生防菌盾壳霉防治油菜菌核病的生态学基础及其应用研究
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摘要
生防菌盾壳霉(Coniothyrium minitans)是核盘菌(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)的一种重寄生真菌,也是一种具有广阔应用前景的生防菌。应用盾壳霉防治油菜菌核病的策略包括花期施用(抑制核盘菌子囊孢子的侵染)和土壤施用(抑制核盘菌的菌核存活,减少初侵染源数量)。为了充分挖掘盾壳霉的防病潜力,本论文研究了盾壳霉在油菜花瓣和土壤中存活及扩散、以及影响盾壳霉存活或发挥活性的生态因子,包括温度、含水量、复合肥和其它重寄生真菌等。研究目的在于:从生态的角度评估利用盾壳霉防治油菜菌核病的潜力,为提高盾壳霉防治油菜菌核病的效果提供思路,为建立轻便化使用盾壳霉防治油菜菌核病技术体系提供理论依据。
首先,利用盾壳霉突变菌株SV-5-2对杀菌剂农利灵(vinclozolin)、青霉素和链霉素的抗性,建立了利用选择性培养基定量检测盾壳霉的方法。结果表明:在常规马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基(PDA)中同时添加农利灵(vinclozolin,500μg a.i./ml)、青霉素(500μg a.i./ml)和链霉素(500μg a.i./ml)对盾壳霉SV-5-2分生孢子萌发和菌丝生长没有太大影响。基于这一结果,建立了监测盾壳霉存活动态的选择性分离技术。此外,基于PCR技术,还探讨了盾壳霉的分子检测技术。结果获得了特异性检测盾壳霉的两对PCR引物。结果还表明:分子检测技术可用于研究盾壳霉与核盘菌之间的菌丝互作、盾壳霉寄生核盘菌菌核以及盾壳霉在灭菌土的存活。
研究了在中国华中地区田间条件下,盾壳霉分生孢子在油菜花瓣上的存活动态。2004和2005年的5次田间(A-E)试验结果表明:盾壳霉分生孢子可以在油菜花瓣上存活3～5 d。在5次试验中,盾壳霉分生孢子在油菜花瓣上的存活率分别为17.3%,14.3%,35.0%,62.6%和1.9%。研究结果还表明:盾壳霉分生孢子在油菜花瓣上的存活受天气的影响。在晴天的2次试验(C和D)中,盾壳霉分生孢子在油菜花瓣上的存活率较高。这表明:盾壳霉分生孢子可以忍耐阳光照射3～5 d。另外,在有降雨天气的3次试验(A,B和E)中,盾壳霉分生孢子在油菜花瓣上的存活率较低。盾壳霉数量减少的原因可能是雨水的冲刷作用。两年的花期喷雾试验结果表明:盾壳霉单独使用,以及将盾壳霉与杀菌剂菌核净混用,对油菜菌核病具有显著防效。就单独使用盾壳霉而言,推荐使用浓度为1×10~6个孢子/ml。
研究了盾壳霉在旱地土壤中的存活动态。试验结果表明:在夏季～秋季～冬季～春季试验中,盾壳霉分生孢子存活10个月以上;在秋季～冬季～春季～夏季试验中,盾壳霉可存活25个月以上。在这两个试验中,盾壳霉数量呈下降趋势。在第一次试验中,盾壳霉数量从5.1×10~5个/g土下降到8.0×10~4个/g土。盾壳霉数量的对数值(Y)与时间(X)之间的关系是:Y=5.6416-0.0095X-0.00003X~2(r=-0.8006,P＜0.01);在第二次试验中,盾壳霉数量从7.2×10~5个/g土下降到3.9×10~4个/g土。盾壳霉数量的对数值(Y)与时间(X)之间的关系是:Y=6.3161-0.0023X(r=-0.8379,P＜0.01)。在夏季～秋季淹水条件下和冬季～春季的淹水条件下,盾壳霉可存活5个月以上。盾壳霉数量的对数值随时间呈直线下降,特别是在夏季～秋季淹水条件下。此外,还研究了温度和土壤含水量对盾壳霉在土壤中存活的影响。在4℃～28℃下,盾壳霉在3种含水量(6.3%、18.5%和45.4%,w/w)的土壤中可360 d以上。在30℃～40℃下,盾壳霉在土壤中的存活与土壤含水量有关。在低含水量(6.3%)土壤中,在30℃和35℃下,盾壳霉可以存活210 d;在37℃和40℃下,盾壳霉可存活180 d;在中含水量(18.5%)土壤中,在这4个温度下,盾壳霉存活时间分别下降至120 d,21 d,14 d和3 d;在高含水量(45.4%)土壤中,在这4个温度下的盾壳霉存活时间分别下降至120 d,14 d,3 d和3 d。