膜生物反应器深度处理碱法草浆中段废水研究
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摘要
造纸工业是工业水污染物排放的大户。为了完成“十一五”节能减排任务,国家于2008年8月1日颁布实施了最新的制浆造纸工业水污染物排放标准(GB3544-2008)。与现行造纸工业水污染物排放标准相比,新标准排水量和污染物排放浓度均有大幅度的加严,如COD_(Cr)即从原来的450mg/l提高到现在的150mg/l并且逐步加严。传统的造纸废水处理工艺已经难以满足新标准的要求,迫切需要开发造纸废水深度处理工艺。
膜生物反应器作为一种新型高效污水处理工艺,将膜的高效分离与生物降解融为一体,通过膜组件的高效分离作用,大大提高了泥水分离效率,而曝气池中活性污泥浓度的增大和污泥中特效菌的出现又可导致生化处理效率的提高。本研究正是利用其较高的泥水分离效率和生化处理效率的特点,全面系统地研究中空纤维膜生物反应器在深度处理碱法草浆造纸中段废水处理过程中的最优工艺参数、去除效率、膜污染控制、生物学机理等内容。该项研究的进行对膜生物反应器将来在深度处理造纸中段废水中的应用具有重要的科学意义。
首先,采用膜生物反应器对造纸废水二沉池出水进行深度处理。研究发现,由于进水COD_(Cr)较低,污泥负荷过低,微生物的营养不够,所以难以达到期望中的污泥浓度(污泥浓度难以超过3.5g/l),而且MLVSS/MLSS仅为0.3左右;如果不额外投加营养,COD_(Cr)去除率比较低,在停留时间为10小时,溶解氧为3.5mg/l条件下,COD_(Cr)去除率仅为30%左右,浊度去除效率可达90%以上;污泥的粒径分散度偏小,小于100μm的颗粒累积超过80%;膜污染比较轻,一个清洗周期可以到60天左右。
其次,采用膜生物反应器对造纸废水生化池出水进行深度处理。研究发现,将生化池的出水直接进入反应器,解决由于营养低而难以提高污泥浓度的问题,从而提高了COD_(Cr)去除效率;提出了优化运行参数,在停留时间10小时,污泥浓度8g/l时,COD_(Cr)去除效率可以达到45%以上。
研究了膜生物反应器对生化池出水实验中膜的污染与清洗规律。实验表明,每日的反冲洗可延长膜的化学清洗周期(当每日用物理方法对膜进行清洗时,化学清洗周期可达60天,而不清洗时,其化学清洗周期仅为15天);随着污泥浓度的提高,清洗周期变短,当污泥浓度达到10g/l及以上时,膜污染会突然加剧。
研究了膜生物反应器对生化池出水实验中,反应器内污泥与进水污泥的性状,并对比研究了污泥群落、微生物数量和种类、耗氧速率、粒径分散度、EPS/SMP。研究发现,膜生物反应器内微生物数量增加了近3倍,枯草杆菌增加到3.4倍,耗氧速率加快,200μm以上的污泥颗粒增多,EPS随时间逐渐累积,而SMP则变化不大;研究了反应器的污泥平衡情况,以及连续曝气的污泥浓度变化,发现污泥存在自身消耗现象;研究了进出水分子量的分布变化,表明30000以上分子可以被部分截留。
第三,研究了膜生物反应器与其它工艺结合处理生化池出水。研究发现:投加粉末活性炭不仅比投加颗粒活性炭对COD_(Cr)和色度具有更好的去除效果,而且投加活性炭有助于清洗周期延长,减轻膜污染;计算出适合的臭氧投加量为25mg/L·min;发现反渗透组件在清污比为1:4时的SDI为1.45,满足反渗透组件的常规要求;利用色质联分析仪对可能引起色度变化的物质进行了探讨并发现,废水中引起发色物质的发色键是非常稳定的,臭氧的强氧化作用可以使之断裂并重新组合,生成酯类等无色物质。
最后,分析了采用MBR对生化出水进行深度处理的工艺与经济可行性。
总之,利用膜生物反应器处理已有企业碱法草浆造纸中段废水的生化处理出水,可以去除45%以上的COD_(Cr),辅以臭氧或者活性炭脱色,出水指标能够达到国家新标准的要求,而且通过膜清洗可以保持膜生物反应器长期稳定运行。
The national standard on paper industrial pollutants discharging has been revised from on and on with the rapid development and innovation of this industry,which is first released in 1983 and revised in 1992 and 1999 respectively.In 2001,the index number of GWPB2-1999 was replaced by GB 3544-2001.And in 2003,SEPA has made some amendment on GB3544-2001.
