杆状病毒基因组扫描技术筛选病毒因子和顺式元件及其表达系统的应用
|
摘要
利用半补齐法构建了BmNPV基因组随机文库。将BmNPV DNA用Sau3A Ⅰ部分酶切,用Sal
Ⅰ完全消化质粒载体pUC19,分别以Klenow酶半补齐,连接、转化后得到覆盖率大于99.9%的文库。
通过与文库质粒DNA逐个共转染,鉴定了作用于早期基因helicase启动子的反式激活因子。筛选出的质粒均含有完整的ie-1基因。PCR克隆出ie-1基因共转染即可产生反式激活作用。为证实文库筛选的可靠性,分别克隆了其它主要早期基因并证实产物均不能对helicase启动子产生反式激活作用。瞬时表达分析表明,IE-1还可以对其它不同来源的启动子产生强烈的反式激活。
BmNPV hr3增强子的质粒不能激活另一报告质粒上的luc基因表达,但当细胞受到病毒感染时,便会强烈增强报告基因的表达。利用分别含有hr3的质粒、helicase启动子与luc基因的报告质粒和每个BmNPV随机文库质粒的DNA共转染家蚕细胞,结果显示杆状病毒的必需因子IE-1介导了hr3增强子在Bm细胞中的反式激活作用。进一步研究还证明IE-1因子作为蛋白质桥梁能使增强子对不同来源的启动子发挥广谱性的反式作用。这种增强子的反式作用一股能使转录活性提高40-100多倍。30bp回文序列是hr增强子反式激活中起作用的基本单元。
利用文库共转染筛选时发现一个较小的质粒能反式激活转录几十倍,其不包含任何病毒早期基因,但包含ie-1基因的5'侧翼非编码序列直至起始密码子上游19bp处。瞬时表达证实378bp的ie-1启动子序列能反式增强启动子转录40-100倍,说明此378 bp ie-1启动子中存在编码某个因子或存在某未知调控方式的一段序列。将此378 bp ie-1启动子分为不同长度片段以及定点突变证明并非编码因子造成这种反式激活。推测这种转录激活现象是增强序列的反式作用。而介导这种反式作用的蛋白是来源于宿主的细胞因子。将一段238 bp序列分别顺式连接于报告质粒的启动子上游或报告基因的下游后发现其可以不分正反,不分上下游并能远距离的增强目的启动子转录10,000倍以上。为了检测此非同源重复区增强子(non-homologous region enhancer,NHE)对不同启动子的增强活性,将其分别顺式连接至杆状病毒晚期启动子和哺乳动物病毒来源的启动子,发现NHE对它们都能发挥很强的增强作用。另外,通过构建同时含有同源重复和非同源重复这两种类型增强子的报告质粒转染后证实两种类型增强子能够协同作用于报告基因的转录。
通过将杆状病毒转移载体中的polyhedrin启动子替换为ie-1启动子,利用opa为报告基因,再将hr3增强子克隆于opd基因下游构建表达载体。共转染获得包含上述表达盒的重组病毒,通过对表达的OPD活性分析证明,该表达盒具有良好的表达效果。
将Pfu DNA聚合酶基因(PfuPol)克隆入转移载体使其处于多角体启动子控制之下。共转染获得重组病毒用于感染家蚕。SDS-PAGE分析显示表达的重组蛋白约90kD,将产物经一步法热变性后即可直接用于高保真PCR中。每毫升血淋巴中Pfu DNA聚合酶活性为2×10~5U。
A genomic library of BmNPV was constructed by "partial filling-in" method. The genomic DNA of wildtype BmNPV was partially digested by Sau3A I, and the plasmid vector pUC19 was fully digested by Sal I , and subsequently filled in by the Klenow fragment. After ligation and transformation, the BmNPV genomic library with the representation of more than 99.9% was obtained.The viral factor involved in transactivation of the early helicase promoter was identified by co-transfection using the generated BmNPV genomic library. All of the screened plasmids contained intact ie-\ coding region. The ie-\ gene was cloned by PCR to further confirm that only IE-1 but not other factors encoded by flanking sequences functioned as transactivator. Other major baculovirus early genes exhibited no transactivation to the helicase promoter. Transient expression also revealed that IE-1 could give strong transactivation to other promoters from various origins.A plasmid hr3 enhancer failed to stimulate the expression of another plasmid containing luc gene under control of a promoter, but strong stimulation occurred when cells were infected by BmNPV. Co-transfections of hr3 enhancer, report plasmid, which containing luciferase gene driven by BmNPV helicase promoter, and the BmNPV genomic library revealed that IE-1, the essential viral factor, contributed to the hr3 enhancer function in trans. Further investigations proved that IE-1 could mediate hr3 enhancer function in trans as a broad-spectrum protein bridge to stimulate promoters from various origins. The stimulating effects ranged from 40 to more than 100 folds. Functional dissections of the hr3 enhancer clarified that the 30-bp imperfect palindrome was essential for the enhancer function in trans.During the screening of BmNPV transactivator for the helicase promoter, a relatively small library DNA was found to transactivate the target promoter distinctly but more slightly than the screened viral factor IE-1. No coding region of any viral early factor but the 5' non-coding region until 19 bp upstream of ie-1 gene ATG was found by sequencing analyses. Further transient assays confirmed that the 378 bp ie-\ promoter can stimulate transcription of promoters 40-100 folds via co-transfection. Functional dissection analyses of four overlapping sub-fragments and site-directed mutagenesis revealed that the transactivation was not contributed by the potential viral factor. To further confirm the suppose that it is an enhancer acting in trans via a cellular factor, a 238 bp fragment was inserted into reporter plasmids to verify if this fragment could stimulate transcription from a linked promoter in a distance- and orientation-independent manner. After transfection, the fragment was proved to have prominent stimulation effects of more than 10,000 folds and meet all the classical definitions of an enhancer. This non-homologous region enhancer (NHE) was inserted into reporter plasmids (downstream of luc gene) containing baculovirus late promoter and mammalian virus originated CMV promoter and exhibited stimulation on both these two promoters. The NHE was subsequently proved to be function simultaneously with the homologous region enhancer hr3.
In the transfer vector BacPAK8, using ie-\ promoter substituted for polh promoter, the opd gene was inserted into the transfer vector under the control of ie-\ promoter. The homologous region enhancer hr3 was cloned downstream of the opd gene to construct a new expression cassette for the expression via BEVS. After co-transfection with linearized parent baculovirus DNA the recombinant baculovirus was obtained and further plaque screened. The results revealed that this expression cassette had advantages in improving expression level.The PfuPol gene was cloned into the baculovirai transfer vector pVL1393 under the control of the polyhedrin promoter. After co-transfection with Bsu36 I linearized BmBacPAK6 genomic DNA, the recombinant baculovirus harboring PfuPol gene was obtained and plaque screening was further conducted. The recombinant virus was used to infect silkworm larvae. SDS-PAGE analysis revealed that the recombinant enzyme was approximately 90 kDa in size and could be purified in a single heat-treatment step. The heat-treated enzyme was sufficient and retained good performance for amplification in PCR directly. The Pfu DNA polymerase was overexpressed up to 2X105 U per ml hemolymph.