在45℃和50℃下,盾壳霉在3种含水量的土壤中存活均很差,存活时间少于2 d。盆栽试验结果表明:土壤中接种不同剂量的盾壳霉分生孢子对降低核盘菌菌核萌发产生子囊盘有显著(P＜0.05)影响。随着盾壳霉接种剂量的增加,核盘菌子囊盘数量呈下降趋势。显著抑制核盘菌菌核萌发产生子囊盘的最低孢子浓度为10～1000个孢子/g土。两季大田试验结果表明:施用浓度1×10~5个/ml到1×10~7个/ml的盾壳霉均能显著抑制核盘菌菌核萌发产生子囊盘,对油菜菌核病亦有防治效果。
研究了盾壳霉在4种不同土壤(黄棕壤、红壤、潮土、黑土)和砂子中的垂直扩散和水平扩散规律。结果表明:盾壳霉分生孢子可以随水分垂直扩散20 cm深,水平扩散10 cm远。两季盆栽试验结果表明:菌核埋入深度显著影响核盘菌菌核萌发产生的子囊盘数量,菌核埋入土壤深度5 cm以上时,基本不产生子囊盘。盾壳霉对菌核萌发产生子囊盘有显著的抑制作用。
研究了盾壳霉与复合肥的相容性。结果表明:盾壳霉与复合肥有一定的相容性。一定浓度的复合肥对盾壳霉菌丝生长和分生孢子萌发有抑制作用,抑制强度与复合肥浓度呈正相关。但复合肥对盾壳霉没有致死作用,对其寄生菌核也没有显著影响。三季盆栽试验和两季大田试验结果均表明:盾壳霉与复合肥混用能显著降低核盘菌菌核萌发产生子囊盘,对油菜菌核病亦有防治效果。
研究了盾壳霉、木霉和黄色蠕形霉单独使用,以及盾壳霉与木霉或黄色蠕形霉混用对核盘菌菌核萌发产生子囊盘的影响。盆栽试验结果表明:盾壳霉、木霉和黄色蠕形霉单独使用,以及盾壳霉与木霉或黄色蠕形霉混合使用,对核盘菌菌核萌发产生子囊盘均具有抑制效果,尤其是盾壳霉与木霉或黄色是蠕形霉混用的抑制效果更佳。结果还表明:秋季(10月份)使用这些生防菌抑制核盘菌子囊盘萌发的抑制效果比夏季(5月份)好。
基于上述研究结果,建立了应用盾壳霉防治油菜菌核病的轻便化使用技术。这些技术包括:花期喷雾技术、水辅助扩散盾壳霉技术、盾壳霉～复合肥混用技术和盾壳霉与其它重寄生真菌(木霉或黄色蠕形霉)混合使用技术等。
Coniothyrium minitans is a promising biocontrol agent(BCA) of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum,the causal agent of sclerotinia stem rot(SSR) of oilseed rape.C.minitans can be used in two approaches for control SSR of oilseed rape:spray application on floral parts for suppression of infection by ascospores of S.sclerotiorum on flower petals and soil application for destruction of sclerotia of S.sclerotiorum.In order to evaluate the potential of C.minitans as a BCA for SSR of oilseed rape,to improve the efficacy of C. minitans and to establish convenient methods for application of C.minitans,we investigated survival of C.minitans on flower petals of oilseed rape and in natural soil under field condition in central China and factors affecting survival of C.minitans. Meanwhile,water-assisted dissemination of C.minitans conidia in soil was studied.