The indicators in the former＜Discharge Standard of Water Pollutants for Paper Industry＞(GB3544-2001) were nearly to these of such discharge standard in developed countries and/or regions in early 1990s,such as the discharge standard for COD_(Cr) of non-wood paper industry is 450mg/L.However,the threshold of COD_(Cr) for V-class water in current＜Environmental Quality Standard for Surface Water＞(GB3838-2002) is 40mg/l.The big difference between the two data will lead to contamination of receiving water body caused by highly concentrated wastewater.In terms of the requirements of＜Outline of the 11~(th) Five-year Plan on Economical and Social Development in P.R.CHINA＞and＜The Notice of Publishing Comprehensive Work Plan Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction(No.15[2007]of the State Council)＞,the COD_(Cr) should be decrease from 14.14 million tons to 12.73 million tons by 2010,which is tough to complete.Pulp & Paper is one of the most important industries in China,and it also contributes a lot for water pollution.In 2006,the amount 1.553 million tons COD_(Cr) discharged by paper-making industry,ranks No.1 among all the industrial COD_(Cr) emissions,accounting for 33.6%of the total amount.The latest＜Discharge Standard of Water Pollutants for Paper Industry＞(GB3544-2001) has been released on June 25~(th),2008 and will be put into effect on Aug l~(st),2008.The new standard will play an important role in promoting industrial structure optimization,stabilizing discharge pollutants to meet relevant standards to fulfill the target of 11~(th) "Five-year" Plan.
The latest＜Discharge Standard of Water Pollutants for Paper Industry＞(GB3544-2001) defines discharging thresholds for existing factories and new factories concerning pulp-making sector,pulp & paper sector and paper-making sector.Furthermore,the draft standard for approval also defines specific thresholds for some areas with high-density exploitation,subdued environment carrying capacity,less water environment capacity,weak ecological environment,easy to cause serious water pollution etc.
Compared with current＜Discharge Standard of Water Pollutants for Paper Industry＞,new parameters such as N,P,chroma,dioxin are added, AOX(adsorbable organic halogens) is adjusted as an indicator for pollution control,and the discharge amount and concentration has been strengthened to a higher level as well.
Take an example of straw pulp & paper making factory:
The permitted wastewater discharge amount is reduced from 300m~3/t to 80t/t by 73%for existing straw pulp & paper factories,for new straw pulp & paper factories,this figure is reduced from 300m~3/t to 40t/t by 87%.
The concentration of COD_(Cr) for existing straw pulp & paper factories is reduced from 450mg/l to 150mg/l,which is only 33%compared to the former standard,for new straw pulp & paper factories,this figure is reduced from 450mg/l to 90mg/l by 80%.
The concentration of BOD_5 for existing straw pulp & paper factories is reduced from 100mg/l to 30mg/l,which is decreased by 70%in the new standard,for new straw pulp & paper factories,this figure is reduced from 100mg/l to 20mg/l by 80%.
The concentration of SS for existing straw pulp & paper factories is reduced from 100mg/l to 50mg/l,which is stricter than the former by 50% in the new standard,for new straw pulp & paper factories,this figure is reduced from 100mg/l to 30mg/l by 80%.
The concentration of ammonian,total nitrogen,total phosphorus, AOX and chroma for existing straw pulp & paper factories in the current standard is 10 mg/l,15mg/l,1.0 mg/l,15mg/l,50 times respectively,which is decreased by 50%;for new straw pulp & paper factories,this figure is reduced from 450mg/l to 90mg/l by 80%.
The water pollutants discharge standard for pulp and paper factories is also stricter than before on some extent.
According to the new standard,the factory should take measures to control and treat the pollution to meet relevant standard before discharging.
For wastepaper pulp & paper factories,they are facing bigger challenges than straw pulp factories and wood pulp factories.Take straw pulp factory for example,the COD_(Cr) concentration of grey water is around 2000mg/l.However,in the new standard,it is request to reduce to 150mg/l before discharging,which means the COD_(Cr) removal should reach to 92.5%.This is quite difficult for pulp & paper wastewater,as it's less biodegradable.