Ⅰ完全消化质粒载体pUC19,分别以Klenow酶半补齐,连接、转化后得到覆盖率大于99.9%的文库。
通过与文库质粒DNA逐个共转染,鉴定了作用于早期基因helicase启动子的反式激活因子。筛选出的质粒均含有完整的ie-1基因。PCR克隆出ie-1基因共转染即可产生反式激活作用。为证实文库筛选的可靠性,分别克隆了其它主要早期基因并证实产物均不能对helicase启动子产生反式激活作用。瞬时表达分析表明,IE-1还可以对其它不同来源的启动子产生强烈的反式激活。
BmNPV hr3增强子的质粒不能激活另一报告质粒上的luc基因表达,但当细胞受到病毒感染时,便会强烈增强报告基因的表达。利用分别含有hr3的质粒、helicase启动子与luc基因的报告质粒和每个BmNPV随机文库质粒的DNA共转染家蚕细胞,结果显示杆状病毒的必需因子IE-1介导了hr3增强子在Bm细胞中的反式激活作用。进一步研究还证明IE-1因子作为蛋白质桥梁能使增强子对不同来源的启动子发挥广谱性的反式作用。这种增强子的反式作用一股能使转录活性提高40-100多倍。30bp回文序列是hr增强子反式激活中起作用的基本单元。
利用文库共转染筛选时发现一个较小的质粒能反式激活转录几十倍,其不包含任何病毒早期基因,但包含ie-1基因的5'侧翼非编码序列直至起始密码子上游19bp处。瞬时表达证实378bp的ie-1启动子序列能反式增强启动子转录40-100倍,说明此378 bp ie-1启动子中存在编码某个因子或存在某未知调控方式的一段序列。将此378 bp ie-1启动子分为不同长度片段以及定点突变证明并非编码因子造成这种反式激活。推测这种转录激活现象是增强序列的反式作用。而介导这种反式作用的蛋白是来源于宿主的细胞因子。将一段238 bp序列分别顺式连接于报告质粒的启动子上游或报告基因的下游后发现其可以不分正反,不分上下游并能远距离的增强目的启动子转录10,000倍以上。为了检测此非同源重复区增强子(non-homologous region enhancer,NHE)对不同启动子的增强活性,将其分别顺式连接至杆状病毒晚期启动子和哺乳动物病毒来源的启动子,发现NHE对它们都能发挥很强的增强作用。另外,通过构建同时含有同源重复和非同源重复这两种类型增强子的报告质粒转染后证实两种类型增强子能够协同作用于报告基因的转录。
通过将杆状病毒转移载体中的polyhedrin启动子替换为ie-1启动子,利用opa为报告基因,再将hr3增强子克隆于opd基因下游构建表达载体。共转染获得包含上述表达盒的重组病毒,通过对表达的OPD活性分析证明,该表达盒具有良好的表达效果。
将Pfu DNA聚合酶基因(PfuPol)克隆入转移载体使其处于多角体启动子控制之下。共转染获得重组病毒用于感染家蚕。SDS-PAGE分析显示表达的重组蛋白约90kD,将产物经一步法热变性后即可直接用于高保真PCR中。每毫升血淋巴中Pfu DNA聚合酶活性为2×10~5U。
A genomic library of BmNPV was constructed by "partial filling-in" method. The genomic DNA of wildtype BmNPV was partially digested by Sau3A I, and the plasmid vector pUC19 was fully digested by Sal I , and subsequently filled in by the Klenow fragment. After ligation and transformation, the BmNPV genomic library with the representation of more than 99.9% was obtained.The viral factor involved in transactivation of the early helicase promoter was identified by co-transfection using the generated BmNPV genomic library. All of the screened plasmids contained intact ie-\ coding region. The ie-\ gene was cloned by PCR to further confirm that only IE-1 but not other factors encoded by flanking sequences functioned as transactivator. Other major baculovirus early genes exhibited no transactivation to the helicase promoter. Transient expression also revealed that IE-1 could give strong transactivation to other promoters from various origins.A plasmid hr3 enhancer failed to stimulate the expression of another plasmid containing luc gene under control of a promoter, but strong stimulation occurred when cells were infected by BmNPV. Co-transfections of hr3 enhancer, report plasmid, which containing luciferase gene driven by BmNPV helicase promoter, and the BmNPV genomic library revealed that IE-1, the essential viral factor, contributed to the hr3 enhancer function in trans. Further investigations proved that IE-1 could mediate hr3 enhancer function in trans as a broad-spectrum protein bridge to stimulate promoters from various origins. The stimulating effects ranged from 40 to more than 100 folds. Functional dissections of the hr3 enhancer clarified that the 30-bp imperfect palindrome was essential for the enhancer function in trans.During the screening of BmNPV transactivator for the helicase promoter, a relatively small library DNA was found to transactivate the target promoter distinctly but more slightly than the screened viral factor IE-1. No coding region of any viral early factor but the 5' non-coding region until 19 bp upstream of ie-1 gene ATG was found by sequencing analyses. Further transient assays confirmed that the 378 bp ie-\ promoter can stimulate transcription of promoters 40-100 folds via co-transfection. Functional dissection analyses of four overlapping sub-fragments and site-directed mutagenesis revealed that the transactivation was not contributed by the potential viral factor. To further confirm the suppose that it is an enhancer acting in trans via a cellular factor, a 238 bp fragment was inserted into reporter plasmids to verify if this fragment could stimulate transcription from a linked promoter in a distance- and orientation-independent manner. After transfection, the fragment was proved to have prominent stimulation effects of more than 10,000 folds and meet all the classical definitions of an enhancer. This non-homologous region enhancer (NHE) was inserted into reporter plasmids (downstream of luc gene) containing baculovirus late promoter and mammalian virus originated CMV promoter and exhibited stimulation on both these two promoters. The NHE was subsequently proved to be function simultaneously with the homologous region enhancer hr3.
In the transfer vector BacPAK8, using ie-\ promoter substituted for polh promoter, the opd gene was inserted into the transfer vector under the control of ie-\ promoter. The homologous region enhancer hr3 was cloned downstream of the opd gene to construct a new expression cassette for the expression via BEVS. After co-transfection with linearized parent baculovirus DNA the recombinant baculovirus was obtained and further plaque screened. The results revealed that this expression cassette had advantages in improving expression level.The PfuPol gene was cloned into the baculovirai transfer vector pVL1393 under the control of the polyhedrin promoter. After co-transfection with Bsu36 I linearized BmBacPAK6 genomic DNA, the recombinant baculovirus harboring PfuPol gene was obtained and plaque screening was further conducted. The recombinant virus was used to infect silkworm larvae. SDS-PAGE analysis revealed that the recombinant enzyme was approximately 90 kDa in size and could be purified in a single heat-treatment step. The heat-treated enzyme was sufficient and retained good performance for amplification in PCR directly. The Pfu DNA polymerase was overexpressed up to 2X105 U per ml hemolymph.
引文
1.本杰明.卢因.Gene Ⅷ.(余龙,江松敏,赵秀元,等.,主译).科学技术出版社,北京.2005,p674
2.洪义国,孙谧,郑家声,王跃军,张云波,郝建华,王瑞娟,向悟生.黄海黄杆菌YS-9412-130低温碱性蛋白酶的基因克隆和序列测定.海洋水产研究.2000,21(4):46-53.
3.李江.角蛋白降解菌Streptomyces fradiae var.k_11中蛋白酶基因的克隆及表达.中国农业科学院研究生院博士学位论文.2005.
4.吕鸿卢,等.,中国养蚕学,上海科学技术出版社.1990.
