基于CFAST的狭长受限空间火灾模拟方法研究
摘要
受限空间火灾事故会导致人员伤亡和财产损失。无论是隧道还是矿井巷道,它们在几何结构上有一个共同的特性,那就是长宽之比、长高之比相当大,又都是受限空间。这就需要我们对这种狭长受限空间类型的火灾事故加以研究。
本文研究应用模拟室内火灾的CFAST软件来模拟狭长受限空间火灾。在对CFAST模型进行深入理解分析之后,首先考察了前人的实验模型和实验数据,然后利用CFAST模型建立了尽可能接近他们实验模型的逻辑模型,来验证CFAST模型在狭长受限空间火灾模拟中的有效性、可靠性。通过合理的划分子区域个数,对非矩形断面采用面积等价原则替换为矩形断面,合理地选择模拟数据是可以利用CFAST来模拟狭长受限空间火灾的并能得出和试验结果基本一致的结论。
最后用CFAST模型模拟了在不同风速、不同火源功率情况下淮南洞山城市公路隧道火灾。对隧道模型作简化处理之后,模拟了在不同情况下的烟气层流动扩散规律和温度场变化情况。通过研究发现,在无风情况下CFAST模型在烟气扩散规律和烟气层温度场变化规律的模拟上都较为合理,但是在有风情况下,对烟气扩散的模拟效果不佳。本文的研究结果可以为狭长受限空间火灾模拟工作提供了一种方法,为隧道火灾救援和安全设计提供理论依据。
Constrained fire accident will cause casualties and property losses. Whether mine roadway or tunnel, they have a common identity on geometric structure. Both ratio of length/width and the ratio of length/height are big, and both of them are limited by space. This requires us to do much research on this long-narrow confined space fire,.
In this paper, consolidated model of fire growth and smoke transport-CFAST was used to stimulate the long -narrow confined space fire. After made an in-depth analysis to CFAST, Predecessors’experimental model and experimental data was inspected, and then use CFAST model as close as possible to set up an experimental model of the logic of their model, to validate the effectiveness of the CFAST model of simulating the long-narrow confined space fire. Through the rational division of the number of sub-regional, replacing non-rectangular cross-section to rectangular cross-section with area equivalent principle, and choosing reasonable analog data can stimulate the long -narrow confined space fire and get rational results.
Finally, CFAST model was used to stimulating fire in Dongshan tunnel with different wind speed and different fire power. After simplify the model of tunnel, the flow of smoke layer and the temperature field was simulated with different conditions. Through the study found that the spread and temperature changes of smoke layer are more reasonable in case of no wind, but smoke flow when there is wind in the circumstances. The results of this article can provide a method of simulating fire in long-narrow confined space, and provide a theoretical basis for tunnel fire safety design and fire rescue work.
本文研究应用模拟室内火灾的CFAST软件来模拟狭长受限空间火灾。在对CFAST模型进行深入理解分析之后,首先考察了前人的实验模型和实验数据,然后利用CFAST模型建立了尽可能接近他们实验模型的逻辑模型,来验证CFAST模型在狭长受限空间火灾模拟中的有效性、可靠性。通过合理的划分子区域个数,对非矩形断面采用面积等价原则替换为矩形断面,合理地选择模拟数据是可以利用CFAST来模拟狭长受限空间火灾的并能得出和试验结果基本一致的结论。
最后用CFAST模型模拟了在不同风速、不同火源功率情况下淮南洞山城市公路隧道火灾。对隧道模型作简化处理之后,模拟了在不同情况下的烟气层流动扩散规律和温度场变化情况。通过研究发现,在无风情况下CFAST模型在烟气扩散规律和烟气层温度场变化规律的模拟上都较为合理,但是在有风情况下,对烟气扩散的模拟效果不佳。本文的研究结果可以为狭长受限空间火灾模拟工作提供了一种方法,为隧道火灾救援和安全设计提供理论依据。
Constrained fire accident will cause casualties and property losses. Whether mine roadway or tunnel, they have a common identity on geometric structure. Both ratio of length/width and the ratio of length/height are big, and both of them are limited by space. This requires us to do much research on this long-narrow confined space fire,.