Chroma concentration for most straw pulp & paper factories is around 80～100.In accordance of the new standard,it should be reduce to 50.Thus,decoloring process will be needed or designed into current processes.This is also difficult.
Ammonia,total nitrogen,total phosphorus is a little difficult to remove for ammonium sulfite pulp factories,but it's easier for alkaline technology.It is surveyed that discharge concentration of ammonia,total nitrogen,total phosphorus could be below 10mg/l,15mg/l and 1mg/l respectively for more than 70%enterprises in Shandong province, approximately to the requirements in the new standard.
In order to meet the requirement in the new standard,wastewater treatment facilities should be improved besides technical process optimization,structure adjustment etc.Technologies for advanced treatment for grey water in alkaline wheat straw pulp process,wood pulp process and wastepaper pulp process is mature and popular.Most of these technologies are used to include aerobic biological treatment and coagulation sedimentation process,with COD_(Cr)removal efficiency could reach above 80%.Whereas it could not reach to the requirement in the new standard with these technologies,new process should be introduce to deal with this problem.
MBR(Membrane Biological Reactor) is a potential solution for current and future wastewater treatment,depended on its own features: membrane filtration could extremely improve the separation efficiency, also the high concentration of activated sludge in aerobic pond and specific bacteria in the sludge would improve the bio-chemical treatment efficiency.
Membrane Bio-Reactor(MBR) has been gradually applied to wastewater treatment of paper making industry.Han Huaifen and her colleagues tried aerobic MBR to treat pulp wastewater(black liquid,grey water,white water),and compared it with conventional active sludge technology and bio-contact oxygenation technology.It is shown that MBR treatment could decrease the COD_(Cr) to an amount of less than 100mg/L (the hydraulic retention time is 18 hrs),and the total removal rate of the whole reactor could reach to 90%;while the other two failed to meet the requirement even the hydraulic retention time lasts for 40 hrs,with COD_(Cr) concentration of 149.3mg/L and 197.3mg/L respectively.The result is well proved that MBR is a better way for refractory biodegradation wastewater than the other two methods.Jin Mantong's experiment on Hollow-fiber Membrane Bio-reactor shows that this reactor can reach a higher removal rate of COD_(Cr) on refractory biodegradation wastewater such as paper making wastewater.When the sludge concentration is around 6,000mg/L,the removal efficiency can reach to 85%,with COD_(Cr) concentration of 50-60mg/L in the effluent.
There are researches abroad that disposing the waste liquor and it is showed that MBR is more efficiency to remove COD_(Cr),TOX and SS than activated sludge process.Other than the conventional bio-treatment methods,MBR has absolute advantages as follows:higher separating efficiency;help on the increasing of microbe concentration in the reactor; good for improving the reaction rate of the microbe;higher oxygen transfer efficiency.Besides,this system is auto-controlled,easy to manage and has better treatment results,more stable water quality and occupies smaller room.
The research hereby is focusing on disposing middle-stage wastewater with Hollow-fiber Membrane Bio-reactor,discussing the optimal indicator,removal rate,film pollution control,biology regime and its economic indexes,etc.
Research on deep disposal of secondary effluent of paper making wastewater has been done.It was found that since the influent water contains low amount of COD_(Cr) and sludge,very limited nutrition could be supplied to microbe,thus it was hard to reach the expected sludge concentration of more than 3,500mg/L.,and MLVSS/MLS is only about 0.3.If no additional nutrition is put in,the COD_(Cr) removal rate would be very low.Under the condition that the residence time is 10 hours and dissolved oxygen is 3.5mg/L,the removal efficiency of COD_(Cr) is only 30%,turbidity removal rate can reach the number of 90%;the dispersion degree of diameter of particles is too small and over 80%of the smaller-than-100um particles cumulated.So the film is very slightly polluted,and 60 days would be a cleaning cycle.
The application of MBR on bio-chemical tank effluent of paper making wastewater has also been tested.Piping the effluent directly into the reactor helps to solve the problem of low mud concentration due to lower nutrition and improves the COD_(Cr) removal efficiency.Under the condition of 10 hours residence time and sludge concentration 8,000mg/L, the removal efficiency of COD_(Cr) can reach 45%.