5.吕鸿声.昆虫病毒分子生物学,中国农业科技出版社,北京.1998
6.唐顺明.家蚕、野桑蚕LSP与HSC70-4基因启动子功能特性分析.中国农业科学院研究生院博士学位论文.2004.
7.肖庆利.家蚕杆状病毒解旋酶基因启动子结构与功能分析及表达系统的应用.中国农业科学院研究生院博士学位论文.2001.
8.张志芳,张颍,吕鸿声,吴祥甫.家蚕核型多角体病毒DNA复制起始点hr3的结构与功能.中国科学(B辑),1995,25(9):949-955.
9.张志芳.家蚕核型多角体病毒DNA复制机构及重组杆状病毒在蚕体表达外源基因的研究.中国农业科学院研究生院博士学位论文.1994.
10.朱中泽.家蚕杆状病毒同源重复区hr3结构与功能分析及不同转移载体表达效率比较.中国农业科学院研究生院硕士学位论文.2002.
11. Acharya A, Gopinathan KP. Identification of an enhancer-like element in the polyhedrin gene upstream region of Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus. J Gen Viroi., 2001,82(11): 2811-2819.
12. Adams MD, Celniker SE, Holt RA, et al. The genome sequence of Drosophila melanogaster. Science, 2000, 287(5461): 2185-2195.
13. Afonso CL, Tulman ER, Lu Z, Balinsky CA, Moser BA, Becnel JJ, Rock DL, Kutish GF. Genome sequence of a baculovirus pathogenic for Culex nigripaipus. J Virol., 2001, 75(22): 11157-11165.
14. Ahrens CH, Pearson MN, Rohrmann GF. Identification and characterization of a second putative origin of DNA replication in a baculovirus of Orgyia pseudotsugata. Virology, 1995, 207(2): 572-576.
15. Argaud O, Croizier L, Lopez-Ferber M, Croizier G. Two key mutations in the host-range specificity domain of the p143 gene of Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus are required to kill Bombyx mori larvae. J Gen Virol., 1998, 79(4): 931-935.
16. Arnosti DN. Analysis and function of transcriptional regulatory elements: insights from Drosophila. Annu Rev Entomol., 2003, 48: 579-602.
17. Bell AC, West AG, Felsenfeld G. Insulators and boundaries: versatile regulatory elements in the eukaryotic genome. Science, 2001,291(5503): 447-450.
18. Beuken E, Vink C, Bruggeman C A. One-step procedure for screening recombinant plasmids by size. BioTechniques, 1998, 24: 748-750.
19. Bird AP. The essentials ofDNA methylation. Cell, 1992, 70(1): 5-8.
20. Borowiee JA. DNA helicases. In: Depamphilis ML(ed). DNA replication in eukaryotic cells. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. 1996, 545-574.
21. Burgess-Beusse B, Farrell C, Gaszner M, Litt M, Mutskov V, Recillas-Targa F, Simpson M, West A, Felsenfeld G. The insulation of genes from external enhancers and silencing chromatin. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 2002, 99(Suppl 4): 16433-16437.
22. Cai H, Levine M. Modulation of enhancer-promoter interactions by insulators in the Drosophila embryo. Nature, 1995, 376(6540): 533-536.
23. Calhoun VC, Stathopoulos A, Levine M. Promoter-proximal tethering elements regulate enhancer-promoter specificity in the Drosophila Antennapedia complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2002, 99(14): 9243-9247.
24. Carson DD, Summers MD, Guarino LA. Transient expression of the Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus immediate-early gene, IE-N, is regulated by three viral elements. J Virol.. 1991, 65(2): 945-951.
25. Carstens EB, Liu JJ, Dominy C. Identification and molecular characterization of the baculovirus CfMNPV early genes: ie-1, ie-2 and pe38. Virus Res., 2002, 83(1-2): 13-30.
26. Chaabihi H, Ogliastro MH, Martin M, Giraud C, Devauchelle G, Cerutti M. Competition between baculovirus polyhedrin and p10 gene expression during infection of insect cells. J Virol., 1993, 67(5): 2664-2671.
27. Chen Y, Yao B, Zhu Z, Yi Y, Lin X, Zhang Z, Shen G. A constitutive super-enhancer: homologous region 3 of Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2004,318(4): 1039-1044.
28. Choi OR, Engel JD. Developmental regulation of beta-globin gene switching. Cell, 1988, 55(1): 17-26.
29. Clark SJ, Harrison J, Paul CL, Frommer M. High sensitivity mapping of methylated cytosines. Nucleic Acids Res., 1994, 22(15): 2990-2997.
30. Cline J, Braman JC. Hogrefe HH, PCR fidelity of Pfu DNA polymerase and other thermostable DNA polymerases. Nucleic Acids Research., 1996, 24(18): 3546-3551.
31. Cochran MA, Faulkner P. Location of Homologous DNA Sequences Interspersed at Five Regions in the Baculovirus AcMNPV Genome. J Virol., 1983, 45(3): 961-970.
32. Croizier G, Croizier L, Argaud O, Poudevigne D. Extension of A utographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus host range by interspecific replacement of a short DNA sequence in the p143 helicase gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1994, 91(1): 48-52.
33. Crouch EA, Passarelli AL. Effects of baculovirus transactivators IE-1 and IE-2 on the Drosophila heat shock 70 promoter in two insect cell lines. Arch Virol., 2005, 150(8): 1563-1578.
34. Dabrowski S, Kiaer Ahring B. Cloning, expression, and purification of the His6-tagged hyper-thermostable dUTPase from Pyrococcus woesei in Escherichia coli: application in PCR. Protein Expr Purif., 2003, 31(1): 72-78.
35. Dabrowski S, Kur J. Cloning and expression in Escherichia coli of the recombinant his-tagged DNA polymerases from Pyrococcusfuriosus and Pyrococcus woesei. Protein Expr Purif., 1998, 14(1): 131-138.
36. Dave KI, Phillips L, Luckow VA, Wild JR. Expression and post-translational processing of a broad-spectrum organophosphorus-neurotoxin-degrading enzyme in insect tissue culture. Biotechnol Appl Biochem., 1994, 19(3): 271-284.
37. Davidson EH. Genomic Regulatory Systems: Development and Evolution. Academic Press, New York, 2001.
38. de Jong JG, Lauzon HA, Dominy C, Poloumienko A, Carstens EB, Arif BM, Krell PJ. Analysis of the Choristoneura fumiferana nucleopolyhedrovirus genome. J Gen Virol. 2005, 86(4): 929-943.
39. DePamphilis ML. Origins of DNA replication that function in eukaryotic cells. Curr Opin Cell Biol., 1993, 5(3): 434-441.
40. Dumas DP, Wild JR, Raushel FM. Expression of Pseudomonas phosphotriesterase activity in the fall armyworm confers resistance to insecticides. Experientia., 1990, 46(7): 729-731.
41. Esteller M, Sanchez-Cespedes M, Rosell R, Sidransky D, Baylin SB, Herman JG. Detection of aberrant promoter hypermethylation of tumor suppressor genes in serum DNA from non-small cell lung cancer patients. Cancer Res., 1999, 59(1): 67-70.
42. Esteller M, Tortola S, Toyota M, Capella G, Peinado MA, Baylin SB, Herman JG. Hypermethylation-associated inactivation of p14(ARF) is independent of p16(INK4a) methylation and p53 mutational status. Cancer Res., 2000, 60(1): 129-133.