On the basis of resistance against the fungicide vinclozolin and to the two bactericides benzylpencillin sodium and streptomycin sulfate,a selective medium containing vinclozolin(500μg a.i./ml),benzylpencillin sodium(500μg a.i./ml) and streptomycin sulfate(500μg a.i./ml) was formulated.C.minitans strain SV-5-2 could conduct normal conidial germination and mycelial growth on this medium.Therefore,the medium could be used for monitoring C.minitans released to environment.Meanwhile,a PCR-based assay was developed to specifically detect C.minitans.This molecular detection assay was successfully used in studying the interaction between C.minitans and S.sclerotiorum,parasitism of sclerotia S.sclerotiorum by C.minitans and in detection of C.minitans in sterile soil.
Using this medium,survival of C.minitans on flower petals of oilseed rape was tracked.Results of the five field experiments(A-E) conducted in 2004 and 2005 showed that C.minitans strain SV-5-2 applied to flower racemes of oilseed rape could be detected for five days in four experiments and three days in one experiment.The rate of survival of C.minitans decreased with time and at the last sampling date,the survival rate was 17.3%, 14.3%,35.0%,62.6%and 1.9%for experiments A,B,C,D,and E,respectively. Moreover,survival of C.minitans was affected by weather conditions.Relatively,high rates of survival of C.minitans were observed under sunny weather in the experiments C and D,implying that conidia of C.minitans are tolerant to sunlight irradiation for a period of at least 5 days in the experiment C and 3 days in the experiment D.Low survival rates of C.minitans were observed under light rain weather in the experiment A,and heavy rain weather in the experiments B and E.The low recovery rate of C.minitans under rainy conditions suggests a possibility of rain wash of the inoculum of C.minitans applied to the florets of oilseed rape.Field experiments in two seasons were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of applying the mycoparasite C.minitans alone or mixed with the fungicide dimethachlon to the aerial parts of rapeseed plants at the flowering stage to control sclerotinia diseases.Results showed that compared to the control treatment,a significant reduction of SSR by aerial application of C.minitans alone or mixed with dimethachlon was observed.The recommended conidial concentration of C.minitans aerial applied alone at the flowering stage to control sclerotinia diseases was 1×10~6 conidia/ml.