In this paper, consolidated model of fire growth and smoke transport-CFAST was used to stimulate the long -narrow confined space fire. After made an in-depth analysis to CFAST, Predecessors’experimental model and experimental data was inspected, and then use CFAST model as close as possible to set up an experimental model of the logic of their model, to validate the effectiveness of the CFAST model of simulating the long-narrow confined space fire. Through the rational division of the number of sub-regional, replacing non-rectangular cross-section to rectangular cross-section with area equivalent principle, and choosing reasonable analog data can stimulate the long -narrow confined space fire and get rational results.
Finally, CFAST model was used to stimulating fire in Dongshan tunnel with different wind speed and different fire power. After simplify the model of tunnel, the flow of smoke layer and the temperature field was simulated with different conditions. Through the study found that the spread and temperature changes of smoke layer are more reasonable in case of no wind, but smoke flow when there is wind in the circumstances. The results of this article can provide a method of simulating fire in long-narrow confined space, and provide a theoretical basis for tunnel fire safety design and fire rescue work.
引文
[1]霍然,胡源,李元洲.建筑火灾安全工程导论[M].合肥:中国科技大学出版社,1999:1-2
[2]肖海洋,杜扬,周琳丽.地下狭长组合受限空间不同介质火灾分区现象实验研究[J].热科学与技术,2007,6(2):152
[3]殷德山.室内火灾的数值模拟与虚拟现实研究[D].硕士学位论文,2004:4
[4] Walter W.Jones,Glenn P.Forney. A Technical Reference Guide for CFAST[M].NIST. 2000:17-77
[5] Jones W.W. A Multicompartment Model for the Spread of Fire, Smoke and Toxic Gases[J].Fire Safety, 1985,55(9):14-15
[6] Forney G .P. and Cooper L.Y. The Consolidated Compartment Fire Model(CCFM)Computer Application[M]. NISTIR,1990,90-4343
[7]张祉道.关于公路隧道火灾及事故通风的讨论[A].国际隧道研讨会暨公路建设交流大会论文集[C].北京:人民交通出版社,2002:626-633
[8]舒宁,徐建闺,钟汉枢.计算流体力学在纵向式隧道火灾通风中的仿真[J].水动力学研究与进展,2001,16(4):512-516
[9] Carvel and Beard. The influence of tunnel geometry and ventilation on the heat release rate of fire[J].Fire Technology, 2004,40(1):5-26
[10] Hawker Ingason, Alders Lonnermark. Heat release rates from heavy goods vehicle trailer fires in tunnels[J].Fire Safety Journal,2005(40):646-668
[11] Anders Lonnermark, Hawker Ingason. Gas temperatures in heavy goods vehicle fires in tunnel[J].Fire Safety Journal,2005(40):506-527
[12] Herald Buvik.Tunehamar试验隧道一隧道技术研究与开发及足尺试验的需要[A].2006年公路隧道运营管理与安全国际学术会议论文集[C].重庆:重庆大学出版社,2006:101-103
[13] Tony Lemaire, Yvonne Kenyon. Large Scale Fire Tests in the Second Benelux Tunnel[J].Fire Technology,2006,42:329-350
[14] Kumar S, Cox G. Mathematical modeling of fires in road tunnels[A].In: Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Aerodynamics and Ventilation of Tunnels[C].France,1985:61-76