43. Farr A, Roman A. A pitfall of using a second plasmid to determine transfection efficiency. Nucleic Acids Res., 1992, 20(4): 920.
44. Flaman JM, Frebourg T, Moreau V, Charbonnier F, Martin C, Ishioka C, Friend SH, Iggo R. A rapid PCR fidelity assay. Nucleic Acids Res., 1994, 22(15):3259-3260.
45. Forsberg EC, Zaboikina TN, Versaw WK, Ahn NG, Bresnick EH. Enhancement of beta-globin locus control region-mediated transactivation by mitogen-activated protein kinases through stochastic and graded mechanisms. Mol Cell Biol., 1999, 19(8): 5565-5575.
46. Frommer M, McDonald LE, Millar DS, Collis CM, Watt F, Grigg GW, Molloy PL, Paul CL. A genomic sequencing protocol that yields a positive display of 5-methylcytosine residues in individual DNA strands. Proc Natl Aca Sci USA, 1992, 89(5):1827-1831.
47. Garcia-Maruniak A, Maruniak JE, Zanotto PM, Doumbouya AE, Liu JC, Merritt TM, Lanoie JS. Sequence analysis of the genome of the Neodiprion sertifer nucleopolyhedrovirus. J Virol., 2004, 78(13): 7036-7051.
48. Goldman S, Kim R, Hung LW, Jancarik J, Kim SH. Purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic analysis of Pyrococcusfuriosus DNA polymerase. Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr., 1998, 54(5): 986-988.
49. Gomi S, Majima K, Maeda S. Sequence analysis of the genome of Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus. J Gen Virol., 1999, 80(5): 1323-1337.
50. Grimsley JK, Scholtz JM, Pace CN, Wild JR. Organophosphorus hydrolase is a remarkably stable enzyme that unfolds through a homodimeric intermediate. Biochemistry. 1997, 36(47): 14366-14374.
51. Guarino LA, Gonzalez MA, Summers MD. Complete Sequence and Enhancer Function of the Homologous DNA Regions of Autographa californica Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus. J Virol., 1986, 60(1): 224-229.
52. Guarino LA, Summers MD. Interspersed homologous DNA of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus enhances delayed-early gene expression. J Virol., 1986a, 60: 215-223.
53. Guarino LA, Summers MD. Functional mapping of a trans-activating gene required for expression of a baculovirus delayed-early gene, J Virol., 1986b, 57(2): 563-571.
54. Guarino LA, Summers MD. Nucleotide sequence and temporal expression of a baculovirus regulatory gene. J Virol., 1987, 61: 2091-2099.
55. Guarino LA, Dong W. Functional dissection of the Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus enhancer element hr5. Virology, 1994, 200: 328-335.
56. Habib S, Hasnain SE Differential activity of two non-hr origins during replication of the baculovirus Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus genome. J Virol., 2000, 74(11): 5182-5189.
57. Habib S, Hasnain SE. A 38-kDa host factor interacts with functionally important motifs within the Autographa californica multinucleocapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus homologous region(hr1) DNA sequence. J Biol Chem., 1996a, 271(45): 28250-28258.
58. Habib S, Pandey S, Chatterji U, Burma S, Ahmad R, Jain A, Hasnain SE. Bifunctionality of the AcMNPV homologous region sequence (hr1): enhancer and ori functions have different sequence requirements. DNA Cell Biol., 1996b, 15(9): 737-747.
59. Herman JG, Graff JR, Myohanen S, Nelkin BD, Baylin SB. Methylation-specific PCR: a novel PCR assay for methylation status of CpG islands. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1996, 93(18): 9821-9826.
60. Herniou EA, Olszewski JA, Cory JS, O'Reilly DR. The genome sequence and evolution of baculoviruses. Annu Rev Entomol., 2003, 48: 211-234.
61. Hogrefe HH, Hansen CJ, Scott BR, Nielson KB. Archaeal dUTPase enhances PCR amplifications with archaeal DNA polymerases by preventing dUTP incorporation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2002, 99(2): 596-601.
62. Hyink O, Dellow RA, Olsen MJ, Caradoc-Davies KM, Drake K, Herniou EA, Cory JS, O'Reilly DR, Ward VK. Whole genome analysis of the Epiphyas postvittana nucleopolyhedrovirus. J Gen Virol., 2002, 83(4): 957-971.
63. Issa JP, Ottaviano YL, Celano P, Hamilton SR, Davidson NE, Baylin SB. Methylation of the oestrogen receptor CpG island links ageing and neoplasia in human colon. Nature Genet., 1994. 7(4): 536-540.
64. Ito E, Sahri D, Knippers R, Carstens EB. Baculovirus proteins IE-1, LEF-3, and P143 interact with DNA in vivo: a formaldehyde cross-linking study. Virology. 2004, 329(2): 337-347.
65. Jakubowska AK, Peters SA, Ziemnicka J, Vlak JM, van Oers MM. Genome sequence of an enhancin gene-rich nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV) from Agrotis segelum: collinearity with Spodoptera exigua multiple NPV. J Gen Virol., 2006, 87(3): 537-551.
66. Jarvis DL, Fleming JA, Kovacs GR, Summers MD, Guarino LA. Use of early baculovirus promoters for continuous expression and efficient processing of foreign gene products in stably transformed lepidopteran cells. Biotechnology (N Y), 1990, 8(10): 950-955.
67. Jarvis DL, Guarino LA. Continuous foreign gene expression in transformed lepidopteran insect cells. Methods Mol Biol., 1995, 39: 187-202.
68. Jarvis DL. Effects of baculovirus infection on IE1-mediated foreign gene expression in stably transformed insect cells. J Virol., 1993a, 67(5): 2583-2591.
69. Jarvis DL. Foreign gene expression in insect cells. Bioprocess Technol., 1993b, 17: 195-219.
70. Kamita SG, Maeda S. Sequencing of the putative DNA helicase-encoding gene of the Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus and fine-mapping of a region involved in host range expansion. Gene, 1997, 190(1): 173-179.
71. Kengen SW, Luesink EJ, Stams AJ, Zehnder AJ. Purification and characterization of an extremely thermostable β-glucosidase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus. Eur. J. Biochem., 1993, 213(1), 305-312.
72. Kool M, Goldbach RW, Vlak JM. A putative non-hr origin of DNA replication in the HindⅢ-K fragment of Autographa californica multiple nueleocapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus. J Gen Virol., 1994, 75(12): 3345-3352.
73. Kool M, Voeten JT, Goldbach RW, Tramper J, Vlak JM. Identification of seven putative origins of Autographa californica multiple nucleocapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus DNA replication. J Gen Virol., 1993,74(12): 2661-2668.
74. Kost TA, Condreay J, Jarvis DL. Baculovirus as versatile vectors for protein expression in insect and mammalian cells. Nature Biotechnology, 2005, 23: 567-575.
75. Kutach AK, Kadonaga JT. The downstream promoter element DPE appears to be as widely used as the TATA box in drosophila core promoters. Mol. Cell. Biol., 2000, 20(13): 4754-4764.
76. Kuzio J, Pearson MN, Harwood SH, Funk CJ, Evans JT, Slavicek JM, Rohrmann GF. Sequence and analysis of the genome of a baculovirus pathogenic for Lymantria dispar. Virology, 1999, 253(1): 17-34.
77. Laderman KA, Asada K, Uemori T, Mukai H, Taguchi Y, Kato I, Anfinsen CB. Alpha-amylase from the hyperthermophilic archaebaeterium Pyrococcus furiosus. Cloning and sequencing of the gene and expression in Escherichia coil. J. Biol. Chem., 1993, 268(32): 24402-24407.