In order to evaluate the potential of the mycoparasite C.minitans to control S. sclerotiorum in central China,a study was conducted to investigate survival of C. minitans in soil under field conditions in Wuhan,China,using the most probable number technique on potato dextrose agar(PDA).Results showed that in non-irrigated soil,C. minitans strain SV-5-2 survived for 10 and 25 months in the first and the second assay, respectively.The concentration of viable C.minitans had a decreased from 5.1×10~5 to 8.0×10~4 cfu g~(-1) soil in the first assay and from 7.2×10~5 to 3.9×10~4 cfu g~(-1) soil in the second assay.In water-submerged soil,survival of C.minitans lasted for 5 months both in summer-autumn seasons and in winter-spring seasons.The population of C.minitans declined quickly,especially in the summer-autumn seasons.In addition,effects of temperature and soil water content on survival of C.minitans were characterized by incubating C.minitans-incorporated soil of different water treatments at 4,10,20 or 28℃for 30-360 days,at 30 or 35℃for 1-210 days,at 37 or 40℃for 1-180 days,and at 45 or 50℃for 1-7 days,and periodically detecting viable C.minitans on PDA.Results showed that at 4-28℃,C.minitans survived one year in soil containing 6.3%,18.5%or 45.4%of water and no significant difference(P＞0.05) in the concentration of viable C.minitans was detected among the three water treatments at each temperature.At 30,35,37 and 40℃,survival of C.minitans depended on soil water content,lasting for 210 days at 30 and 35℃,and for 180 days at 37 and 40℃,in soil containing 6.3%of water,whereas for 120,21,14 and 3 days in soil containing 18.5%of water and for 120,14,3 and 3 days in soil containing 45.4%of water for these temperatures,respectively.At 45 and 50℃,C. minitans survived one day or shorter in soil of the three water treatments.These results suggest that C.minitans can survive for a long time in soil under climatic conditions in central China and can be used as soil treatment for suppression of S.sclerotiorum.Results of potting experiment indicated that the conidial concentration of C.minitans greatly affected the number of apothecia produced by S.sclerotiorum in three consecutive seasons.There was a tendency of decrease in the cumulative number of apothecia with the increase in the concentration of C.minitans conidia from 0(control) to 1×10~7 conidia/g soil.The minimum conidial concentration of C.minitans for significant(P＜0.05) suppression of apothecium production by S.sclerotiorum was 10-1000 conidia/g soil.Results of field experiments in two seasons showed that soil treated with C.minitans in the conidial concentration of 1×10~5 to 1×10~7 conidia/ml,greatly suppressed apothecia produced and controlled sclerotinia diseases caused by S.sclerotiorum.
Water-assisted dispersal of conidia of C.minitans in four soils(yellow-brown soil, red-clay soil,fluvo-aquic soil and black soil) and one sand was studied.Resuks showed that conidia of C.minitans could be disseminated with water and spread in soil or sand for 16-20 cm vertically and for 5-10 cm horizontally.The conidial concentration of C. minitans was logarithmically reduced with the increase in the depth or distance.These results suggest that soil application of C.minitans in plowed fields might be integrated in irrigations.Results of potting experiments in two seasons showed that sclerotial burial depth in soil greatly affected carpogenic germination by sclerotia of S.sclerotiorum in soil treated with C.minitans or water alone(control).In treatments of C.minitans and the control,sclerotia buried in soil at 0-0.5 cm in depth produced much more apothecia than those buried at 5 cm in depth and no apothecia formation was observed for sclerotia buried at 10 cm in depth in the entire season.Suppressive effect of C.minitans on carpogenic germination of S.sclerotiorum was also observed in comparison with the control treatment.
Effect of a compound fertilizer on mycelial growth,conidial germination of C. minitans and on infection of sclerotia of S.sclerotiorum by this mycoparasite was studied. Results showed that the compound fertilizer could significantly affect the mycelial growth and conidial germination of C.minitans and the degree of inhibition depends on the concentration of the fertilizer,however,without any lethal effect on C.minitans.The compound fertilizer did not affect the infection of sclerotia of S.sclerotiorum by C. minitans.This study suggests that the compound fertilizer was compatible with C. minitans.Results of potting experiment indicated that C.minitans mixed with the compound fertilizer greatly reduced the number of apothecia produced by S.sclerotiorum sclerotia in three consecutive seasons.Results of field experiments in two seasons showed that soil treated with C.minitans mixed with the compound fertilizer greatly suppressed apothecia produced and controlled sclerotinia diseases caused by S.sclerotiorum.
Three potting experiments were conducted to determine the effects of soil treatment with three mycoparasites on production of apothecia of S.sclerotiorum.All the three species of fungi assessed,C.minitans,Talaromyces flavus and Trichoderma atroviride were the effective agents for reducing carpogenic germination of S.sclerotiorum sclerotia. The efficacy of C.minitans mixed with T.flavus or T.atroviride reduced formation of apothecia of S.sclerotiorum were better than all the three species of fungi treated alone. Effects were greatest when inoculum of the three mycoparasites were applied in October, at the time of sowing,rather than when they were applied in May.