On a basis of record on membrane fouling and cleaning in frequency under the study of MBR treatment on effluent from biochemical pool,it is shown that if the back wash could be carried out every day,it would extend the chemical cleaning cycle of membrane.When the membrane is cleaned in physical method,the chemical cleaning cycle could extent to 60 days;when the physical method is not used,the chemical cleaning cycle is only 15 days.And the cleaning cycle will shorten with the increase of sludge concentration.Once the sludge concentration increases above 10000mg/l,membrane pollution will be aggravated.
In the study of MBR treatment on effluent from biochemical pool,by measuring sludge communities,microorganism quantity and kinds,OUR (Oxygen Uptake Rate),grain dispersity,EPS/SMP to compare physics properties between sludge in MBR and sludge in raw wastewater.The results show that the microorganism in MBR has increased by almost 3 times,hay bacillus increase to 3.4 times than before,the OUR also speed up,sludge particular above 200μm increase,EPS is cumulated with time, only SMP does not vary much.According to the study on sludge balance status and sludge concentration variations after continuous aerobic process,it is shown that internal consumption is existed in sludge.The record on molecular weight distribution curve of influent and effluent shows that molecular weight over 30000 could be trapped partly.
Research on adding activated carbon into MBR to treat wastewater from bio-chemical pool shows that the removal effect of COD_(Cr) and chroma would be better for activated carbon power other than activated carbon particular.Adding activated carbon is helped to extend the cleaning cycle to reduce membrane pollution.
Research on the primary effect for MBR combined with anaerobic wastewater treatment of effluent from biochemical pool and MBR combined with reverse osmose-membrane,it is calculated the adequate amount of ozone to be added is 25mg/1min.The reverse osmose part could meet the regular requirement when the ratio for clean water and wastewater is 1:4 and SDI value is 1.45.
Based on different technologies and treatment effect on chroma,this study also investigates some material possible to cause chroma variation by GC-MS.
This paper has raise up an optimized advanced treatment technology with relevant analysis on economic indicators.
In conclusion,the application of MBR to treat the grey water from alkli straw pulp technology could remove COD_(Cr) more than 45%.The MBR could be operated normally in long-term by regular membrane cleaning.If other measures could be taken together,the effluent could be possible to meet the requirement stated in the new standard.And this should be proved by further engineering test.
膜生物反应器作为一种新型高效污水处理工艺,将膜的高效分离与生物降解融为一体,通过膜组件的高效分离作用,大大提高了泥水分离效率,而曝气池中活性污泥浓度的增大和污泥中特效菌的出现又可导致生化处理效率的提高。本研究正是利用其较高的泥水分离效率和生化处理效率的特点,全面系统地研究中空纤维膜生物反应器在深度处理碱法草浆造纸中段废水处理过程中的最优工艺参数、去除效率、膜污染控制、生物学机理等内容。该项研究的进行对膜生物反应器将来在深度处理造纸中段废水中的应用具有重要的科学意义。
首先,采用膜生物反应器对造纸废水二沉池出水进行深度处理。研究发现,由于进水COD_(Cr)较低,污泥负荷过低,微生物的营养不够,所以难以达到期望中的污泥浓度(污泥浓度难以超过3.5g/l),而且MLVSS/MLSS仅为0.3左右;如果不额外投加营养,COD_(Cr)去除率比较低,在停留时间为10小时,溶解氧为3.5mg/l条件下,COD_(Cr)去除率仅为30%左右,浊度去除效率可达90%以上;污泥的粒径分散度偏小,小于100μm的颗粒累积超过80%;膜污染比较轻,一个清洗周期可以到60天左右。
其次,采用膜生物反应器对造纸废水生化池出水进行深度处理。研究发现,将生化池的出水直接进入反应器,解决由于营养低而难以提高污泥浓度的问题,从而提高了COD_(Cr)去除效率;提出了优化运行参数,在停留时间10小时,污泥浓度8g/l时,COD_(Cr)去除效率可以达到45%以上。
