二战后印度尼西亚政治民主化研究
摘要
关于政治民主化的研究是是政治学领域的一个非常重要的方面。印度尼西亚是东盟的重要一员,短时间内从一个威权统治的国家转变为一个比较民主的国家,这引起了国内外学术界很多学者的关注。目前,对二战后印尼政治民主化进程进行论述的非常多,但进行系统研究,并且同时关注最新改革动态的不是很多,本文尝试从这两个方面进行了初步的研究和分析。
本文包括四章:第一章“苏加诺和苏哈托时期的政治状况”,简要论述了从二战后印度尼西亚建国起至1998年苏哈托政府下台前的印尼政治状况以及在此期间政治体制发生变化的原因;第二章“印尼政治民主化改革”,从宪政改革、政党制度改革、军队民主化改革和地方分权改革四个方面对印尼的政治民主化改革进行了详细论述和分析;第三章“印尼政治民主化改革的原因”,尝试从印尼政治民主力量的扩大、国际局势的影响和苏哈托统治的危机三个角度来分析印尼政治民主化改革的主要原因;第四章“印尼政治民主化改革的评析”,对印尼政治民主的现状作了初步分析,论述了印尼政治民主文化培养的重要性,并对印尼政治民主巩固的前景作了初步展望。“结论”部分主要是在总结前述四章的基础上,指出印尼政治民主化改革进程中需要注意的问题及其改革的重要意义。
The research on political democratization has been an important aspect in the area of political field. Indonesia, an important member of ASEAN, has turned into a democratic country from an extreme authoritarian country, which attracts the attention of many scholars. Now, there are many papers about the process of Indonesian democratization, but the systematic dissertations which concern the new trend of democratic reform are still few. That's why the research is important. This paper describes the history and status quo of Indonesian democratization, trying to analyze the political democratization in the round.
Sukarno is the first president of the Republic of Indonesia and there are two phases during his governance: parliament democracy and "guided democracy". Indonesia started the transition from democracy to authoritarian regime during the Sukarno's governance. When Soharto assumed the reins of government, Indonesia is famous for the political power combination of the "president, army and Golkar". There are three main reasons accounting for the transition from democracy to authoritarian regime: the democratic forces in Indonesia are still weak; the army's contribution; the authoritarian tradition of political culture.
Since 1998, when Soharto dropped the rein of government, Indonesia began the process of political democratic reform in all aspects. This paper makes a thorough analysis on Indonesian reform of political democratization, which includes the constitutional reform, the reform on party system, the reform on military democratization and the reform on decentralization. Of all, the constitutional reform is the most important aspect of Indonesian political democratization. Up to now, the reform has made a lot of achievements. Meanwhile, many unavoidable issues arise.
The reform proceeds fiercely since the burst of the financial crisis in Southeast Asia. But the crisis is not the main reason why the reform started. This paper tries to find the main reasons of the Indonesian political democratization from three aspects: the enhancement of democratic force, the influence of the international situation, as well as the crisis of the rein of Soharto.
There has been almost 10 years since the Indonesian political democratization started. As to the results, the academics have many arguments and can't reach consensus. Indonesia is a country that is multi-ethnics, multi-religions, multi-culture and multi-languages. So, Indonesia has many "contextual problems" which is expressed by Samuel Phillips Huntington. The reform won't be successful without the solution of these problems. Susilo , who used to be a general , was voted to be the president of Indonesia in 2004, which explains that the people want a strong government. During the governance of Susilo, the process of political democratization is more efficient than before. The consolidation of democracy depends on the formation of democratic political culture. It will take a long time for Indonesia to cultivate the democratic culture.
本文包括四章:第一章“苏加诺和苏哈托时期的政治状况”,简要论述了从二战后印度尼西亚建国起至1998年苏哈托政府下台前的印尼政治状况以及在此期间政治体制发生变化的原因;第二章“印尼政治民主化改革”,从宪政改革、政党制度改革、军队民主化改革和地方分权改革四个方面对印尼的政治民主化改革进行了详细论述和分析;第三章“印尼政治民主化改革的原因”,尝试从印尼政治民主力量的扩大、国际局势的影响和苏哈托统治的危机三个角度来分析印尼政治民主化改革的主要原因;第四章“印尼政治民主化改革的评析”,对印尼政治民主的现状作了初步分析,论述了印尼政治民主文化培养的重要性,并对印尼政治民主巩固的前景作了初步展望。“结论”部分主要是在总结前述四章的基础上,指出印尼政治民主化改革进程中需要注意的问题及其改革的重要意义。
The research on political democratization has been an important aspect in the area of political field. Indonesia, an important member of ASEAN, has turned into a democratic country from an extreme authoritarian country, which attracts the attention of many scholars. Now, there are many papers about the process of Indonesian democratization, but the systematic dissertations which concern the new trend of democratic reform are still few. That's why the research is important. This paper describes the history and status quo of Indonesian democratization, trying to analyze the political democratization in the round.