Based on the results of this study,four convenient techniques for application of C. minitans to SSR of oilseed rape were established,including aerial application of C. minitans alone or mixed with low-dose of the fungicide dimethachlon,water-assisted delivery of C.minitans to soil,integrated use of compound fertilizer and C.minitans and combination of C.minitans with Talaromyces flavus or Trichoderma atroviride.
首先,利用盾壳霉突变菌株SV-5-2对杀菌剂农利灵(vinclozolin)、青霉素和链霉素的抗性,建立了利用选择性培养基定量检测盾壳霉的方法。结果表明:在常规马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基(PDA)中同时添加农利灵(vinclozolin,500μg a.i./ml)、青霉素(500μg a.i./ml)和链霉素(500μg a.i./ml)对盾壳霉SV-5-2分生孢子萌发和菌丝生长没有太大影响。基于这一结果,建立了监测盾壳霉存活动态的选择性分离技术。此外,基于PCR技术,还探讨了盾壳霉的分子检测技术。结果获得了特异性检测盾壳霉的两对PCR引物。结果还表明:分子检测技术可用于研究盾壳霉与核盘菌之间的菌丝互作、盾壳霉寄生核盘菌菌核以及盾壳霉在灭菌土的存活。
研究了在中国华中地区田间条件下,盾壳霉分生孢子在油菜花瓣上的存活动态。2004和2005年的5次田间(A-E)试验结果表明:盾壳霉分生孢子可以在油菜花瓣上存活3～5 d。在5次试验中,盾壳霉分生孢子在油菜花瓣上的存活率分别为17.3%,14.3%,35.0%,62.6%和1.9%。研究结果还表明:盾壳霉分生孢子在油菜花瓣上的存活受天气的影响。在晴天的2次试验(C和D)中,盾壳霉分生孢子在油菜花瓣上的存活率较高。这表明:盾壳霉分生孢子可以忍耐阳光照射3～5 d。另外,在有降雨天气的3次试验(A,B和E)中,盾壳霉分生孢子在油菜花瓣上的存活率较低。盾壳霉数量减少的原因可能是雨水的冲刷作用。两年的花期喷雾试验结果表明:盾壳霉单独使用,以及将盾壳霉与杀菌剂菌核净混用,对油菜菌核病具有显著防效。就单独使用盾壳霉而言,推荐使用浓度为1×10~6个孢子/ml。
研究了盾壳霉在旱地土壤中的存活动态。试验结果表明:在夏季～秋季～冬季～春季试验中,盾壳霉分生孢子存活10个月以上;在秋季～冬季～春季～夏季试验中,盾壳霉可存活25个月以上。在这两个试验中,盾壳霉数量呈下降趋势。在第一次试验中,盾壳霉数量从5.1×10~5个/g土下降到8.0×10~4个/g土。盾壳霉数量的对数值(Y)与时间(X)之间的关系是:Y=5.6416-0.0095X-0.00003X~2(r=-0.8006,P＜0.01);在第二次试验中,盾壳霉数量从7.2×10~5个/g土下降到3.9×10~4个/g土。盾壳霉数量的对数值(Y)与时间(X)之间的关系是:Y=6.3161-0.0023X(r=-0.8379,P＜0.01)。在夏季～秋季淹水条件下和冬季～春季的淹水条件下,盾壳霉可存活5个月以上。盾壳霉数量的对数值随时间呈直线下降,特别是在夏季～秋季淹水条件下。此外,还研究了温度和土壤含水量对盾壳霉在土壤中存活的影响。在4℃～28℃下,盾壳霉在3种含水量(6.3%、18.5%和45.4%,w/w)的土壤中可360 d以上。在30℃～40℃下,盾壳霉在土壤中的存活与土壤含水量有关。在低含水量(6.3%)土壤中,在30℃和35℃下,盾壳霉可以存活210 d;在37℃和40℃下,盾壳霉可存活180 d;在中含水量(18.5%)土壤中,在这4个温度下,盾壳霉存活时间分别下降至120 d,21 d,14 d和3 d;在高含水量(45.4%)土壤中,在这4个温度下的盾壳霉存活时间分别下降至120 d,14 d,3 d和3 d。