研究了膜生物反应器对生化池出水实验中膜的污染与清洗规律。实验表明,每日的反冲洗可延长膜的化学清洗周期(当每日用物理方法对膜进行清洗时,化学清洗周期可达60天,而不清洗时,其化学清洗周期仅为15天);随着污泥浓度的提高,清洗周期变短,当污泥浓度达到10g/l及以上时,膜污染会突然加剧。
研究了膜生物反应器对生化池出水实验中,反应器内污泥与进水污泥的性状,并对比研究了污泥群落、微生物数量和种类、耗氧速率、粒径分散度、EPS/SMP。研究发现,膜生物反应器内微生物数量增加了近3倍,枯草杆菌增加到3.4倍,耗氧速率加快,200μm以上的污泥颗粒增多,EPS随时间逐渐累积,而SMP则变化不大;研究了反应器的污泥平衡情况,以及连续曝气的污泥浓度变化,发现污泥存在自身消耗现象;研究了进出水分子量的分布变化,表明30000以上分子可以被部分截留。
第三,研究了膜生物反应器与其它工艺结合处理生化池出水。研究发现:投加粉末活性炭不仅比投加颗粒活性炭对COD_(Cr)和色度具有更好的去除效果,而且投加活性炭有助于清洗周期延长,减轻膜污染;计算出适合的臭氧投加量为25mg/L·min;发现反渗透组件在清污比为1:4时的SDI为1.45,满足反渗透组件的常规要求;利用色质联分析仪对可能引起色度变化的物质进行了探讨并发现,废水中引起发色物质的发色键是非常稳定的,臭氧的强氧化作用可以使之断裂并重新组合,生成酯类等无色物质。
最后,分析了采用MBR对生化出水进行深度处理的工艺与经济可行性。
总之,利用膜生物反应器处理已有企业碱法草浆造纸中段废水的生化处理出水,可以去除45%以上的COD_(Cr),辅以臭氧或者活性炭脱色,出水指标能够达到国家新标准的要求,而且通过膜清洗可以保持膜生物反应器长期稳定运行。
The national standard on paper industrial pollutants discharging has been revised from on and on with the rapid development and innovation of this industry,which is first released in 1983 and revised in 1992 and 1999 respectively.In 2001,the index number of GWPB2-1999 was replaced by GB 3544-2001.And in 2003,SEPA has made some amendment on GB3544-2001.
The indicators in the former＜Discharge Standard of Water Pollutants for Paper Industry＞(GB3544-2001) were nearly to these of such discharge standard in developed countries and/or regions in early 1990s,such as the discharge standard for COD_(Cr) of non-wood paper industry is 450mg/L.However,the threshold of COD_(Cr) for V-class water in current＜Environmental Quality Standard for Surface Water＞(GB3838-2002) is 40mg/l.The big difference between the two data will lead to contamination of receiving water body caused by highly concentrated wastewater.In terms of the requirements of＜Outline of the 11~(th) Five-year Plan on Economical and Social Development in P.R.CHINA＞and＜The Notice of Publishing Comprehensive Work Plan Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction(No.15[2007]of the State Council)＞,the COD_(Cr) should be decrease from 14.14 million tons to 12.73 million tons by 2010,which is tough to complete.Pulp & Paper is one of the most important industries in China,and it also contributes a lot for water pollution.In 2006,the amount 1.553 million tons COD_(Cr) discharged by paper-making industry,ranks No.1 among all the industrial COD_(Cr) emissions,accounting for 33.6%of the total amount.The latest＜Discharge Standard of Water Pollutants for Paper Industry＞(GB3544-2001) has been released on June 25~(th),2008 and will be put into effect on Aug l~(st),2008.The new standard will play an important role in promoting industrial structure optimization,stabilizing discharge pollutants to meet relevant standards to fulfill the target of 11~(th) "Five-year" Plan.
The latest＜Discharge Standard of Water Pollutants for Paper Industry＞(GB3544-2001) defines discharging thresholds for existing factories and new factories concerning pulp-making sector,pulp & paper sector and paper-making sector.Furthermore,the draft standard for approval also defines specific thresholds for some areas with high-density exploitation,subdued environment carrying capacity,less water environment capacity,weak ecological environment,easy to cause serious water pollution etc.
Compared with current＜Discharge Standard of Water Pollutants for Paper Industry＞,new parameters such as N,P,chroma,dioxin are added, AOX(adsorbable organic halogens) is adjusted as an indicator for pollution control,and the discharge amount and concentration has been strengthened to a higher level as well.