Sukarno is the first president of the Republic of Indonesia and there are two phases during his governance: parliament democracy and "guided democracy". Indonesia started the transition from democracy to authoritarian regime during the Sukarno's governance. When Soharto assumed the reins of government, Indonesia is famous for the political power combination of the "president, army and Golkar". There are three main reasons accounting for the transition from democracy to authoritarian regime: the democratic forces in Indonesia are still weak; the army's contribution; the authoritarian tradition of political culture.
Since 1998, when Soharto dropped the rein of government, Indonesia began the process of political democratic reform in all aspects. This paper makes a thorough analysis on Indonesian reform of political democratization, which includes the constitutional reform, the reform on party system, the reform on military democratization and the reform on decentralization. Of all, the constitutional reform is the most important aspect of Indonesian political democratization. Up to now, the reform has made a lot of achievements. Meanwhile, many unavoidable issues arise.
The reform proceeds fiercely since the burst of the financial crisis in Southeast Asia. But the crisis is not the main reason why the reform started. This paper tries to find the main reasons of the Indonesian political democratization from three aspects: the enhancement of democratic force, the influence of the international situation, as well as the crisis of the rein of Soharto.
There has been almost 10 years since the Indonesian political democratization started. As to the results, the academics have many arguments and can't reach consensus. Indonesia is a country that is multi-ethnics, multi-religions, multi-culture and multi-languages. So, Indonesia has many "contextual problems" which is expressed by Samuel Phillips Huntington. The reform won't be successful without the solution of these problems. Susilo , who used to be a general , was voted to be the president of Indonesia in 2004, which explains that the people want a strong government. During the governance of Susilo, the process of political democratization is more efficient than before. The consolidation of democracy depends on the formation of democratic political culture. It will take a long time for Indonesia to cultivate the democratic culture.
引文
[1]Allen M.sievers.The Mystical world Of Indonesia[M].Johns Hopkins University Press,1974.
[2]Anders Uhlin.Indonesia and the "third wave of Democratization "[M].Curzon Press,1997.
[3]Arief Budiman,Barbara Hatley and Damien Kingsbury.Reformasi:Crisis and Change in Indonesia[M],Clayton:Monash Asia Institute,1999.
[4]Aris Ananta,Ebi Nurvidya Arifin,Leo Suryadinata.Emerging Democracy in Indonesia[M].Institue of Southeast Asian Studies,2005.
[5]Benedict R.O'G.Anderson.The idea of power in Javanese Culture[M].Ithaca:Comell University Press,1972.
[6]Chalmers Ian.Democracy Constrained:The Emerging Political Culture of the Indonesian Middle Classes[J].Asian Studies Review,1993,(1)
[7]DavidPotter,DavidGoldblatt,MargaretKiloh,PaulLewis.Democratization[C].Polity Press,1997.
[8]Herbert Feith,Lance Casties.Indonesian Political Thinking 1945-1965[M].Cornell university Press,1970.
[9]Heryanto,Ariel.Discourse and State Terrorism:A Case Study of Political Trials in New Order Indonesia 1989-1990[D].Department of Anthopology,Monash University,1993.
[10]Indonesia:Decentralisation and Local Power Struggle in Maluku[Z].Crisis Group,2007-5-22.
[11]James F,Riker.Linkding Development from below to the International Environmental movement:Sustainable Development and State—NGO Relations in Indonesia[J],Journal of Business Administration,1994,(1).
[12]John McBeth.Challenges of Progress[J].Far Eastern Economic Review,Vo1.157,No.17,1994-4-26.
[13]Jun Honna.Military Politics and Democratization in Indonesia[M],London:Routledge Curzon,2003.
[14]Leo Suryadinata.Elections and Politics in Indonesia[M].Institue of Southeast Asian Studies,2002.
