《福建方言字典》中汉语借词的翻译方法研究
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摘要
语言中的词汇是一个动态的开放系统,不断吸收外来词是语言丰富和发展的重要途径。一个民族在与其它民族交流过程中,不断吸收其它民族语言成分来丰富自己的词汇,是各种语言词汇发展的一种共同现象,即一种语言为保持自身活力而必需的手段。外来词是在各种语言中都普遍存在的词汇成分。不同语言相互吸收外来词是在文化和语言接触过程中发生的。在语言接触中,各种语言都从英语中吸收了大量词语,英语也从各种语言中吸收了大量词语。英语中还存在不少汉语借词,则更能说明语言动态发展的社会性和当今世界日益突出的国际性。因此,语言学界对英语中汉语借词的研究已有不少成果。但是,在中国,对借词的研究还相对薄弱。因此本文将以前人关于借词的定义、英语中汉语借词研究规则、方法、范围以及类型的理论为基础,选取英国传教士兼语言学家麦都思的《福建方言字典》一书中所收录的具有中国文化特色的借词为例子,分析麦都思是如何运用音译、意译以及半音半意的方法来翻译这些汉语借词的,为今后进一步研究提供较为系统的参考资源。
The vocabulary of a language is a dynamic open system, constantly absorbing foreign words in order to enrich and develop itself. It is a common phenomenon for a national language to assimilate words and phrases from other languages to enrich its vocabulary in the process of communication with other nations, thus maintaining the vitality of its own development. Borrowings or loadwords are only too common in any language, as a result of cultural and linguistic contacts. Many languages have absorbed a lot of words from English, which likewise has adopted a lot of words from other languages. The existence of Chinese borrowings in English, considering the different nature of Chinese from that of English in terms of language typology, further proves the extremely dynamic nature of a language and for that matter, internationalism in today's world. Many researchers have made great contributions to scientific and systemic studies on loanwords. However, studies on loanwords in China are far from abundant and adequate. Therefore, the present study attempts to explore such major issues as the definition of borrowing, its research methods and scope and types of borrowing, taking for illustration the borrowings of Chinese traditional and cultural characteristics from A Dictionary of the Hok-k(e|¨)èn Dialect of the Chinese Language by the English missionary and linguist Medhurst with the focus on the methods Medhurst used to translate these Chinese words and phrases, including phonetic transliteration, free semantic translation and blending method of sound and meaning.
The vocabulary of a language is a dynamic open system, constantly absorbing foreign words in order to enrich and develop itself. It is a common phenomenon for a national language to assimilate words and phrases from other languages to enrich its vocabulary in the process of communication with other nations, thus maintaining the vitality of its own development. Borrowings or loadwords are only too common in any language, as a result of cultural and linguistic contacts. Many languages have absorbed a lot of words from English, which likewise has adopted a lot of words from other languages. The existence of Chinese borrowings in English, considering the different nature of Chinese from that of English in terms of language typology, further proves the extremely dynamic nature of a language and for that matter, internationalism in today's world. Many researchers have made great contributions to scientific and systemic studies on loanwords. However, studies on loanwords in China are far from abundant and adequate. Therefore, the present study attempts to explore such major issues as the definition of borrowing, its research methods and scope and types of borrowing, taking for illustration the borrowings of Chinese traditional and cultural characteristics from A Dictionary of the Hok-k(e|¨)èn Dialect of the Chinese Language by the English missionary and linguist Medhurst with the focus on the methods Medhurst used to translate these Chinese words and phrases, including phonetic transliteration, free semantic translation and blending method of sound and meaning.
引文
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Chang Junyue[常骏跃],1997,英语中的汉英借用研究,《外语与外语教学》5
Chang Junyue[常骏跃],1998,英语中汉语借词借用成分--语音、语法特征变化分析,《外语与外语教学》,5:21-23
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Chen Hui[陈辉],2006,麦都思《朝鲜伟国字汇》钩沉,《文献季刊》,1:175-182
Chen Yuan[陈原],1983,《社会语言学》。上海:学林出版社。
Deng Daoxuan & Xie Jieguo[邓道宣,谢结果],2000,英语中的汉语借词略论,《乐山师范高等专科学校学报》,1:78-80
Du Mingfu[杜明甫],1999,英语中的汉语外来语探析,《河南财政税务高等专科学校学报》,4:49-51
Du Zailing[杜再玲],1999,英语汉外来语探析,《宁德师专学报(哲学社会科学版)》,1:79-80
Fan Jianhua and Wang Hongchang[范建华,王红昌],2002,英汉词汇音译探析,《山西农业大学学报(社会科学版)》,1:75-76
Gan Chengying[甘成英],2006,英汉词汇互借对语言文化的影响,《绵阳师范学院学报》,3:86-88,92
Gao Dandan[高丹丹],2006,英汉借词对比探析,《安徽文学》,10:70-71
Gao Mingkai & Liu Zhengtan[高名凯,刘正琰],1958,《现代汉语外来词研究》,北京:文字改革出版社。
Gao Ruikuo[高瑞阔],2005,Analysis of Language Borrowing Between English,Chinese and Japanese,硕士论文;安徽大学。
Gu Juhua[顾菊华],2006,英语中汉语借词的文化渊源和语言特征探究,《安庆师范学院学报(社会科学版)》6:61-63,70
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Hong Weiren[洪惟仁],1991,麦都思<福建方言字典>的价值,《台湾文献》2:95-115
Hong Weiren[洪惟仁],麦都思《福建方言字典》,下载自http://192.192.13.178:8088/html_show.php?sn=664&open_sn=676
Hu Zhuanglin[胡壮麟],2001,《语言学教程》,北京:北京大学出版社。
Huang Shijian[黄时鉴],2003,麦都思《汉语福建方言字典》述论。《中华文史论丛》,上海:上海古籍出版社,318-338。
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