78. Landais I, Vincent R, Bouton M, Devauchelle G, Duonor-Cerutti M, Ogliastro M. Functional analysis of evolutionary conserved clustering of bZIP binding sites in the baculovirus homologous regions(hrs) suggests a cooperativity between host and viral transcription factors. Virology, 2006, 344(2): 421-431.
79. Lander ES, Linton LM, Birren B, et al. Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome. Nature, 2001,409(6822): 860-921.
80. Lauzon HA, Garcia-Maruniak A, de A Zanotto PM, Clemente JC, Herniou EA, Lucarotti CJ, Arif BM, Maruniak JE, Genomic comparison of Neodiprion sertifer and Neodiprion lecontei nucleopolyhedroviruses and identification of potential hymenopteran baculovirus-specific open reading frames. J Gen Virol., 2006,87(6): 1477-1489.
81. Lei XD, Mi YD, Yuan ZY, Li ZP, Wu XF. Expression of luciferase gene in silkworms. Chinese Science Bulletin, 1994, 39(9): 847-849.
82. Leisy DJ, Rohrmann GF. Characterization of the replication of plasmids containing hr sequences in baculovirus-infected Spodoptera frugiperda cells. Virology, 1993, 196(2): 722-730.
83. Leisy DJ, Rohrmann GF. The Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus IE-1 protein complex has two modes of specific DNA binding. Virology, 2000, 274(1): 196-202.
84. Levine M. and Tjian R. Transcription regulation and animal diversity. Nature. 2003, 424(6945): 147-151.
85. Li Y, Passarelli AL, Miller LK. Identification, sequence, and transcriptional mapping of lef-3, a baculovirus gene involved in late and very late gene expression. J Virol., 1993, 67(9): 5260-5268.
86. Liang P, Pardee AB. Differential display of eukaryotic messenger RNA by means of the polymerase chain reaction. Science, 1992, 257(5072): 967-971.
87. Liu G, Carstens EB. Site-directed mutagenesis of the AcMNPV p143 gene: effects on baculovirus DNA replication. Virology, 1999, 253(1): 125-136.
88. Liu Y, Bondarenko V, Ninfa A, Studitsky VM. DNA supercoiling allows enhancer action over a large distance. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2001, 98(26): 14883-14888.
89. Lo HR, Chou CC, Wu TY, Yuen JP, Chao YC. Novel baculovirus DNA elements strongly stimulate activities of exogenous and endogenous promoters. J Biol Chem., 2002, 277(7): 5256-5264.
90. Lorenz WW, McCann RO, Longiaru M, Cormier MJ. Isolation and expression of a cDNA encoding Renilla reniformis luciferase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1991, 88: 4438-4442.
91. Lu A, Carstens EB. Immediate-early baculovirus genes transactivate the p143 gene promoter of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus. Virology, 1993, 195(2): 710-718.
92. Lu A, Carstens EB. Nucleotide sequence of a gene essential for viral DNA replication in the baculovirus Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus. Virology, 1991, 181(1): 336-347.
93. Lu A, Miller LK. The roles of eighteen baculovirus late expression factor genes in transcription and DNA replication. J Virol., 1995, 69(2): 975-982.
94. Lu C, Erickson HP. Expression in Escherichia coli of the thermostable DNA polymerase from Pyrococcus furiosus. Protein Expr Purif., 1997, 11(2): 179-184.
95. Lu M, Ferrell PJ, Johnson R, Iatrou K. A baculovirus (Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus) repeat element functions a powerful constitutive enhancer in transfected insect cells. J Biological, Chem., 1997, 272(49): 30724-30728.
96. Lundberg KS, Shoemaker DD, Adams MW, Short JM, Sorge JA, Mathur EJ. High-fidelity amplification using a thermostable DNA polymerase isolated from Pyrococcusfuriosus. Gene, 1991, 108(1): 1-6.
97. Maeda S, Kamita SG, Kondo A. Host range expantion of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus(NPV) following recombination of a 0.6-kilobase-pair DNA fragment originating from Bombyx mori NPV. J Virol., 1993, 67:6234-6238.
98. Maeda S, Majima K. Molecular cloning and physical mapping of the genome of Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus. J Gen Virol., 1990, 71(8): 1851-1855.
99. Maeda S, Kawai T, Obinata M, Fujiwara H, Horiuchi T, Saeki Y, Sato Y, Furusawa M. Production of human alpha-interferon in silkworm using a baculovirus vector. Nature, 1985, 315(6020): 592-594.
100. Mahmoudi T, Katsani KR, Verrijzer CP. GAGA can mediate enhancer function in trans by linking two separate DNA molecules. EMBO J., 2002,21(7):1775-1781.
101. Majima K, Kobara R, Maeda S. Divergence and evolution of homologous regions of Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus. J Virol., 1993, 67(12): 7513-7521.
102. Marks PA, Richon VM, Rifkind RA. Histone deacetylase inhibitors: inducers of differentiation or apoptosis of transformed cells. J Natl Cancer Inst., 2000, 92(15): 1210-1216.
103. Mathur EJ, Adams MW, Cailen WN, Cline JM. The DNA polymerase gene from the hyperthermophilic marine archaebacterium, Pyrococcus furiosus, shows sequence homology with alpha-like DNA polymerases. Nucleic Acids Res., 1991, 19(24):6952.
104. MIkhailov VS. Replication of the baculovirus genome. Mol Biol (Mosk)., 2003, 37(2): 288-299.
105. Milks ML, Washburn JO, Willis LG, Volkman LE, Theiimann DA. Deletion of pe38 attenuates AcMNPV genome replication, budded virus production, and virulence in heliothis virescens. Virology, 2003, 310(2): 224-234.
106. Morris TD, Todd JW, Fisher B, Miller LK. Identification of lef-7: a baculovirus gene affecting late gene expression. Virology, 1994, 200(2): 360-369.
107. Morris TD, Miller LK. Promoter influence on baculovirus-mediated gene expression in permissive and nonpermissive insect cell lines. J Virol., 1992, 66(12): 7397-7405.
108. Mroczkowski BS, Huvar A, Lernhardt W, Misono K, Nielson K, Scott B. Secretion of thermostable DNA polymerase using a novel baculovirus vector. J Biol Chem., 1994, 269(18): 13522-13528.
109. Muller HP, Sogo JM, Schaffner W. An enhancer stimulates transcription in trans when attached to the promoter via a protein bridge. Cell, 1989, 58(4): 767-777.
110. Nan X, Ng HH, Johnson CA, Laherty CD, Turner BM, Eisenman RN, Bird A. Transcriptional repression by the methyl-CpG-binding protein MeCP2 involves a histone deacetylase complex. Nature, 1998,393(6683):386-389.
111. Nissen MS, Friesen PD, Molecular analysis of the transcriptional regulatory region of an early baculovirus gene. J Virol., 1989, 63(2): 493-503.
112. Ohkawa T, Rowe AR, Volkman LE. Identification of six Autographa californica multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus early genes that mediate nuclear localization of G-actin. J Virol., 2002, 76(23): 12281-12289.
113. Okano K, Vanarsdall AL, Mikhailov VS, Rohrmann GF. Conserved molecular systems of the baculoviridae. 2006, 344(1): 77.