在45℃和50℃下,盾壳霉在3种含水量的土壤中存活均很差,存活时间少于2 d。盆栽试验结果表明:土壤中接种不同剂量的盾壳霉分生孢子对降低核盘菌菌核萌发产生子囊盘有显著(P＜0.05)影响。随着盾壳霉接种剂量的增加,核盘菌子囊盘数量呈下降趋势。显著抑制核盘菌菌核萌发产生子囊盘的最低孢子浓度为10～1000个孢子/g土。两季大田试验结果表明:施用浓度1×10~5个/ml到1×10~7个/ml的盾壳霉均能显著抑制核盘菌菌核萌发产生子囊盘,对油菜菌核病亦有防治效果。
研究了盾壳霉在4种不同土壤(黄棕壤、红壤、潮土、黑土)和砂子中的垂直扩散和水平扩散规律。结果表明:盾壳霉分生孢子可以随水分垂直扩散20 cm深,水平扩散10 cm远。两季盆栽试验结果表明:菌核埋入深度显著影响核盘菌菌核萌发产生的子囊盘数量,菌核埋入土壤深度5 cm以上时,基本不产生子囊盘。盾壳霉对菌核萌发产生子囊盘有显著的抑制作用。
研究了盾壳霉与复合肥的相容性。结果表明:盾壳霉与复合肥有一定的相容性。一定浓度的复合肥对盾壳霉菌丝生长和分生孢子萌发有抑制作用,抑制强度与复合肥浓度呈正相关。但复合肥对盾壳霉没有致死作用,对其寄生菌核也没有显著影响。三季盆栽试验和两季大田试验结果均表明:盾壳霉与复合肥混用能显著降低核盘菌菌核萌发产生子囊盘,对油菜菌核病亦有防治效果。
研究了盾壳霉、木霉和黄色蠕形霉单独使用,以及盾壳霉与木霉或黄色蠕形霉混用对核盘菌菌核萌发产生子囊盘的影响。盆栽试验结果表明:盾壳霉、木霉和黄色蠕形霉单独使用,以及盾壳霉与木霉或黄色蠕形霉混合使用,对核盘菌菌核萌发产生子囊盘均具有抑制效果,尤其是盾壳霉与木霉或黄色是蠕形霉混用的抑制效果更佳。结果还表明:秋季(10月份)使用这些生防菌抑制核盘菌子囊盘萌发的抑制效果比夏季(5月份)好。
基于上述研究结果,建立了应用盾壳霉防治油菜菌核病的轻便化使用技术。这些技术包括:花期喷雾技术、水辅助扩散盾壳霉技术、盾壳霉～复合肥混用技术和盾壳霉与其它重寄生真菌(木霉或黄色蠕形霉)混合使用技术等。
Coniothyrium minitans is a promising biocontrol agent(BCA) of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum,the causal agent of sclerotinia stem rot(SSR) of oilseed rape.C.minitans can be used in two approaches for control SSR of oilseed rape:spray application on floral parts for suppression of infection by ascospores of S.sclerotiorum on flower petals and soil application for destruction of sclerotia of S.sclerotiorum.In order to evaluate the potential of C.minitans as a BCA for SSR of oilseed rape,to improve the efficacy of C. minitans and to establish convenient methods for application of C.minitans,we investigated survival of C.minitans on flower petals of oilseed rape and in natural soil under field condition in central China and factors affecting survival of C.minitans. Meanwhile,water-assisted dissemination of C.minitans conidia in soil was studied.