[15]Maribeth,Priyambudi Sulistiyanto and Carole Faucher.Regionalism in Post-Suharto Indonesia[C].RoutledgeCurzon,2005.
[16]Richard Robison,David S.G.Goodman.The New Rich in Asia:Mobile Phones,McDonald's and Middle-Class Revolution[C].London and New York:Routledge,1996.
[17]Richard Robison,Vedir.Hadiz.Reorganising Power In Indonesia[M].Routledge Curzon,2004.
[18]Survey Reveals ABRI's poor Public Image[N].Jakarta Post,1998-9-29.
[19][澳]J·D·莱格.苏加诺政治传记[M].上海:上海人民出版社,1977.
[20][澳]李克莱弗斯.印度尼西亚历史[M].北京:商务印书馆,1993.
[21][美]约翰·芬斯顿.东南亚政府与政治[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2007.
[22][美]约瑟夫·熊彼特.资本主义、社会主义和民主[M].商务印书馆,1999.
[23][美]塞缪尔·亨廷顿.变革社会中的政治秩序[M],李盛平等译.北京:华夏出版社,1988.
[24][印尼]巴拉达斯·戈沙尔(Baladas Ghoshal).苏哈托后时期印度尼西亚的民主转变和政治发展[J].南洋资料译丛,2005,(4).
[25][印尼]苏哈托.苏哈托自传——我的思想、言论和行动[M].居三元译,北京:世界知识出版社,1991.
[26][美]科恩.论民主[M].北京:商务印书馆,1988.
[27][美]加布里埃尔·阿尔蒙德.《比较政治学》[M].上海:上海译文出版社,1987.
[28][英]迈克尔·利弗.当代东南亚政治研究指南[M].厦门:厦门大学出版社,2003.
[29][澳]J·D·莱格.苏加诺政治传记[M].上海人民出版社,1977.
[30][印尼]苏哈托.苏哈托自传—我的思想、言论和行动[Z].世界知识出版社,1991.
[31][日]井上治.从大选看印尼的政治社会结构[J].南洋资料译丛,2006,(2).
[32]张锡镇.当代东南亚政治[M].桂林:广西人民出版社,1995.
[33]张海涛.第三次白色恐怖[M].北京:华夏出版社,1988.
[34]张锡镇.论苏加诺的政治思想[J].世界历史,1990,(5).
[35]贺圣达、王文良、何平.战后东南亚历史发展[M].昆明:云南大学出版社,1995.
[36]陈鸿瑜.东南亚各国政府与政治[M].台北:翰芦出版社,2006.
[37]张蕴岭.亚洲现代化透视[C].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2001.
[38]曹云华.民主不是万应灵丹—评菲律宾和印尼的总统直选[J].东南亚研究,2005,(3).
[39]杜继锋.后苏哈托时期印尼军队的职业化改革[J].当代亚太,2006,(11).
[40]张志华、李荣钦.印度尼西亚的激进式分权化改革[J].《财政研究》,2004,(12).7
[41]亨廷顿.第三波—20世纪后期民主化浪潮[M].上海:三联书店出版,1998.
[42]潘一宁等.国际因素与当代东南亚国家政治发展[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2004.
[43]韦红.印尼宗教冲突的前因后果[J].东南亚研究,2000,(4).
[44]吴沛林.印尼五月骚乱迫害华人备忘录[J],华人时刊,1998,(1).
[45]陈尧.民主巩固学:民主化研究的新领域[J].社会科学,2007,(7).
[46]李卓辉:民主改革时代政治风云[C].台北:联通书局出版社,2004.
[47]刘相骏、皮军.后苏哈托时代印尼军队的改革[J].南洋问题研究,2008,(1).
[48]骆沙舟、吴崇伯.当代各国政治体制—东南亚诸国[M].兰州:兰州大学出版社,1998.
[49]王任叔.印度尼西亚近代史[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1995.
[50]张大勇.印度尼西亚的军人政治[J].南洋问题研究,1994,(2).
[51]米良.东盟国家宪政制度研究[M].云南大学出版社,2006.
[52]李文.东南亚:政治变革与社会转型[C].中国社会科学出版社,2006.
[53]李路曲.当代东亚政党政治的发展[M].学林出版社,2005.
[54]李路曲.东亚的中产阶级、市民社会与政治转型[J].当代亚太,2000,(11).
