基于新经济地理学跨国企业选址影响因素研究
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摘要
在生产国际化、贸易和投资自由化、商品世界化、资本和市场全球化的大趋势下,跨国企业已经在很大程度上控制着国际贸易、国际投资和技术转让等经济活动,并且它的作用已经逐渐超过了贸易,成为影响世界经济的主要力量。跨国企业的发展表现出如下的特点：跨国企业的全球化战略,追求的是最低的生产成本和最高的销售价格,并且在这个基础上获得更多的市场份额和更高的利润。要实现这个目标,需要与其他的企业进行强强联合或者战略性兼并；跨国企业的研发活动更趋全球化和国际化；投资目的地依然是发展中国家；跨国联盟是跨国企业海外扩张采取的主要形式,采取这种形式主要是相互利用优势,扩大业务范围，以合作求发展。
中国作为发展中国家的最大引资国,一方面,既要保持对FDI持久的吸引力和凝聚力,有选择地吸引外资,不断促进经济增长；另一方面,我国企业在国内市场与外国企业竞争的同时也应该积极实施“走出去”战略,参与国际市场竞争。因此,这就需要新的视角和分析框架,来进一步证明已有的分析结果。而新经济地理学作为经济学的重要分支,其包含的垄断竞争、规模经济和运输成本等因素,都可以对当今跨国企业的选址行为给出合理的解释。
通过D-S模型赋予空间解释,新经济地理学对规模经济、运输成本、要素流动和投入产出联系的性质及其相互作用进行了深入的探讨。新经济地理学指出,由于集聚所特有的路径依赖性,全球一体化条件下的产业集聚程度将越来越高,本地生产要素和商品的价格将趋于上升。因此,生产要素和商品的不完全流动将会使得跨国企业转移投资,从而产生了产业从中心地区向外围地区扩散的全球性工业过程。在规模经济的条件下,产业集聚和长期增长随着运输成本的变化而变化。因此,新经济地理学的全球化含义为研究跨国企业选址问题提供了新的理论框架和研究视角。
本文中我们将首先对新经济地理学的相关理论与文献进行回顾,然后分别从基本和市场层面考察其对跨国企业选址的影响,接下来结合中国除重庆和西藏之外的29个省的相关数据进行实证检验,最后给出相关的结论和政策建议。
With the production internationalization, trade and investment liberalization, commodity globalization, capital and market globalization, multinational enterprises have largely controlled economic activities, such as the international trade, international investment and technology transfer. Multinational enterprises have gradually become one of the most major forces which affect the world economy. The development of multinational enterprises shows the following characteristics: Multinational enterprises'globalization strategies want to get the lowest production costs and the highest sales price, and on this basis to get more market shares and higher profits. To achieve this target, they have to cooperate or merger with other enterprises; Multinational enterprises' R&D activities become more globalization and internationalization; Investment destinations are still developing countries; Cross-border alliances are the major forms which multinational companies take to expand overseas; Taking these forms'target is mainly to use advantages of each other, expand business scopes and seek development through cooperation.
China is the biggest host country of FDI in developing countries. On the one hand, it is necessary for China to maintain long-lasting appeals and cohesions to FDI, to attract more and more foreign investment to promote economic growth; On the other hand, China's enterprises should implement the "going out" strategy to compete with foreign enterprises in international markets. Therefore, we should use a new perspective and analytical framework to find further evidences of the analysis results with a different approach. As an important branch of economics, the new economic geography is a good method to study the location of multinational enterprises with hypothesizes of monopolistic competition, economies of scale and transportation costs.
New economic geography discusses the nature of economies of scale, transportation costs, factor mobility, input-output linkages and their interactions through the space explanation of DS model. Because of the unique path dependence of agglomeration, the degree of industrial agglomeration will be much higher under the condition of global integration, the price of local production factors and commodity will tend to raise. Therefore, the imperfect mobility of local production factors and goods will make multinational enterprises transfer their investments. Under the condition of economies of scale, industrial agglomeration and economic growth will change with transport costs. Therefore, the new economic geography provides a new theoretical framework and perspective to study the location of multinational enterprises.