114. Olson VA, Wetter JA, Friesen PD. The highly conserved basic domain I of baculovirus IE1 is required for hr enhancer DNA binding and hr-dependent transactivation. J Virol., 2003, 77(10): 5668-5677
115. Orlando V. Mapping chromosomal proteins in vivo by formaldehyde-crosslinked-chromatin immunoprecipitation. Trends Biochem Sci., 2000, 25(3): 99-104.
116. Passarelli AL, Miller LK. Identification and characterization of lef-1, a baculovirus gene involved in late and very late gene expression. J Virol., 1993a, 67(6): 3481-3488.
117. Passarelli AL, Miller LK. Identification of genes encoding late expression factors located between 56.0 and 65.4 map units of the Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus genome. Virology, 1993b, 197(2): 704-714.
118. Passarelli AL, Miller LK. Identification and transcriptional regulation of the baculovirus lef-6 gene. J Virol., 1994, 68: 4458-4467.
119. Pearson MN, Bjornson RM, Ahrens C, Rohrmann GF. Identification and characterization of a putative origin of DNA replication in the genome of a baculovirus pathogenic for Orgyia pseudotsugata. Virology, 1993, 197(2): 715-725.
120. Pearson MN, Rohrmann GF. Lymantria dispar nuclear polyhedrosis virus homologous regions: characterization of their ability to function as replication origins. J Virol., 1995, 69(1): 213-221.
121. Pullen SS, Friesen PD. Early transcription of the ie-1 transregulator gene of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus is regulated by DNA sequences within its 5' noncoding leader region. J Virol., 1995a, 69(1): 156-165.
122. Pullen SS, Friesen PD. The CAGT motif functions as an initiator element during early transcription of the baculovirus transregulator ie-1. J Virol., 1995b, 69(6): 3575-3583.
123. Rapp JC, Wilson JA, Miller LK. Nineteen baculovirus open reading frames, including LEF-12, support late gene expression. J Virol., 1998, 72(12): 10197-10206.
124. Rippe K, von Hippel PH, Langowski J. Action at a distance: DNA-looping and initiation of transcription. Trends Biochem Sci., 1995, 20(12): 500-506.
125. Rodems SM, Friesen PD. The hr5 transcriptional enhancer stimulates early expression from the Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus genome but is not required for virus replication. J Virol., 1993, 67(10): 5776-5785.
126. Ruvkun, G., Hobert, O. The taxonomy of developmental control in Caenorhabditis elegans. Science, 1998, 282(5396): 2033-2041.
127. Schinid CW. ALU: struture origin evolution significance and function of one-tenth of human DNA. Prog Nucleic Acid Res Mol Biol., 1996, 53: 283-319.
128. Smith G., Summers M., Fraser M. Production of human beta interferon in insect cells infected with a baculovirus expression vector. Mol. Cell Biol., 1983, 3(12): 2156-2165.
129. Struhl K. Histone acetylation and transcriptional regulatory mechanisms. Genes Dev., 1998, 12(5): 599-606.
130. Su W, Jackson S, Tjian R, Echols H. DNA looping between sites for transcriptional activation: self-association of DNA-bound Sp1. Genes Dev., 1991, 5(5): 820-826.
131. Summers M., Smith G. A Manual of Methods for Baculovirus Vectors and Insect Cell Culture Procedures. Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, College Station. TX, USA. 1987.
132. Tate PH, Bird AP. Effects of DNA methylation on DNA-binding proteins and gene expression. Curr Opin Genet Dev., 1993, 3(2): 226-231.
133. Theilmann DA, Stewart S. Tandemly repeated sequence at the 3' end of the IE-2 gene of the baculovirus Orgyia pseudotsugata multieapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus is an enhancer element. Virology, 1992, 187(1): 97-106.
134. Todd JW, Passarelli AL, Lu A, Miller LK. Factors regulating baculovirus late and very late gene expression in transient-expression assays. J Virol., 1996, 70(4): 2307-2317.
135. Todd JW., Passarelli AL, Miller LK. Eighteen baculovirus genes, including lef-11, p35, 39K, and p47, support late gene expression. J Virol., 1995, 69(2): 968-974.
136. Toyota M, Ho C, Ahuja N, Jair KW, Li Q, Ohe-Toyota M, Baylin SB, Issa JP. Identification of differentially methylated sequences in colorectal cancer by methylated CpG island amplification. Cancer Res., 1999, 59(10): 2307-2312.
137. Uemori T, Ishino Y, Toh H, Asada K, Kato I. Organization and nucleotide sequence of the DNA polymerase gene from the archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus. Nucleic Acids Res., 1993, 21(2): 259-265.
138. van Oers MM, Abma-Henkens MH, Hemiou EA, de Groot JC, Peters S, Vlak JM. Genome sequence of Chrysodeixis chalcites nucleopolyhedrovirus, a baculovirus with two DNA photolyase genes. J Gen Virol., 2005, 86(7): 2069-2080.
139. Viswanathan P, Venkaiah B, Kumar MS, Rasheedi S, Vrati S, Bashyam MD, Hasnain SE. The homologous region sequence (hr1) of Autographa californica multinucleocapsid polyhedrosis virus can enhance transcription from non-baeuloviral promoters in mammalian cells. J Biol Chem., 2003, 278(52): 52564-52571.
140. Walters MC, Fiering S, Eidemiller J, Magis W, Groudine M, Martin DI. Enhancers increase the probability but not the level of gene expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1995, 92(15): 7125-7129.
141. Wang JC, Giaever GN. Action at a distance along a DNA. Science, 1988, 240(4850): 300-304.
142. Wang Y, Prosen DE, Mei L, Sullivan JC, Finney M, Vander Horn PB. A novel strategy to engineer DNA polymerases for enhanced processivity and improved performance in vitro. Nucleic Acids Res., 2004, 32(3): 197-207.
143. Wasylyk B, Wasylyk C, Chambon P. Short and long range activation by the SV40 enhancer. Nucleic Acids Res., 1984, 12(14): 5589-5608.
144. Weber F, de Villiers J, Schaffner W. An SV40 "enhancer trap" incorporates exogenous enhancers or generates enhancers from its own sequences. Cell, 1984,36(4): 983-992.
145. Weyer U., Possee RD. A baculovirus dual expression vector derived from the Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus polyhedrin and p10 promoters: co-expression of two influenza virus genes in insect cells. J Gen. Virol., 1991, 72 (Pt12): 2967-2974.
146. Weyer U., Possee RD. Analysis of the promoter of the Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus p10 gene. J Gen. Virol., 1989, 70(Pt1): 203-208.
147. Willy PJ, Kobayashi R, Kadonaga JT. A basal transcription factor that activates or represses transcription. Science, 2000, 290(5493): 982-985.
148. Wu XF, Yang GZ, Hu JX. A recombinant rescue linearizable BmNPV baculovirus BmBacPAK. China Patent, Application No: 98110963.2, 1998
149. Wu Y, Carstens EB. Initiation of baculovirus DNA replication: early promoter regions can function as infection-dependent replicating sequences in a plasmid-based replication assay. J Virol., 1996, 70(10): 6967-6972.
150. Xiao QL, Zhang ZF, Yi YZ, He JL, Wu XF. Identification of functional region of helicase gene promoter in Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus. Acta Biochimica. et Biophysica. Sinica. 2002, 34(5): 560-564.