[55]曹云华.转型期的阵痛:论印尼的政治民主化进程[J].河南师范大学学报,2006,(1).
[56]郭又新.非政府组织和印尼的政治改革[J].东南亚研究,2006,(1).
[57 李克胜.现代民主民主含义的“三维”诠释[J].理论视野,2007,(8).
[58]李路曲.印尼多党体制面临的挑战[J].当代亚太,2003,(9).
[59]王馨,茅锋.印尼新总统苏西洛执政面临的挑战[J].东南亚纵横,2004,(6).
[60]李文.NGO与东南亚政治社会转型[J].东南亚研究,2004,(4).
[61]李文.东南亚中间阶层的二重性及其成因[J].当代亚太,2004,(6).
[62]文峰.试析东南亚威权主义威权政治的衰弱[J].世界经济与政治论坛,2002,(2).
[63]庞中英.转型还是混乱:印度尼西亚考察报告—印尼作为今日世界问题的例子[J].东南亚研究,2001,(1).
[64]王士录.2006～2007东南亚报告[C].云南大学出版社,2007.
[65]王士录.2005～2006东南亚报告[C].云南大学出版社,2006.
[66]王士录.2004～2005东南亚报告[C].云南大学出版社,2005.
[2]Anders Uhlin.Indonesia and the "third wave of Democratization "[M].Curzon Press,1997.
[3]Arief Budiman,Barbara Hatley and Damien Kingsbury.Reformasi:Crisis and Change in Indonesia[M],Clayton:Monash Asia Institute,1999.
[4]Aris Ananta,Ebi Nurvidya Arifin,Leo Suryadinata.Emerging Democracy in Indonesia[M].Institue of Southeast Asian Studies,2005.
[5]Benedict R.O'G.Anderson.The idea of power in Javanese Culture[M].Ithaca:Comell University Press,1972.
[6]Chalmers Ian.Democracy Constrained:The Emerging Political Culture of the Indonesian Middle Classes[J].Asian Studies Review,1993,(1)
[7]DavidPotter,DavidGoldblatt,MargaretKiloh,PaulLewis.Democratization[C].Polity Press,1997.
[8]Herbert Feith,Lance Casties.Indonesian Political Thinking 1945-1965[M].Cornell university Press,1970.
[9]Heryanto,Ariel.Discourse and State Terrorism:A Case Study of Political Trials in New Order Indonesia 1989-1990[D].Department of Anthopology,Monash University,1993.
[10]Indonesia:Decentralisation and Local Power Struggle in Maluku[Z].Crisis Group,2007-5-22.
[11]James F,Riker.Linkding Development from below to the International Environmental movement:Sustainable Development and State—NGO Relations in Indonesia[J],Journal of Business Administration,1994,(1).
[12]John McBeth.Challenges of Progress[J].Far Eastern Economic Review,Vo1.157,No.17,1994-4-26.
[13]Jun Honna.Military Politics and Democratization in Indonesia[M],London:Routledge Curzon,2003.
[14]Leo Suryadinata.Elections and Politics in Indonesia[M].Institue of Southeast Asian Studies,2002.
[15]Maribeth,Priyambudi Sulistiyanto and Carole Faucher.Regionalism in Post-Suharto Indonesia[C].RoutledgeCurzon,2005.
[16]Richard Robison,David S.G.Goodman.The New Rich in Asia:Mobile Phones,McDonald's and Middle-Class Revolution[C].London and New York:Routledge,1996.
[17]Richard Robison,Vedir.Hadiz.Reorganising Power In Indonesia[M].Routledge Curzon,2004.
[18]Survey Reveals ABRI's poor Public Image[N].Jakarta Post,1998-9-29.
[19][澳]J·D·莱格.苏加诺政治传记[M].上海:上海人民出版社,1977.
[20][澳]李克莱弗斯.印度尼西亚历史[M].北京:商务印书馆,1993.
[21][美]约翰·芬斯顿.东南亚政府与政治[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2007.
[22][美]约瑟夫·熊彼特.资本主义、社会主义和民主[M].商务印书馆,1999.
[23][美]塞缪尔·亨廷顿.变革社会中的政治秩序[M],李盛平等译.北京:华夏出版社,1988.
[24][印尼]巴拉达斯·戈沙尔(Baladas Ghoshal).苏哈托后时期印度尼西亚的民主转变和政治发展[J].南洋资料译丛,2005,(4).