Take an example of straw pulp & paper making factory:
The permitted wastewater discharge amount is reduced from 300m~3/t to 80t/t by 73%for existing straw pulp & paper factories,for new straw pulp & paper factories,this figure is reduced from 300m~3/t to 40t/t by 87%.
The concentration of COD_(Cr) for existing straw pulp & paper factories is reduced from 450mg/l to 150mg/l,which is only 33%compared to the former standard,for new straw pulp & paper factories,this figure is reduced from 450mg/l to 90mg/l by 80%.
The concentration of BOD_5 for existing straw pulp & paper factories is reduced from 100mg/l to 30mg/l,which is decreased by 70%in the new standard,for new straw pulp & paper factories,this figure is reduced from 100mg/l to 20mg/l by 80%.
The concentration of SS for existing straw pulp & paper factories is reduced from 100mg/l to 50mg/l,which is stricter than the former by 50% in the new standard,for new straw pulp & paper factories,this figure is reduced from 100mg/l to 30mg/l by 80%.
The concentration of ammonian,total nitrogen,total phosphorus, AOX and chroma for existing straw pulp & paper factories in the current standard is 10 mg/l,15mg/l,1.0 mg/l,15mg/l,50 times respectively,which is decreased by 50%;for new straw pulp & paper factories,this figure is reduced from 450mg/l to 90mg/l by 80%.
The water pollutants discharge standard for pulp and paper factories is also stricter than before on some extent.
According to the new standard,the factory should take measures to control and treat the pollution to meet relevant standard before discharging.
For wastepaper pulp & paper factories,they are facing bigger challenges than straw pulp factories and wood pulp factories.Take straw pulp factory for example,the COD_(Cr) concentration of grey water is around 2000mg/l.However,in the new standard,it is request to reduce to 150mg/l before discharging,which means the COD_(Cr) removal should reach to 92.5%.This is quite difficult for pulp & paper wastewater,as it's less biodegradable.
Chroma concentration for most straw pulp & paper factories is around 80～100.In accordance of the new standard,it should be reduce to 50.Thus,decoloring process will be needed or designed into current processes.This is also difficult.
Ammonia,total nitrogen,total phosphorus is a little difficult to remove for ammonium sulfite pulp factories,but it's easier for alkaline technology.It is surveyed that discharge concentration of ammonia,total nitrogen,total phosphorus could be below 10mg/l,15mg/l and 1mg/l respectively for more than 70%enterprises in Shandong province, approximately to the requirements in the new standard.
In order to meet the requirement in the new standard,wastewater treatment facilities should be improved besides technical process optimization,structure adjustment etc.Technologies for advanced treatment for grey water in alkaline wheat straw pulp process,wood pulp process and wastepaper pulp process is mature and popular.Most of these technologies are used to include aerobic biological treatment and coagulation sedimentation process,with COD_(Cr)removal efficiency could reach above 80%.Whereas it could not reach to the requirement in the new standard with these technologies,new process should be introduce to deal with this problem.
MBR(Membrane Biological Reactor) is a potential solution for current and future wastewater treatment,depended on its own features: membrane filtration could extremely improve the separation efficiency, also the high concentration of activated sludge in aerobic pond and specific bacteria in the sludge would improve the bio-chemical treatment efficiency.
Membrane Bio-Reactor(MBR) has been gradually applied to wastewater treatment of paper making industry.Han Huaifen and her colleagues tried aerobic MBR to treat pulp wastewater(black liquid,grey water,white water),and compared it with conventional active sludge technology and bio-contact oxygenation technology.It is shown that MBR treatment could decrease the COD_(Cr) to an amount of less than 100mg/L (the hydraulic retention time is 18 hrs),and the total removal rate of the whole reactor could reach to 90%;while the other two failed to meet the requirement even the hydraulic retention time lasts for 40 hrs,with COD_(Cr) concentration of 149.3mg/L and 197.3mg/L respectively.The result is well proved that MBR is a better way for refractory biodegradation wastewater than the other two methods.Jin Mantong's experiment on Hollow-fiber Membrane Bio-reactor shows that this reactor can reach a higher removal rate of COD_(Cr) on refractory biodegradation wastewater such as paper making wastewater.When the sludge concentration is around 6,000mg/L,the removal efficiency can reach to 85%,with COD_(Cr) concentration of 50-60mg/L in the effluent.