[15]曾艳华,何川,关宝树.火灾时隧道内温度场的模拟研究[J].地下工程,2004,24(1):69-71
[16]张社道.公路隧道的火灾事故通风[J].现代隧道技术,2003,40(1):34-43
[17]刘鹏举,李刚.隧道火灾研究现状与发展[J].科技信息,2008,47(11):37-38
[18]洪丽娟,刘传聚.隧道火灾研究现状综述[J].地下空间与工程学报,2005,1(1):149-150
[19]韩新,崔力明.国内外隧道火灾试验研究进展简述[J].地下空间与工程学报,2005,4(3):546
[20]王明年,杨其新.公路隧道火灾温度场的分布规律研究[J].地下空间,2003,23(3):317-322
[21]彭伟.隧道内纵向风速对火源上方烟气温度影响的试验[J].中国科学技术大学学报,2006,36(10)1064-1065
[22]冯炼.地铁环境控制系统的应用及其数值模拟软件[J].城市轨道交通研究,1999(2):37-39
[23]冯炼,刘应清.地铁火灾烟气控制的数值模拟[J].城市轨道交通研究,1999,25(2):37-39
[24]朱颖心,李先庭,彦启森.地铁火灾时烟气在隧道内的扩散与人员疏散方案[A].全国暖通空调制冷1996年学术年会论文集[C].1996:136-139
[25]舒宁,徐建闽.计算流体力学在纵向式公路隧道火灾通风中的仿真[J].水动力学研究与进展,2006,16(4):511-516
[26]雷兵.公路隧道火灾烟气流动的数值模拟[J].华南理工大学学报(自然科学版),2008,36(2):64-69
[27] Li Xianting,Yan Qisen. Numerical analysis of smoke movement in subway[J]. Fire Safety Science,1993,2(2):6-13
[28]陈建忠,李家龙.公路隧道中控制火灾烟流的计算模型[J].公路交通技术,2008,6(3):104-107
[29]高应钦,武兰生.对CFAST不同区域划分方法的分析[J].安全,2005,5(5):24-26
[30]舒中俊,孙华玲.火灾区域模拟原理及CFAST软件应用[J].武警学院学报,2004,20(2):30-32
[31]李贵,金鑫.狭长受限空间火灾区域模型研究[J].武警学院学报,2007,23(2):79-81
[32] Richard D. Peacock , Paul A. Reneke. A user’s guide for CFAST[M].NIST. 2004:37-72
[33] Heskestad G. SFPE handbook of fire protection engineering[M]. 1995
[34]童艳,施明恒,何嘉鹏.单室火灾烟气运动的双层区域模拟[J].东南大学学报(自然科学版).2008,1(3):26
[35] Cortège. Entrainment and Flame Geometry of Fire Plumes. National Bureau of Standards (U.S.) [M].GCR.1982:82-402
[36] Tewarson .A Combustion of Methanol in a Horizontal Pool Configuration. Factory Mutual Research Corp[M]. Norwood. 1978:55
[37] McCaffrey. Entrainment and Heat Flux of Buoyant Diffusion Flames.NationalBureau of Standards (U. S.) [M]. 1982:82-247
[38] Koseki H. Combustion Properties of Large Liquid Pool Fires. Fire Technology[J].1989:241
[39]霍然,胡源,李元洲.建筑火灾安全工程导论[M].合肥:中国科学技术大学出版社,1999
[40] Siegel and Howell.Thermal Radiation Heat Transfer[M]. Hemisphere Publishing Corporation. New York.1981
[41] Golub and Ortega, J.M. Scientific Computing and Differential Equations, An Introduction to Numerical Methods[M]. Academic Press, New York.1989
[42] Floyd J. Comparison of CFAST and FDS for Fire Simulation With the HDR T51 and T52 Test[J]. National Institute of Standards and Technology, NISTIR. 2002
[43] Megret O, Vauquelin O. A model to evaluate tunnel fire characteristics[J]. Fire Safety Journal, 2000, 34(4):391-401
[44]彭立敏,刘小兵,王潇等.隧道衬砌的火灾损伤程度试验与检测方法研究[J].实验力学.1999,14(3):395-401
[45] Cooper, L. Y. Fire-Plume-Generated Ceiling Jet Characteristics and Convective Heat Transfer to Ceiling and Wall Surfaces in a Two-Layer Zone-Type Fire Environment[J]. National Institute of Standards and Technology, NISTIR. 1991