On the basis of resistance against the fungicide vinclozolin and to the two bactericides benzylpencillin sodium and streptomycin sulfate,a selective medium containing vinclozolin(500μg a.i./ml),benzylpencillin sodium(500μg a.i./ml) and streptomycin sulfate(500μg a.i./ml) was formulated.C.minitans strain SV-5-2 could conduct normal conidial germination and mycelial growth on this medium.Therefore,the medium could be used for monitoring C.minitans released to environment.Meanwhile,a PCR-based assay was developed to specifically detect C.minitans.This molecular detection assay was successfully used in studying the interaction between C.minitans and S.sclerotiorum,parasitism of sclerotia S.sclerotiorum by C.minitans and in detection of C.minitans in sterile soil.
Using this medium,survival of C.minitans on flower petals of oilseed rape was tracked.Results of the five field experiments(A-E) conducted in 2004 and 2005 showed that C.minitans strain SV-5-2 applied to flower racemes of oilseed rape could be detected for five days in four experiments and three days in one experiment.The rate of survival of C.minitans decreased with time and at the last sampling date,the survival rate was 17.3%, 14.3%,35.0%,62.6%and 1.9%for experiments A,B,C,D,and E,respectively. Moreover,survival of C.minitans was affected by weather conditions.Relatively,high rates of survival of C.minitans were observed under sunny weather in the experiments C and D,implying that conidia of C.minitans are tolerant to sunlight irradiation for a period of at least 5 days in the experiment C and 3 days in the experiment D.Low survival rates of C.minitans were observed under light rain weather in the experiment A,and heavy rain weather in the experiments B and E.The low recovery rate of C.minitans under rainy conditions suggests a possibility of rain wash of the inoculum of C.minitans applied to the florets of oilseed rape.Field experiments in two seasons were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of applying the mycoparasite C.minitans alone or mixed with the fungicide dimethachlon to the aerial parts of rapeseed plants at the flowering stage to control sclerotinia diseases.Results showed that compared to the control treatment,a significant reduction of SSR by aerial application of C.minitans alone or mixed with dimethachlon was observed.The recommended conidial concentration of C.minitans aerial applied alone at the flowering stage to control sclerotinia diseases was 1×10~6 conidia/ml.
In order to evaluate the potential of the mycoparasite C.minitans to control S. sclerotiorum in central China,a study was conducted to investigate survival of C. minitans in soil under field conditions in Wuhan,China,using the most probable number technique on potato dextrose agar(PDA).Results showed that in non-irrigated soil,C. minitans strain SV-5-2 survived for 10 and 25 months in the first and the second assay, respectively.The concentration of viable C.minitans had a decreased from 5.1×10~5 to 8.0×10~4 cfu g~(-1) soil in the first assay and from 7.2×10~5 to 3.9×10~4 cfu g~(-1) soil in the second assay.In water-submerged soil,survival of C.minitans lasted for 5 months both in summer-autumn seasons and in winter-spring seasons.The population of C.minitans declined quickly,especially in the summer-autumn seasons.In addition,effects of temperature and soil water content on survival of C.minitans were characterized by incubating C.minitans-incorporated soil of different water treatments at 4,10,20 or 28℃for 30-360 days,at 30 or 35℃for 1-210 days,at 37 or 40℃for 1-180 days,and at 45 or 50℃for 1-7 days,and periodically detecting viable C.minitans on PDA.Results showed that at 4-28℃,C.minitans survived one year in soil containing 6.3%,18.5%or 45.4%of water and no significant difference(P＞0.05) in the concentration of viable C.minitans was detected among the three water treatments at each temperature.At 30,35,37 and 40℃,survival of C.minitans depended on soil water content,lasting for 210 days at 30 and 35℃,and for 180 days at 37 and 40℃,in soil containing 6.3%of water,whereas for 120,21,14 and 3 days in soil containing 18.5%of water and for 120,14,3 and 3 days in soil containing 45.4%of water for these temperatures,respectively.At 45 and 50℃,C. minitans survived one day or shorter in soil of the three water treatments.These results suggest that C.minitans can survive for a long time in soil under climatic conditions in central China and can be used as soil treatment for suppression of S.sclerotiorum.Results of potting experiment indicated that the conidial concentration of C.minitans greatly affected the number of apothecia produced by S.sclerotiorum in three consecutive seasons.There was a tendency of decrease in the cumulative number of apothecia with the increase in the concentration of C.minitans conidia from 0(control) to 1×10~7 conidia/g soil.The minimum conidial concentration of C.minitans for significant(P＜0.05) suppression of apothecium production by S.sclerotiorum was 10-1000 conidia/g soil.Results of field experiments in two seasons showed that soil treated with C.minitans in the conidial concentration of 1×10~5 to 1×10~7 conidia/ml,greatly suppressed apothecia produced and controlled sclerotinia diseases caused by S.sclerotiorum.
