem. Sci. 28:215-220.
[89]Sobrier, M.L., Maghnie, M., Vie-Luton, M.P., Secco, A., di Iorgi, N., Lorini, R., Amselem, S.,2006. Novel HESX1 mutations associated with a life-threatening neonatal phenotype, pituitary aplasia, but normally located posterior pituitary and no optic nerve abnormalities. J Clin. Endocr. Metabol. 91:4528-4536
[2]呼格吉乐图.世界山羊业的发展概况及特点[J]中国草是动物,2005,6(25):51-54.
[3]张德鹏.世界主要绒山羊品种种质特性及种用价值比较[J].干旱地区农业研究,2007,6(25):249-252.
[4]赵有璋.试论21世纪初我国养羊业的可持续发展问题[A].全国养羊生产与学术研讨会议论文集[C]中国草食动物,2001,6-11. [5 ]赵有璋.中国山羊业的成就和进展[M].中国农业出版社,1996.
[6]贾志海.现代养羊业生产[M].北京:中国农业大学出版社,1997,119-120.
[7]贾志海,彭玉麟,富俊才.中国绒山羊育种现状及展望[J].中国畜牧杂志,1999,35(4):55-57.
[8]吾布力.沙地克,阿布力孜.吾斯曼,买买提.热合曼,等.轮台县绒山羊品种改良效益的研究[J].现代畜牧兽医,2006,2:9-11.
[9]肖光伟,许宗运.南疆绒山羊的培育[J].家畜生态.2002,5:36-37.
[10]张富全,冯克明,张西顺,等.新疆温宿县萨瓦甫齐牧场生态条件与绒山羊可持续发展分析[J].草食家畜,2006,(2):7~9.
[11]张富全,刘武军.新疆阿克苏绒山羊发展对策与政策分析[J].草食家畜,2003,(6):3~4,6.
[12]张富全,张西顺,李远超.南疆绒山羊的培育[J].中国草食动物,1999,6(1):41-42
[13]叶尔夏提.马力克,叶尔江.育成新品种—新疆博格达白绒山羊.新疆畜牧业,2002,4:25-27.
[14]王志林,赵树进,吴新荣.分子标记技术及其发展[J].生命的化学,2001,4(21):39-42.
[15]朱玉贤,李毅.现代分子生物学[M].第二版.北京:高等教育出版社,2002:371-376.
[16]马克世,胡炳义.分子标记的发展及应用[J].周口师范学院学报,2006,3:81-84.
[17] William J C K, Kubelik A R, L ivak K J. DNA polymorphism amp lified by arbitrary primers are useful genetic markers[J]. Nucleic Acids Res, 1990, 18:6531-6537.
[18] Velappam N, Sondgrass J L, Hakovirta J R. Rapid identification of pathogenic bacteria by single enzyme amp lified fragment length polymorphism analysis[J]. Diagnostic Microbiology and infections Disease, 2001, 39:77-83.
[19]黎裕,贾继增,王天宇.分子标记的种类及其发展[J].生物技术通报,1999,15(4):19-22.
[20] Serapion J, Kucudtas H, Feng J , et al. Bioinformatic mining of type Imincrosatellite from expressed sequence tage of channel catfish (lctalurns punctatus ) [J]. Anin Genet, 2003, 34(6):445.
[21]冯龙仁,牛安欧.微卫星简单重复序列锚定PCR扩增技术(SSR-PCR)及其在寄生虫基因研究中的应用[J].实用寄生虫杂志,2000,8(1):33-34.
[22]杨昭庆,洪坤学,褚嘉佑.单核苷酸多态性的研究进展[J].国外医学:遗传学分册,2000,23(1):4-8.
[23]张效萌,韩金祥.单核苷酸多态性的检测及其在医药领域的应用[J].生命的化学,2001,21(4):325-327. [24 ]唐棣,王志民.SNPs检测方法研究进展.上海交通大学学报[J].2007,25(2):406-418.
[25]鞠慧萍,吴圣龙,陈国宏.RFLP技术的研究进展及其在猪的抗病基因研究中的应用.上海畜牧兽医通讯,2007,2:4-5.
