梁启超历史进化论思想研究
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摘要
历史哲学在于回答时代的问题,要求表现时代精神。中国近代经历了空前的民族灾难和巨大的社会变革,“中国向何处去”的问题成了时代的中心问题。因此历史观问题在中国近代就显得非常突出,并具备特有的形貌和气象。近代中国主要有三种历史观:变易史观、进化史观和唯物史观。梁启超将西方自然科学的进化论与社会历史领域糅合在一起,创造性地提出了进化史观。它取代了变易史观,虽然又很快被唯物史观所代替,但为中国人接受唯物史观吹响了前奏,起到了承上启下的作用。
本文正是以此为切入点进行研究,试图对梁启超的历史进化论、历史进化主体和动力进行较系统、较深入、较全面的梳理与研究,希望窥见梁启超历史进化论的意义,并为今天的社会主义建设提供一些有价值的参考。梁启超认为历史是进化的,这种思想经历了历史变易观到进化史观的形成过程。进化之表现形式是多种多样的,进化的方向和趋势无极限,呈螺旋状而非直线似的。梁启超认为历史进化的主体是“群”或“群体”。历史进化的动力是多种多样的:有竞争、有“革”和“心力”等。
梁启超历史进化论肯定人力尤其是“心力”的功用,夸大英雄在历史发展中的作用,具有唯意志主义倾向,从本质上说是一种唯心史观和英雄史观。但他却用自己特殊的方式表达了对人类的自信和对人类自身力量的推崇,肯定人才是历史的真正主宰者,反对的是传统的天命史观。梁启超历史进化论强调“进者传而存,不进者病而亡”的“适者生存”原理,这鼓励处于危急关头的中国人必须“自强保种”、变革图强。
The philosophy of history lies in replying question of the age, and showing spirit of the time. The modern Chinese have experienced huge society transformation of the unprecedented national disaster, the question of "China went to where" has become the crucial question of age. The question in the thought and culture domain is " the struggle of the ancient and modern China, "and " the struggle of China and the West", Therefore the conception of historical question appears in the Chinese modern extremely prominently, and has the unique appearance and the meteorology. Modern China mainly has three conception of history: Changing history viewpoint, viewpoint of historical evolution and historical materialism. Liang Qi-chao creatively proposed viewpoint of historical evolution, unifying with the western natural sciences theory of evolution and the social history domain in the same place. It had substituted for the changing history viewpoint, although it very quickly is replaced by the historical materialism, but it has made a sound for the Chinese to accept the historical materialism, played the role which linked the preceding with the following.
The article conduct the research for the spot, attempts to discuss Liang Qi-chao's historical theory of evolution, the subject of historical evolution and the power of idea more thorough, more comprehensive combing with the research. Liang Qi-chao hoped to sneaks of the significance at the history theory of evolution, and provides some valuable references for today socialist construction. Liang Qi-chao thought that history is evolving constantly, the idea of historical evolution has experienced a forming process from the viewpoint of changing history to theory of evolution of history. The form of historical evolution is various, the direction and the tendency is limitless and spiral-shaped rather than straight. On the subject of historical evolution, Liang Qi-chao thought it "the collective " or "the community". The history is evolving constantly because its interior has many motivations;compete, the hero, "the reform" and "the mental power" and so on.
Liang Qi-chao believed firmly history was created for the human oneself, and affirmed hero's function. Although he exaggerated the heroic and person's spiritual power in the historical develop -ment and had mentalist, and this is essentially one kind of the historical idealism. But he actually expressed self-confidence of the humanity and the human own power by own special way, and confirmed that the human was the only true controller of historical evolution, and objected the traditional destiny viewpoint of history. Liang Qi-chao thought that the development of history is forward. This idea has broken the old idea which the ancient are respected by people and also has completed transformation from the viewpoint of changing history to the advanced evolution of history which emphasized the theory of" the survival of fittest "which "the advancing passes and survives, but the stopping does get sick and perishes".This idea encouraged Chinese at that time to save their nation and protect their generation and reform to be stronger.