151. Xiao QL, Zhang ZF, Yi YZ, He JL, Wu XF. Functional analysis of helicase gene promoter and homologous region 3 enhancer in Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus. Acta Biochimica. et Biophysica. Sinica. 2001,33(5): 525-530.
152. Xie WD, Arif B, Dobos P, Krell PJ. Identification and analysis of a putative origin of DNA replication in the Choristoneura fumiferana multinucleocapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus genome. Virology, 1995, 209(2): 409-419.
153. Zabarovsky ER, Allikmets RL. An improved technique for the efficient construction of gene libraries by partial filling-in of cohesive ends. Gene, 1986, 42(1): 119-123.
154. Zhang CX, Ma XC, Guo ZJ. Comparison of the complete genome sequence between C1 and G4 isolates of the Helicoverpa armigera single nucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus. Virology, 2005, 333(1): 190-199.
155. Zhang ZF, Zhang Y, Lu HS, Wu XF, Structure and function of DNA replication origin hr3 of Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus. Sci China(Ser B), 1995, 25(9): 949-955.
156. Zhou T, Chiang CM. The intronless and TATA-less human TAF(Ⅱ)55 gene contains a functional initiator and a downstream promoter element. J Biol Chem., 2001, 276(27): 25503-25511.
157. Zhou YJ, Yi YZ, Zhang ZF, He JL, Zhang YX, Wu XF. Promoter activities in the baculovirus envelope glycoprotein gp64 gene. Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica. 2003, 35(1): 18-26.
2.洪义国,孙谧,郑家声,王跃军,张云波,郝建华,王瑞娟,向悟生.黄海黄杆菌YS-9412-130低温碱性蛋白酶的基因克隆和序列测定.海洋水产研究.2000,21(4):46-53.
3.李江.角蛋白降解菌Streptomyces fradiae var.k_11中蛋白酶基因的克隆及表达.中国农业科学院研究生院博士学位论文.2005.
4.吕鸿卢,等.,中国养蚕学,上海科学技术出版社.1990.
5.吕鸿声.昆虫病毒分子生物学,中国农业科技出版社,北京.1998
6.唐顺明.家蚕、野桑蚕LSP与HSC70-4基因启动子功能特性分析.中国农业科学院研究生院博士学位论文.2004.
7.肖庆利.家蚕杆状病毒解旋酶基因启动子结构与功能分析及表达系统的应用.中国农业科学院研究生院博士学位论文.2001.
8.张志芳,张颍,吕鸿声,吴祥甫.家蚕核型多角体病毒DNA复制起始点hr3的结构与功能.中国科学(B辑),1995,25(9):949-955.
9.张志芳.家蚕核型多角体病毒DNA复制机构及重组杆状病毒在蚕体表达外源基因的研究.中国农业科学院研究生院博士学位论文.1994.
10.朱中泽.家蚕杆状病毒同源重复区hr3结构与功能分析及不同转移载体表达效率比较.中国农业科学院研究生院硕士学位论文.2002.
11. Acharya A, Gopinathan KP. Identification of an enhancer-like element in the polyhedrin gene upstream region of Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus. J Gen Viroi., 2001,82(11): 2811-2819.
12. Adams MD, Celniker SE, Holt RA, et al. The genome sequence of Drosophila melanogaster. Science, 2000, 287(5461): 2185-2195.
13. Afonso CL, Tulman ER, Lu Z, Balinsky CA, Moser BA, Becnel JJ, Rock DL, Kutish GF. Genome sequence of a baculovirus pathogenic for Culex nigripaipus. J Virol., 2001, 75(22): 11157-11165.
14. Ahrens CH, Pearson MN, Rohrmann GF. Identification and characterization of a second putative origin of DNA replication in a baculovirus of Orgyia pseudotsugata. Virology, 1995, 207(2): 572-576.
15. Argaud O, Croizier L, Lopez-Ferber M, Croizier G. Two key mutations in the host-range specificity domain of the p143 gene of Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus are required to kill Bombyx mori larvae. J Gen Virol., 1998, 79(4): 931-935.
16. Arnosti DN. Analysis and function of transcriptional regulatory elements: insights from Drosophila. Annu Rev Entomol., 2003, 48: 579-602.
17. Bell AC, West AG, Felsenfeld G. Insulators and boundaries: versatile regulatory elements in the eukaryotic genome. Science, 2001,291(5503): 447-450.
18. Beuken E, Vink C, Bruggeman C A. One-step procedure for screening recombinant plasmids by size. BioTechniques, 1998, 24: 748-750.
19. Bird AP. The essentials ofDNA methylation. Cell, 1992, 70(1): 5-8.
20. Borowiee JA. DNA helicases. In: Depamphilis ML(ed). DNA replication in eukaryotic cells. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. 1996, 545-574.
21. Burgess-Beusse B, Farrell C, Gaszner M, Litt M, Mutskov V, Recillas-Targa F, Simpson M, West A, Felsenfeld G. The insulation of genes from external enhancers and silencing chromatin. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 2002, 99(Suppl 4): 16433-16437.
22. Cai H, Levine M. Modulation of enhancer-promoter interactions by insulators in the Drosophila embryo. Nature, 1995, 376(6540): 533-536.
23. Calhoun VC, Stathopoulos A, Levine M. Promoter-proximal tethering elements regulate enhancer-promoter specificity in the Drosophila Antennapedia complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2002, 99(14): 9243-9247.
24. Carson DD, Summers MD, Guarino LA. Transient expression of the Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus immediate-early gene, IE-N, is regulated by three viral elements. J Virol.. 1991, 65(2): 945-951.
25. Carstens EB, Liu JJ, Dominy C. Identification and molecular characterization of the baculovirus CfMNPV early genes: ie-1, ie-2 and pe38. Virus Res., 2002, 83(1-2): 13-30.
26. Chaabihi H, Ogliastro MH, Martin M, Giraud C, Devauchelle G, Cerutti M. Competition between baculovirus polyhedrin and p10 gene expression during infection of insect cells. J Virol., 1993, 67(5): 2664-2671.
27. Chen Y, Yao B, Zhu Z, Yi Y, Lin X, Zhang Z, Shen G. A constitutive super-enhancer: homologous region 3 of Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2004,318(4): 1039-1044.
28. Choi OR, Engel JD. Developmental regulation of beta-globin gene switching. Cell, 1988, 55(1): 17-26.
29. Clark SJ, Harrison J, Paul CL, Frommer M. High sensitivity mapping of methylated cytosines. Nucleic Acids Res., 1994, 22(15): 2990-2997.
30. Cline J, Braman JC. Hogrefe HH, PCR fidelity of Pfu DNA polymerase and other thermostable DNA polymerases. Nucleic Acids Research., 1996, 24(18): 3546-3551.
31. Cochran MA, Faulkner P. Location of Homologous DNA Sequences Interspersed at Five Regions in the Baculovirus AcMNPV Genome. J Virol., 1983, 45(3): 961-970.
32. Croizier G, Croizier L, Argaud O, Poudevigne D. Extension of A utographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus host range by interspecific replacement of a short DNA sequence in the p143 helicase gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1994, 91(1): 48-52.
33. Crouch EA, Passarelli AL. Effects of baculovirus transactivators IE-1 and IE-2 on the Drosophila heat shock 70 promoter in two insect cell lines. Arch Virol., 2005, 150(8): 1563-1578.
34. Dabrowski S, Kiaer Ahring B. Cloning, expression, and purification of the His6-tagged hyper-thermostable dUTPase from Pyrococcus woesei in Escherichia coli: application in PCR. Protein Expr Purif., 2003, 31(1): 72-78.