In this article, first, we will review the relevant theories and literatures of the new economic geography; then, we will study their impacts on the multinational enterprises location choices from the fundamental and market segments respectively; and next, we use the data of 29 provinces of China (except Chongqing and Tibet) for the empirical text; At last, we will give the results and relevant policy recommendations.
中国作为发展中国家的最大引资国,一方面,既要保持对FDI持久的吸引力和凝聚力,有选择地吸引外资,不断促进经济增长；另一方面,我国企业在国内市场与外国企业竞争的同时也应该积极实施“走出去”战略,参与国际市场竞争。因此,这就需要新的视角和分析框架,来进一步证明已有的分析结果。而新经济地理学作为经济学的重要分支,其包含的垄断竞争、规模经济和运输成本等因素,都可以对当今跨国企业的选址行为给出合理的解释。
通过D-S模型赋予空间解释,新经济地理学对规模经济、运输成本、要素流动和投入产出联系的性质及其相互作用进行了深入的探讨。新经济地理学指出,由于集聚所特有的路径依赖性,全球一体化条件下的产业集聚程度将越来越高,本地生产要素和商品的价格将趋于上升。因此,生产要素和商品的不完全流动将会使得跨国企业转移投资,从而产生了产业从中心地区向外围地区扩散的全球性工业过程。在规模经济的条件下,产业集聚和长期增长随着运输成本的变化而变化。因此,新经济地理学的全球化含义为研究跨国企业选址问题提供了新的理论框架和研究视角。
本文中我们将首先对新经济地理学的相关理论与文献进行回顾,然后分别从基本和市场层面考察其对跨国企业选址的影响,接下来结合中国除重庆和西藏之外的29个省的相关数据进行实证检验,最后给出相关的结论和政策建议。
With the production internationalization, trade and investment liberalization, commodity globalization, capital and market globalization, multinational enterprises have largely controlled economic activities, such as the international trade, international investment and technology transfer. Multinational enterprises have gradually become one of the most major forces which affect the world economy. The development of multinational enterprises shows the following characteristics: Multinational enterprises'globalization strategies want to get the lowest production costs and the highest sales price, and on this basis to get more market shares and higher profits. To achieve this target, they have to cooperate or merger with other enterprises; Multinational enterprises' R&D activities become more globalization and internationalization; Investment destinations are still developing countries; Cross-border alliances are the major forms which multinational companies take to expand overseas; Taking these forms'target is mainly to use advantages of each other, expand business scopes and seek development through cooperation.
China is the biggest host country of FDI in developing countries. On the one hand, it is necessary for China to maintain long-lasting appeals and cohesions to FDI, to attract more and more foreign investment to promote economic growth; On the other hand, China's enterprises should implement the "going out" strategy to compete with foreign enterprises in international markets. Therefore, we should use a new perspective and analytical framework to find further evidences of the analysis results with a different approach. As an important branch of economics, the new economic geography is a good method to study the location of multinational enterprises with hypothesizes of monopolistic competition, economies of scale and transportation costs.
New economic geography discusses the nature of economies of scale, transportation costs, factor mobility, input-output linkages and their interactions through the space explanation of DS model. Because of the unique path dependence of agglomeration, the degree of industrial agglomeration will be much higher under the condition of global integration, the price of local production factors and commodity will tend to raise. Therefore, the imperfect mobility of local production factors and goods will make multinational enterprises transfer their investments. Under the condition of economies of scale, industrial agglomeration and economic growth will change with transport costs. Therefore, the new economic geography provides a new theoretical framework and perspective to study the location of multinational enterprises.
In this article, first, we will review the relevant theories and literatures of the new economic geography; then, we will study their impacts on the multinational enterprises location choices from the fundamental and market segments respectively; and next, we use the data of 29 provinces of China (except Chongqing and Tibet) for the empirical text; At last, we will give the results and relevant policy recommendations.
引文
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