[26]马中军,张文举.动物RFLP分子遗传标记及其应用.甘肃畜牧兽医,1997,2(133):27-29.
[27] Cohen J B, A D Levinson. A point mutation in the last intron responsible for increased expression and transforming activity of the c-Ha-ras oncogene[J]. Nature, 1988, 334:119-124.
[28] Day I N M, S E Humphries. Electrophoresis for genotyping: Microtiter array diagonal gel electrophoresis on horizontal polyacrylamide gels, hydrolink, or agarose[J]. Anal Biochem, 1994, 222:389-395.
[29] Orita M K, Suzuki Y K, et al. Rapid and sensitive detection of mutations and DNA polymorphisms using the polymerase chain reaction [J]. Genomics, 1989, 5:8741.
[30] Orita M, Suzuki Y, Swkiya T, Hayashi, K. Rapid and sensitive detection of point mutations and genetic polymorphism using polymerase chain reaction [J]. Genomics, 1989, 5: 874–879.
[31] Hartmut R K, Lan K M, Ack I E, et al. Fish species identification in canned tuna by PCR-SSCP validation by a collaborative study and investigation of intra species variability of the DNA patterns [J]. Food Chemistry, 1999, 64: 263–268.
[32]李祥龙,张亚平,陈圣偶,等.山羊品种间线粒体DNA限制性片断长度多态性研究[J].动物学研究,1997,18(4)∶421—428.
[33]贾永红,史宪伟,简松承,等.贵州四个山羊品种mtDNA多态性起源分化研究[J].动物学研究,1999,20(2)∶88—92
[34]刘迎春,张润梧,尹俊等.微卫星DNA标记在绒山羊群体中的初步研究[J].生物技术,2004,(14),7-9.
[35] Chen H, Leibenguth F, Zhu BC. DNA Fingerprinting in five animal species usingmicrosatellite probe ( GTG) 5 [J]. Animal biotechnology bulletin, 2002, 8(1):67-72.
[36]陈宏,李瑞彪,雷初朝,等.西农萨能奶山羊β2lgT和CSN3基因与产奶性能关系研究[A].中国动物遗传育种研究进展,中国农业科学技术出版社,2003,258-262
[37]赵俊星,任有蛇,岳文斌.三个山羊品种KAP8基因的PCR-SSCP分析[J].生物技术,2007.17(5):3-6.
[38] Vaiman D, et al. A genetic linkage map of the male goat genome[J]. Genetics, 1996, 144:279-305.
[39] Nybom H, Esselink GD, Werlemark Get al . Microssatellite DNA marker inheritance indicates preferential pairing between two highly homologous genomes in polyploid and hemisexual dog - roses, Rose L. Sect. Caninae DC [J]. Heredity. 2004 , 92 (3):139-150.
[40]张英杰,刘月琴,孙洪新,等.3个山羊群体中4个微卫星DNA多态性及其与杂种优势的关系[J].遗传,2004,26(5):631-636.
[41]朱玉成.影响山羊绒细度的因素及控制羊绒细度的研究现状[J].当代畜牧, 2003,24(2):24-27.
[42]安玉君.内蒙古白绒母山羊绒质绒量变化规律及选育初探[J].中国养羊,1993(2):41-43.
[43]刘桂莲,张永斌,闫志文.内蒙古白绒山羊优质高产新品系选育基础羊绒毛品质的分析[J].内蒙古畜牧科学,1994(2):37-41.
[44]贾志海.国外绒山羊研究现状及展望[J].中国畜牧杂志,1994,30(1):57-59.
[45]贾双进,高佩民,田永强,等.辽宁绒山羊绒毛纤维理化性能的研究[J].中国养羊,1988(4):31-32.
[46]王宏博,高雅琴.影响绒山羊产绒性能和绒毛品质的因素及其研究进展[J].2007,27(4):62-63.
[47] Santiago-Moreno J, López-Sebastián A, Campo A. del, et al. Effect of constant–release melatonin implants and prolonged exposure to a long day photoperiod on prolactin secretion and hair growth in mouflon (Ovis gmelini musimon) [J]. Domestic Animal Endocrinology, 2004, 26(4): 303–314.