[25][印尼]苏哈托.苏哈托自传——我的思想、言论和行动[M].居三元译,北京:世界知识出版社,1991.
[26][美]科恩.论民主[M].北京:商务印书馆,1988.
[27][美]加布里埃尔·阿尔蒙德.《比较政治学》[M].上海:上海译文出版社,1987.
[28][英]迈克尔·利弗.当代东南亚政治研究指南[M].厦门:厦门大学出版社,2003.
[29][澳]J·D·莱格.苏加诺政治传记[M].上海人民出版社,1977.
[30][印尼]苏哈托.苏哈托自传—我的思想、言论和行动[Z].世界知识出版社,1991.
[31][日]井上治.从大选看印尼的政治社会结构[J].南洋资料译丛,2006,(2).
[32]张锡镇.当代东南亚政治[M].桂林:广西人民出版社,1995.
[33]张海涛.第三次白色恐怖[M].北京:华夏出版社,1988.
[34]张锡镇.论苏加诺的政治思想[J].世界历史,1990,(5).
[35]贺圣达、王文良、何平.战后东南亚历史发展[M].昆明:云南大学出版社,1995.
[36]陈鸿瑜.东南亚各国政府与政治[M].台北:翰芦出版社,2006.
[37]张蕴岭.亚洲现代化透视[C].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2001.
[38]曹云华.民主不是万应灵丹—评菲律宾和印尼的总统直选[J].东南亚研究,2005,(3).
[39]杜继锋.后苏哈托时期印尼军队的职业化改革[J].当代亚太,2006,(11).
[40]张志华、李荣钦.印度尼西亚的激进式分权化改革[J].《财政研究》,2004,(12).7
[41]亨廷顿.第三波—20世纪后期民主化浪潮[M].上海:三联书店出版,1998.
[42]潘一宁等.国际因素与当代东南亚国家政治发展[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2004.
[43]韦红.印尼宗教冲突的前因后果[J].东南亚研究,2000,(4).
[44]吴沛林.印尼五月骚乱迫害华人备忘录[J],华人时刊,1998,(1).
[45]陈尧.民主巩固学:民主化研究的新领域[J].社会科学,2007,(7).
[46]李卓辉:民主改革时代政治风云[C].台北:联通书局出版社,2004.
[47]刘相骏、皮军.后苏哈托时代印尼军队的改革[J].南洋问题研究,2008,(1).
[48]骆沙舟、吴崇伯.当代各国政治体制—东南亚诸国[M].兰州:兰州大学出版社,1998.
[49]王任叔.印度尼西亚近代史[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1995.
[50]张大勇.印度尼西亚的军人政治[J].南洋问题研究,1994,(2).
[51]米良.东盟国家宪政制度研究[M].云南大学出版社,2006.
[52]李文.东南亚:政治变革与社会转型[C].中国社会科学出版社,2006.
[53]李路曲.当代东亚政党政治的发展[M].学林出版社,2005.
[54]李路曲.东亚的中产阶级、市民社会与政治转型[J].当代亚太,2000,(11).
[55]曹云华.转型期的阵痛:论印尼的政治民主化进程[J].河南师范大学学报,2006,(1).
[56]郭又新.非政府组织和印尼的政治改革[J].东南亚研究,2006,(1).
[57 李克胜.现代民主民主含义的“三维”诠释[J].理论视野,2007,(8).
[58]李路曲.印尼多党体制面临的挑战[J].当代亚太,2003,(9).
[59]王馨,茅锋.印尼新总统苏西洛执政面临的挑战[J].东南亚纵横,2004,(6).
[60]李文.NGO与东南亚政治社会转型[J].东南亚研究,2004,(4).
[61]李文.东南亚中间阶层的二重性及其成因[J].当代亚太,2004,(6).
[62]文峰.试析东南亚威权主义威权政治的衰弱[J].世界经济与政治论坛,2002,(2).
[63]庞中英.转型还是混乱:印度尼西亚考察报告—印尼作为今日世界问题的例子[J].东南亚研究,2001,(1).
[64]王士录.2006～2007东南亚报告[C].云南大学出版社,2007.
[65]王士录.2005～2006东南亚报告[C].云南大学出版社,2006.
[66]王士录.2004～2005东南亚报告[C].云南大学出版社,2005.