There are researches abroad that disposing the waste liquor and it is showed that MBR is more efficiency to remove COD_(Cr),TOX and SS than activated sludge process.Other than the conventional bio-treatment methods,MBR has absolute advantages as follows:higher separating efficiency;help on the increasing of microbe concentration in the reactor; good for improving the reaction rate of the microbe;higher oxygen transfer efficiency.Besides,this system is auto-controlled,easy to manage and has better treatment results,more stable water quality and occupies smaller room.
The research hereby is focusing on disposing middle-stage wastewater with Hollow-fiber Membrane Bio-reactor,discussing the optimal indicator,removal rate,film pollution control,biology regime and its economic indexes,etc.
Research on deep disposal of secondary effluent of paper making wastewater has been done.It was found that since the influent water contains low amount of COD_(Cr) and sludge,very limited nutrition could be supplied to microbe,thus it was hard to reach the expected sludge concentration of more than 3,500mg/L.,and MLVSS/MLS is only about 0.3.If no additional nutrition is put in,the COD_(Cr) removal rate would be very low.Under the condition that the residence time is 10 hours and dissolved oxygen is 3.5mg/L,the removal efficiency of COD_(Cr) is only 30%,turbidity removal rate can reach the number of 90%;the dispersion degree of diameter of particles is too small and over 80%of the smaller-than-100um particles cumulated.So the film is very slightly polluted,and 60 days would be a cleaning cycle.
The application of MBR on bio-chemical tank effluent of paper making wastewater has also been tested.Piping the effluent directly into the reactor helps to solve the problem of low mud concentration due to lower nutrition and improves the COD_(Cr) removal efficiency.Under the condition of 10 hours residence time and sludge concentration 8,000mg/L, the removal efficiency of COD_(Cr) can reach 45%.
On a basis of record on membrane fouling and cleaning in frequency under the study of MBR treatment on effluent from biochemical pool,it is shown that if the back wash could be carried out every day,it would extend the chemical cleaning cycle of membrane.When the membrane is cleaned in physical method,the chemical cleaning cycle could extent to 60 days;when the physical method is not used,the chemical cleaning cycle is only 15 days.And the cleaning cycle will shorten with the increase of sludge concentration.Once the sludge concentration increases above 10000mg/l,membrane pollution will be aggravated.
In the study of MBR treatment on effluent from biochemical pool,by measuring sludge communities,microorganism quantity and kinds,OUR (Oxygen Uptake Rate),grain dispersity,EPS/SMP to compare physics properties between sludge in MBR and sludge in raw wastewater.The results show that the microorganism in MBR has increased by almost 3 times,hay bacillus increase to 3.4 times than before,the OUR also speed up,sludge particular above 200μm increase,EPS is cumulated with time, only SMP does not vary much.According to the study on sludge balance status and sludge concentration variations after continuous aerobic process,it is shown that internal consumption is existed in sludge.The record on molecular weight distribution curve of influent and effluent shows that molecular weight over 30000 could be trapped partly.
Research on adding activated carbon into MBR to treat wastewater from bio-chemical pool shows that the removal effect of COD_(Cr) and chroma would be better for activated carbon power other than activated carbon particular.Adding activated carbon is helped to extend the cleaning cycle to reduce membrane pollution.
Research on the primary effect for MBR combined with anaerobic wastewater treatment of effluent from biochemical pool and MBR combined with reverse osmose-membrane,it is calculated the adequate amount of ozone to be added is 25mg/1min.The reverse osmose part could meet the regular requirement when the ratio for clean water and wastewater is 1:4 and SDI value is 1.45.
Based on different technologies and treatment effect on chroma,this study also investigates some material possible to cause chroma variation by GC-MS.
This paper has raise up an optimized advanced treatment technology with relevant analysis on economic indicators.
In conclusion,the application of MBR to treat the grey water from alkli straw pulp technology could remove COD_(Cr) more than 45%.The MBR could be operated normally in long-term by regular membrane cleaning.If other measures could be taken together,the effluent could be possible to meet the requirement stated in the new standard.And this should be proved by further engineering test.
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