Water-assisted dispersal of conidia of C.minitans in four soils(yellow-brown soil, red-clay soil,fluvo-aquic soil and black soil) and one sand was studied.Resuks showed that conidia of C.minitans could be disseminated with water and spread in soil or sand for 16-20 cm vertically and for 5-10 cm horizontally.The conidial concentration of C. minitans was logarithmically reduced with the increase in the depth or distance.These results suggest that soil application of C.minitans in plowed fields might be integrated in irrigations.Results of potting experiments in two seasons showed that sclerotial burial depth in soil greatly affected carpogenic germination by sclerotia of S.sclerotiorum in soil treated with C.minitans or water alone(control).In treatments of C.minitans and the control,sclerotia buried in soil at 0-0.5 cm in depth produced much more apothecia than those buried at 5 cm in depth and no apothecia formation was observed for sclerotia buried at 10 cm in depth in the entire season.Suppressive effect of C.minitans on carpogenic germination of S.sclerotiorum was also observed in comparison with the control treatment.
Effect of a compound fertilizer on mycelial growth,conidial germination of C. minitans and on infection of sclerotia of S.sclerotiorum by this mycoparasite was studied. Results showed that the compound fertilizer could significantly affect the mycelial growth and conidial germination of C.minitans and the degree of inhibition depends on the concentration of the fertilizer,however,without any lethal effect on C.minitans.The compound fertilizer did not affect the infection of sclerotia of S.sclerotiorum by C. minitans.This study suggests that the compound fertilizer was compatible with C. minitans.Results of potting experiment indicated that C.minitans mixed with the compound fertilizer greatly reduced the number of apothecia produced by S.sclerotiorum sclerotia in three consecutive seasons.Results of field experiments in two seasons showed that soil treated with C.minitans mixed with the compound fertilizer greatly suppressed apothecia produced and controlled sclerotinia diseases caused by S.sclerotiorum.
Three potting experiments were conducted to determine the effects of soil treatment with three mycoparasites on production of apothecia of S.sclerotiorum.All the three species of fungi assessed,C.minitans,Talaromyces flavus and Trichoderma atroviride were the effective agents for reducing carpogenic germination of S.sclerotiorum sclerotia. The efficacy of C.minitans mixed with T.flavus or T.atroviride reduced formation of apothecia of S.sclerotiorum were better than all the three species of fungi treated alone. Effects were greatest when inoculum of the three mycoparasites were applied in October, at the time of sowing,rather than when they were applied in May.
Based on the results of this study,four convenient techniques for application of C. minitans to SSR of oilseed rape were established,including aerial application of C. minitans alone or mixed with low-dose of the fungicide dimethachlon,water-assisted delivery of C.minitans to soil,integrated use of compound fertilizer and C.minitans and combination of C.minitans with Talaromyces flavus or Trichoderma atroviride.
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