[48] Messer L A, Lizheng Wang, Tuggle C K, et al. Mapping of the melatonin receptor1a (MTNR1A) gene in pigs, sheep, and cattle [J]. Mammalian Genome, 1997, (8):368–370.
[49] Eric Hirsch–Rodriguez, Marta Imbesi, Radmila Manev, et al. The pattern of melatonin receptor expression in the brain may influence antidepressant treatment [J]. Medical Hypotheses, 2007, 69 (1):120–124.
[50] Abecia J A, Valares J A, Forcada F. The effect of melatonin treatment on wool growth and thyroxine secretion in sheep [J]. Small Ruminant Research, 2005, 56:265–270.
[51]赵苗.绒山羊6个候选基因遗传变异及其与经济性状关系研究[D].西安:西北农林科技大学硕士论文,2008.
[52] Rosen CJ, Pollak M. Circulating IGF-1: New perspectives for a new century [J]. Trends Endocrinol Metab, 1999, 10: 136–141
[53] Twigg S M, Baxter R C. IGF binding protein 5 forms an alternative ternary complex with IGFs and the acid lable subunit [J]. J Biol Chem, 1998, 273: 6074–6079.
[54] Rosemary Sutton, Warren G. Ward, Kathryn A. Raphael, et al. Growth factor expression in skin during wool follicle development [J]. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1995, 10(4): 697–7053.
[55] Harris P M, McBride B W, GurnseyM P. Direct infusion of a variant of insulin-like growth factor-I into skin of sheep and effects on local blood flow, amino acid utilisation and cell replication [J]. Endocrinology, 1993, 139: 463–472.
[56] Barkan A L, Halasz I, Dornfeld K J, et al. Pituitary radiation is ineffective in normalizing plasma insulin-like growth factor I in patients with acromegaly [J]. Clin Endocrinol Metab, 1997, 82: 3187–3191.
[57]赵宗胜,王根林,李大全,等.IGF-I和EGF对绵羊毛囊体外培养的影响[J].南京农业大学学报,2006,29(2):138–141.
[58] Powell, B. C, Rogers, G. E., 1997. The role of keratin proteins and their genes in the growth, structure and properties of hair. In: Formation and Structure of hair. P. Jolles, H.. Zahnand and H. Hocker (eds.). Birkhauser Verlag, Basel, p. 59-148.
[59]赵俊星,任有蛇,岳文斌.KAP6.1基因在两个山羊品种间的表达差异[J].草食家畜,2007,137(4):4–6.
[60]钟白玉,程波,麦跃,等.正常人头皮毛囊角蛋白的免疫组化研究[J].第三军医大学学.
[61] Coulombe, PA, Omary, MB.‘Hard’and‘soft’principles defining the structure, function and regulation of keratin intermediate filaments [J]. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2002, 14: 110–122.
[62] Deramaudt, TB, Sachdeva, MM, Wescott, MP, et al. The PDX1 homeodomain transcription factor negatively regulates the pancreatic ductal cell-specific keratin 19 promoter [J]. J Biol Chem, 2006, 281: 38385– 38395.
[63] Powell BC, Rogers GE, Hair keratin. Composition, structure and biogenesis [A]. Biology of the Integument [C]. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1986, 696–721.
[64] Pruett, N. D., Tkatchenko, T. V., Jave-Suarez, L., Jacobs, D. F., Potter, C. S., Tkatchenko, A. V., Schweizer, J., Awgulewitsch, A.,. Krtap16, characterization of a new hair keratin-associated protein (KAP) gene complex on mouse chromosome 16 and evidence forregulation by Hoxc13. J. Biol. Chem. 2004, 279:51524-51533.
[65] Crewther, WG: Primary structure and chemical properties of wool. Proceedings of 5th International Wool Textile Research Conference 1976, 1: 1-101.