[46] Cooper, L. Y. Ceiling Jet-Driven Wall Flows in Compartment Fires[J]. Combustion Science and Technology. 1988,62:285
[47] Jaluria, Y. and Cooper, L.Y. Negatively Buoyant Wall Flows Generated in Enclosure Fires[J]. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science. 1989,15:159
[49]闫治国,杨其新.秦岭特长公路隧道火灾温度场分布试验研究[J].地下空间,2003,23(2):191-195
[50] Walter W Jones, Richard D Peacock, Glenn P Fomey. Special publicationl026. Consolidated model of fire growth and smoke transport (Version 6) technical reference guide[Z]. National instituted of standards and technology. 2006
[51] NFPA. 502 Road Tunnels, Bridges, and Other Limited Access Highways[M].1998
[52]国际隧道研讨会及公路建设技术交流大会快报第二版.北京,2002
[53]苑郁林.通风网络理论在公路隧道运营通风设计中的应用[J].公路,2003,35(10):23-25
[2]肖海洋,杜扬,周琳丽.地下狭长组合受限空间不同介质火灾分区现象实验研究[J].热科学与技术,2007,6(2):152
[3]殷德山.室内火灾的数值模拟与虚拟现实研究[D].硕士学位论文,2004:4
[4] Walter W.Jones,Glenn P.Forney. A Technical Reference Guide for CFAST[M].NIST. 2000:17-77
[5] Jones W.W. A Multicompartment Model for the Spread of Fire, Smoke and Toxic Gases[J].Fire Safety, 1985,55(9):14-15
[6] Forney G .P. and Cooper L.Y. The Consolidated Compartment Fire Model(CCFM)Computer Application[M]. NISTIR,1990,90-4343
[7]张祉道.关于公路隧道火灾及事故通风的讨论[A].国际隧道研讨会暨公路建设交流大会论文集[C].北京:人民交通出版社,2002:626-633
[8]舒宁,徐建闺,钟汉枢.计算流体力学在纵向式隧道火灾通风中的仿真[J].水动力学研究与进展,2001,16(4):512-516
[9] Carvel and Beard. The influence of tunnel geometry and ventilation on the heat release rate of fire[J].Fire Technology, 2004,40(1):5-26
[10] Hawker Ingason, Alders Lonnermark. Heat release rates from heavy goods vehicle trailer fires in tunnels[J].Fire Safety Journal,2005(40):646-668
[11] Anders Lonnermark, Hawker Ingason. Gas temperatures in heavy goods vehicle fires in tunnel[J].Fire Safety Journal,2005(40):506-527
[12] Herald Buvik.Tunehamar试验隧道一隧道技术研究与开发及足尺试验的需要[A].2006年公路隧道运营管理与安全国际学术会议论文集[C].重庆:重庆大学出版社,2006:101-103
[13] Tony Lemaire, Yvonne Kenyon. Large Scale Fire Tests in the Second Benelux Tunnel[J].Fire Technology,2006,42:329-350
[14] Kumar S, Cox G. Mathematical modeling of fires in road tunnels[A].In: Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Aerodynamics and Ventilation of Tunnels[C].France,1985:61-76
[15]曾艳华,何川,关宝树.火灾时隧道内温度场的模拟研究[J].地下工程,2004,24(1):69-71
[16]张社道.公路隧道的火灾事故通风[J].现代隧道技术,2003,40(1):34-43
[17]刘鹏举,李刚.隧道火灾研究现状与发展[J].科技信息,2008,47(11):37-38
[18]洪丽娟,刘传聚.隧道火灾研究现状综述[J].地下空间与工程学报,2005,1(1):149-150
[19]韩新,崔力明.国内外隧道火灾试验研究进展简述[J].地下空间与工程学报,2005,4(3):546
[20]王明年,杨其新.公路隧道火灾温度场的分布规律研究[J].地下空间,2003,23(3):317-322
[21]彭伟.隧道内纵向风速对火源上方烟气温度影响的试验[J].中国科学技术大学学报,2006,36(10)1064-1065
[22]冯炼.地铁环境控制系统的应用及其数值模拟软件[J].城市轨道交通研究,1999(2):37-39
[23]冯炼,刘应清.地铁火灾烟气控制的数值模拟[J].城市轨道交通研究,1999,25(2):37-39
[24]朱颖心,李先庭,彦启森.地铁火灾时烟气在隧道内的扩散与人员疏散方案[A].全国暖通空调制冷1996年学术年会论文集[C].1996:136-139
[25]舒宁,徐建闽.计算流体力学在纵向式公路隧道火灾通风中的仿真[J].水动力学研究与进展,2006,16(4):511-516