本文正是以此为切入点进行研究,试图对梁启超的历史进化论、历史进化主体和动力进行较系统、较深入、较全面的梳理与研究,希望窥见梁启超历史进化论的意义,并为今天的社会主义建设提供一些有价值的参考。梁启超认为历史是进化的,这种思想经历了历史变易观到进化史观的形成过程。进化之表现形式是多种多样的,进化的方向和趋势无极限,呈螺旋状而非直线似的。梁启超认为历史进化的主体是“群”或“群体”。历史进化的动力是多种多样的:有竞争、有“革”和“心力”等。
梁启超历史进化论肯定人力尤其是“心力”的功用,夸大英雄在历史发展中的作用,具有唯意志主义倾向,从本质上说是一种唯心史观和英雄史观。但他却用自己特殊的方式表达了对人类的自信和对人类自身力量的推崇,肯定人才是历史的真正主宰者,反对的是传统的天命史观。梁启超历史进化论强调“进者传而存,不进者病而亡”的“适者生存”原理,这鼓励处于危急关头的中国人必须“自强保种”、变革图强。
The philosophy of history lies in replying question of the age, and showing spirit of the time. The modern Chinese have experienced huge society transformation of the unprecedented national disaster, the question of "China went to where" has become the crucial question of age. The question in the thought and culture domain is " the struggle of the ancient and modern China, "and " the struggle of China and the West", Therefore the conception of historical question appears in the Chinese modern extremely prominently, and has the unique appearance and the meteorology. Modern China mainly has three conception of history: Changing history viewpoint, viewpoint of historical evolution and historical materialism. Liang Qi-chao creatively proposed viewpoint of historical evolution, unifying with the western natural sciences theory of evolution and the social history domain in the same place. It had substituted for the changing history viewpoint, although it very quickly is replaced by the historical materialism, but it has made a sound for the Chinese to accept the historical materialism, played the role which linked the preceding with the following.
The article conduct the research for the spot, attempts to discuss Liang Qi-chao's historical theory of evolution, the subject of historical evolution and the power of idea more thorough, more comprehensive combing with the research. Liang Qi-chao hoped to sneaks of the significance at the history theory of evolution, and provides some valuable references for today socialist construction. Liang Qi-chao thought that history is evolving constantly, the idea of historical evolution has experienced a forming process from the viewpoint of changing history to theory of evolution of history. The form of historical evolution is various, the direction and the tendency is limitless and spiral-shaped rather than straight. On the subject of historical evolution, Liang Qi-chao thought it "the collective " or "the community". The history is evolving constantly because its interior has many motivations;compete, the hero, "the reform" and "the mental power" and so on.
Liang Qi-chao believed firmly history was created for the human oneself, and affirmed hero's function. Although he exaggerated the heroic and person's spiritual power in the historical develop -ment and had mentalist, and this is essentially one kind of the historical idealism. But he actually expressed self-confidence of the humanity and the human own power by own special way, and confirmed that the human was the only true controller of historical evolution, and objected the traditional destiny viewpoint of history. Liang Qi-chao thought that the development of history is forward. This idea has broken the old idea which the ancient are respected by people and also has completed transformation from the viewpoint of changing history to the advanced evolution of history which emphasized the theory of" the survival of fittest "which "the advancing passes and survives, but the stopping does get sick and perishes".This idea encouraged Chinese at that time to save their nation and protect their generation and reform to be stronger.
引文
[1]变法通议·自序
[2]同上
[3]同上
[4]同上
[1]变法通议·论不变法之害
[2]同上
[3]同上
[4]同上
[5]同上
[6]同上
[7]变法通议·论变法不知本原之害
[8]同上
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[2]王德峰编选.国性与民德[A].梁启超文选[M].上海:上海远东出版社,1995,103.
[3]梁启超.饮冰室合集·文集之九[M],2
[1]梁启超.饮冰室合集·文集之六[M],114
[2]廷启超.饮冰室合集·文集之六[M],112
[1]戴逸等主编.梁启超全集·中国专制政治进化史论(第二册)[M].北京:北京出版社,1999,771
[2]葛懋春等编.梁启超哲学思想论文选·史学之界说[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1984,105
[3]同上
[4]梁启超.新民说·论进步.[A]梁启超选集[M].上海:上海人民出版社,1984,234
[1]梁启超.饮冰室合集·文集之九[M],10
[2]梁启超.新史学[A].梁启超选集[M].上海:上海人民出版社,1984,283
[1]梁启超.饮冰室合集.文集之九[M],9—10
[2]梁启超.饮冰室合集.专集之九[M],9
[1]梁启超.十种德性相反相成[A].梁启超选集[M]上海:上海人民出版社,1984,157
[1]张灏.梁启超与中国思想的过渡(1890—1907).江苏:江苏人民出版社,1995,110
[2]梁启超.饮冰室合集.专集(之九)[M],3
[3]梁启超.饮冰室合集.专集(之七十三)[M],2
[1]梁启超.饮冰室合集.专集(七十三)[M],3
[2]梁启超.新史学[A],梁启超选集[M].上海:上海人民出版社,1984年,285
[1]梁启超.新民说[A]梁启超选集[M].上海:上海人民出版社,1984,219
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[1]梁启超.释革[A],梁启超选集[M].上海:上海人民出版社,1984,370
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[3]梁启超.饮冰室合集·文集之三(M),12.