[66] Dolling, C. H. S., Brooker, M. G.. A viable hypotrichosis in Polled Dorset Sheep. J. Hered. 1996, 57: 87-90
[67] Powell B C , Sleigh MJ , Ward KA , Roger G E. Mammalian keratin gene families : organization for genes coding for the B2 high - sulphur proteins sheepwool [J]. Nucleic Acids Res, 1983, 11:5327-5346.
[68]尹俊等,扈廷茂,李金泉.内蒙古蒙古绒山羊6个与相似绵羊KAP6-1的cDNAs的克隆及特征分析遗传学报[J],2004,31(5):502–507.
[69] Rogers GE, Powell BC. Organization and expression of hair follicle genes [J]. J Invest Dermatol, 1993, 101: 50-55.
[70] McLaren RJ, Rogers GR, Davies KP, et al. Linkage mapping of wool keratin and keratin-associated protein genes [J]. Mamm Genome, 1997, 8: 938-940.
[71]刘桂芬,田可川,张恩平,等.优质细毛羊羊毛细度的候选基因分析[J].遗传,2007,29(1):70-74.
[72]张亚妮,张恩平,吴迪,等.内蒙古绒山羊KAP基因与经济性状关系的研究[J].畜牧兽医学报,2007,38(5):447-451.
[73]常洪.家畜遗传资源学纲要[M].中国农业出版社,1999.
[74]陈幼春.品种内亚群定点随机抽样法的应用研究[J].黄牛杂志,2001,27(1),1-3.
[75]Hedrick PW. Population Biology [M]. Boston: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. 1984.
[76]陈幼春.中国黄牛生态钟特征及其利用方向[M].农业出版社.1990.
[77]熊元著.猪生化及分子遗传实验导论[M].中国农业出版社,1999,165-70.
[78]赵兴波,储明星,李宁等.绵羊线粒体DNA控制区5’端序列PCR-SSCP与序列分析[J].遗传学报,2001,28(3):225-228.
[79]Lee S T, Park S K. Anon-radioactive method for simultaneous detection of single-strand conformation polymorphisms (SSCPs) and heterroduplexes [J]. Mol Cell, 1995, 5: 627-668.
[80]姜运良,李宁,赵兴波,吴常信.影响PCR-SSCP的因素分析[J].农业生物技术学报,2000,8(3):245-247.
[81]姜运良.猪肌肉生长抑制素基因单核苷酸多态性及其与生产性能的关系分析[D].北京:中国农业大学博士学位论文,2000.
[82]Fukuoko Y,et al.Variation of the CGG repeat at the fragile X site results in genetic instability: resolution of the sherman paradox [J]. Cell, 1992, 67: 1047-1058.
[83]刘佳健,彭中镇,李奎等.甘油浓度对PCR-SSCP分辨效果的影响[J].生物技术通讯,1998,9(2):160-161.
[84]杨志惠,周斌,贾静,王闯,张林. PCR-SSCP分析参数的研究[J].2005,28(5):391-393.
[85]Itenge-Mwezaa, T. O., Forresta, R. H. J., McKenzie, G. W., Hogana, A., Abbott, J., Amoafoa, O., Hickford, J. G. H., 007. Polymorphism of the KAP1.1, KAP1.3 and K33 genes in Merino sheep. Molecular and Cellular Probes 21: 338–342
[86]Rogers GR, Hickford JGH, Bickerstaffe R. Msp1 RFLP in the gene for a Type I intermediate filament wool keratin. Anim Genet, 1993, 24:218.
[87]Greenwood, T. A., Kelsoe, J. R., 2003. Promoter and intronic variants affect the transcriptional regulation of the human dopamine transporter gene. Genom. 82:511-520.
[88]Le Hir, Nott, H. A., Moore, M. J., 2003. How introns influence and enhance eukaryotic gene expression. Trends Biochem. Sci. 28:215-220.
[89]Sobrier, M.L., Maghnie, M., Vie-Luton, M.P., Secco, A., di Iorgi, N., Lorini, R., Amselem, S.,2006. Novel HESX1 mutations associated with a life-threatening neonatal phenotype, pituitary aplasia, but normally located posterior pituitary and no optic nerve abnormalities. J Clin. Endocr. Metabol. 91:4528-4536