[26]雷兵.公路隧道火灾烟气流动的数值模拟[J].华南理工大学学报(自然科学版),2008,36(2):64-69
[27] Li Xianting,Yan Qisen. Numerical analysis of smoke movement in subway[J]. Fire Safety Science,1993,2(2):6-13
[28]陈建忠,李家龙.公路隧道中控制火灾烟流的计算模型[J].公路交通技术,2008,6(3):104-107
[29]高应钦,武兰生.对CFAST不同区域划分方法的分析[J].安全,2005,5(5):24-26
[30]舒中俊,孙华玲.火灾区域模拟原理及CFAST软件应用[J].武警学院学报,2004,20(2):30-32
[31]李贵,金鑫.狭长受限空间火灾区域模型研究[J].武警学院学报,2007,23(2):79-81
[32] Richard D. Peacock , Paul A. Reneke. A user’s guide for CFAST[M].NIST. 2004:37-72
[33] Heskestad G. SFPE handbook of fire protection engineering[M]. 1995
[34]童艳,施明恒,何嘉鹏.单室火灾烟气运动的双层区域模拟[J].东南大学学报(自然科学版).2008,1(3):26
[35] Cortège. Entrainment and Flame Geometry of Fire Plumes. National Bureau of Standards (U.S.) [M].GCR.1982:82-402
[36] Tewarson .A Combustion of Methanol in a Horizontal Pool Configuration. Factory Mutual Research Corp[M]. Norwood. 1978:55
[37] McCaffrey. Entrainment and Heat Flux of Buoyant Diffusion Flames.NationalBureau of Standards (U. S.) [M]. 1982:82-247
[38] Koseki H. Combustion Properties of Large Liquid Pool Fires. Fire Technology[J].1989:241
[39]霍然,胡源,李元洲.建筑火灾安全工程导论[M].合肥:中国科学技术大学出版社,1999
[40] Siegel and Howell.Thermal Radiation Heat Transfer[M]. Hemisphere Publishing Corporation. New York.1981
[41] Golub and Ortega, J.M. Scientific Computing and Differential Equations, An Introduction to Numerical Methods[M]. Academic Press, New York.1989
[42] Floyd J. Comparison of CFAST and FDS for Fire Simulation With the HDR T51 and T52 Test[J]. National Institute of Standards and Technology, NISTIR. 2002
[43] Megret O, Vauquelin O. A model to evaluate tunnel fire characteristics[J]. Fire Safety Journal, 2000, 34(4):391-401
[44]彭立敏,刘小兵,王潇等.隧道衬砌的火灾损伤程度试验与检测方法研究[J].实验力学.1999,14(3):395-401
[45] Cooper, L. Y. Fire-Plume-Generated Ceiling Jet Characteristics and Convective Heat Transfer to Ceiling and Wall Surfaces in a Two-Layer Zone-Type Fire Environment[J]. National Institute of Standards and Technology, NISTIR. 1991
[46] Cooper, L. Y. Ceiling Jet-Driven Wall Flows in Compartment Fires[J]. Combustion Science and Technology. 1988,62:285
[47] Jaluria, Y. and Cooper, L.Y. Negatively Buoyant Wall Flows Generated in Enclosure Fires[J]. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science. 1989,15:159
[49]闫治国,杨其新.秦岭特长公路隧道火灾温度场分布试验研究[J].地下空间,2003,23(2):191-195
[50] Walter W Jones, Richard D Peacock, Glenn P Fomey. Special publicationl026. Consolidated model of fire growth and smoke transport (Version 6) technical reference guide[Z]. National instituted of standards and technology. 2006
[51] NFPA. 502 Road Tunnels, Bridges, and Other Limited Access Highways[M].1998
[52]国际隧道研讨会及公路建设技术交流大会快报第二版.北京,2002
[53]苑郁林.通风网络理论在公路隧道运营通风设计中的应用[J].公路,2003,35(10):23-25