[4]梁启超.饮冰室合集·专集之六(M),40
[1]梁启超.饮冰室合集·专集之六[M],60
[2]梁启超.饮冰室合集·专集之六[M],40
[3]梁启超.饮冰室合集·专集之四十七[M],3
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[4]梁启超.梁启超全集(第一册)[M].北京:北京出版社,1999,337
[1]梁启超.梁启超全集(第二册)[M].北京:北京出版社,1999,943
[2]梁启超.梁启超全集(第二册)[M].北京:北京出版社,1999,947
[3]梁启超.梁启超全集(第二册)[M].北京:北京出版社,1999,948
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[1]《孟子·滕文公下》
[1]《孟子·公孙丑下》
[2]《读通鉴论》卷十六
[3]《壬癸之际胎观第五》
[4]《论老子》
[5]《壬癸之际胎观第五》
[1]《论语·为政》
[2]《论语注》
[3]《论语注》
[4]梁启超.梁启超全集(第一册)[M].北京:北京出版社,1999,96
[5]梁启超.梁启超全集(第一册)[M].北京:北京出版社,1999,71
[1]梁启超.梁启超全集(第二册)[M].北京:北京出版社,1999,763
[2]葛懋春等编.梁启超哲学思想论文选·史学之界说[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1984,105
[1]《墨子·尚同中》
[2]《墨子·天志中》
[3]《春秋繁露·郊义》
[4]《墨子·天志上》
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[2]同上
[3]同上
[4]同上
[1]变法通议·论不变法之害
[2]同上
[3]同上
[4]同上
[5]同上
[6]同上
[7]变法通议·论变法不知本原之害
[8]同上
[1]梁启超.饮冰室合集·文集之六[M].北京:中华书局,1989,27。以下的饮冰室合集均用此版本,省略。
[2]王德峰编选.国性与民德[A].梁启超文选[M].上海:上海远东出版社,1995,103.
[3]梁启超.饮冰室合集·文集之九[M],2
[1]梁启超.饮冰室合集·文集之六[M],114
[2]廷启超.饮冰室合集·文集之六[M],112
[1]戴逸等主编.梁启超全集·中国专制政治进化史论(第二册)[M].北京:北京出版社,1999,771
[2]葛懋春等编.梁启超哲学思想论文选·史学之界说[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1984,105
[3]同上
[4]梁启超.新民说·论进步.[A]梁启超选集[M].上海:上海人民出版社,1984,234
[1]梁启超.饮冰室合集·文集之九[M],10
[2]梁启超.新史学[A].梁启超选集[M].上海:上海人民出版社,1984,283
[1]梁启超.饮冰室合集.文集之九[M],9—10
[2]梁启超.饮冰室合集.专集之九[M],9
[1]梁启超.十种德性相反相成[A].梁启超选集[M]上海:上海人民出版社,1984,157
[1]张灏.梁启超与中国思想的过渡(1890—1907).江苏:江苏人民出版社,1995,110
[2]梁启超.饮冰室合集.专集(之九)[M],3
[3]梁启超.饮冰室合集.专集(之七十三)[M],2
[1]梁启超.饮冰室合集.专集(七十三)[M],3
[2]梁启超.新史学[A],梁启超选集[M].上海:上海人民出版社,1984年,285
[1]梁启超.新民说[A]梁启超选集[M].上海:上海人民出版社,1984,219
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[1]《孟子·滕文公下》
[1]《孟子·公孙丑下》
[2]《读通鉴论》卷十六
[3]《壬癸之际胎观第五》
[4]《论老子》
[5]《壬癸之际胎观第五》
[1]《论语·为政》
[2]《论语注》
[3]《论语注》
[4]梁启超.梁启超全集(第一册)[M].北京:北京出版社,1999,96
[5]梁启超.梁启超全集(第一册)[M].北京:北京出版社,1999,71
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[1]《墨子·尚同中》
[2]《墨子·天志中》
[3]《春秋繁露·郊义》
[4]《墨子·天志上》
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