35. Dabrowski S, Kur J. Cloning and expression in Escherichia coli of the recombinant his-tagged DNA polymerases from Pyrococcusfuriosus and Pyrococcus woesei. Protein Expr Purif., 1998, 14(1): 131-138.
36. Dave KI, Phillips L, Luckow VA, Wild JR. Expression and post-translational processing of a broad-spectrum organophosphorus-neurotoxin-degrading enzyme in insect tissue culture. Biotechnol Appl Biochem., 1994, 19(3): 271-284.
37. Davidson EH. Genomic Regulatory Systems: Development and Evolution. Academic Press, New York, 2001.
38. de Jong JG, Lauzon HA, Dominy C, Poloumienko A, Carstens EB, Arif BM, Krell PJ. Analysis of the Choristoneura fumiferana nucleopolyhedrovirus genome. J Gen Virol. 2005, 86(4): 929-943.
39. DePamphilis ML. Origins of DNA replication that function in eukaryotic cells. Curr Opin Cell Biol., 1993, 5(3): 434-441.
40. Dumas DP, Wild JR, Raushel FM. Expression of Pseudomonas phosphotriesterase activity in the fall armyworm confers resistance to insecticides. Experientia., 1990, 46(7): 729-731.
41. Esteller M, Sanchez-Cespedes M, Rosell R, Sidransky D, Baylin SB, Herman JG. Detection of aberrant promoter hypermethylation of tumor suppressor genes in serum DNA from non-small cell lung cancer patients. Cancer Res., 1999, 59(1): 67-70.
42. Esteller M, Tortola S, Toyota M, Capella G, Peinado MA, Baylin SB, Herman JG. Hypermethylation-associated inactivation of p14(ARF) is independent of p16(INK4a) methylation and p53 mutational status. Cancer Res., 2000, 60(1): 129-133.
43. Farr A, Roman A. A pitfall of using a second plasmid to determine transfection efficiency. Nucleic Acids Res., 1992, 20(4): 920.
44. Flaman JM, Frebourg T, Moreau V, Charbonnier F, Martin C, Ishioka C, Friend SH, Iggo R. A rapid PCR fidelity assay. Nucleic Acids Res., 1994, 22(15):3259-3260.
45. Forsberg EC, Zaboikina TN, Versaw WK, Ahn NG, Bresnick EH. Enhancement of beta-globin locus control region-mediated transactivation by mitogen-activated protein kinases through stochastic and graded mechanisms. Mol Cell Biol., 1999, 19(8): 5565-5575.
46. Frommer M, McDonald LE, Millar DS, Collis CM, Watt F, Grigg GW, Molloy PL, Paul CL. A genomic sequencing protocol that yields a positive display of 5-methylcytosine residues in individual DNA strands. Proc Natl Aca Sci USA, 1992, 89(5):1827-1831.
47. Garcia-Maruniak A, Maruniak JE, Zanotto PM, Doumbouya AE, Liu JC, Merritt TM, Lanoie JS. Sequence analysis of the genome of the Neodiprion sertifer nucleopolyhedrovirus. J Virol., 2004, 78(13): 7036-7051.
48. Goldman S, Kim R, Hung LW, Jancarik J, Kim SH. Purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic analysis of Pyrococcusfuriosus DNA polymerase. Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr., 1998, 54(5): 986-988.
49. Gomi S, Majima K, Maeda S. Sequence analysis of the genome of Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus. J Gen Virol., 1999, 80(5): 1323-1337.
50. Grimsley JK, Scholtz JM, Pace CN, Wild JR. Organophosphorus hydrolase is a remarkably stable enzyme that unfolds through a homodimeric intermediate. Biochemistry. 1997, 36(47): 14366-14374.
51. Guarino LA, Gonzalez MA, Summers MD. Complete Sequence and Enhancer Function of the Homologous DNA Regions of Autographa californica Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus. J Virol., 1986, 60(1): 224-229.
52. Guarino LA, Summers MD. Interspersed homologous DNA of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus enhances delayed-early gene expression. J Virol., 1986a, 60: 215-223.
53. Guarino LA, Summers MD. Functional mapping of a trans-activating gene required for expression of a baculovirus delayed-early gene, J Virol., 1986b, 57(2): 563-571.
54. Guarino LA, Summers MD. Nucleotide sequence and temporal expression of a baculovirus regulatory gene. J Virol., 1987, 61: 2091-2099.
55. Guarino LA, Dong W. Functional dissection of the Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus enhancer element hr5. Virology, 1994, 200: 328-335.
56. Habib S, Hasnain SE Differential activity of two non-hr origins during replication of the baculovirus Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus genome. J Virol., 2000, 74(11): 5182-5189.
57. Habib S, Hasnain SE. A 38-kDa host factor interacts with functionally important motifs within the Autographa californica multinucleocapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus homologous region(hr1) DNA sequence. J Biol Chem., 1996a, 271(45): 28250-28258.
58. Habib S, Pandey S, Chatterji U, Burma S, Ahmad R, Jain A, Hasnain SE. Bifunctionality of the AcMNPV homologous region sequence (hr1): enhancer and ori functions have different sequence requirements. DNA Cell Biol., 1996b, 15(9): 737-747.
59. Herman JG, Graff JR, Myohanen S, Nelkin BD, Baylin SB. Methylation-specific PCR: a novel PCR assay for methylation status of CpG islands. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1996, 93(18): 9821-9826.
60. Herniou EA, Olszewski JA, Cory JS, O'Reilly DR. The genome sequence and evolution of baculoviruses. Annu Rev Entomol., 2003, 48: 211-234.
61. Hogrefe HH, Hansen CJ, Scott BR, Nielson KB. Archaeal dUTPase enhances PCR amplifications with archaeal DNA polymerases by preventing dUTP incorporation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2002, 99(2): 596-601.
62. Hyink O, Dellow RA, Olsen MJ, Caradoc-Davies KM, Drake K, Herniou EA, Cory JS, O'Reilly DR, Ward VK. Whole genome analysis of the Epiphyas postvittana nucleopolyhedrovirus. J Gen Virol., 2002, 83(4): 957-971.
63. Issa JP, Ottaviano YL, Celano P, Hamilton SR, Davidson NE, Baylin SB. Methylation of the oestrogen receptor CpG island links ageing and neoplasia in human colon. Nature Genet., 1994. 7(4): 536-540.
64. Ito E, Sahri D, Knippers R, Carstens EB. Baculovirus proteins IE-1, LEF-3, and P143 interact with DNA in vivo: a formaldehyde cross-linking study. Virology. 2004, 329(2): 337-347.
65. Jakubowska AK, Peters SA, Ziemnicka J, Vlak JM, van Oers MM. Genome sequence of an enhancin gene-rich nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV) from Agrotis segelum: collinearity with Spodoptera exigua multiple NPV. J Gen Virol., 2006, 87(3): 537-551.
66. Jarvis DL, Fleming JA, Kovacs GR, Summers MD, Guarino LA. Use of early baculovirus promoters for continuous expression and efficient processing of foreign gene products in stably transformed lepidopteran cells. Biotechnology (N Y), 1990, 8(10): 950-955.
67. Jarvis DL, Guarino LA. Continuous foreign gene expression in transformed lepidopteran insect cells. Methods Mol Biol., 1995, 39: 187-202.
68. Jarvis DL. Effects of baculovirus infection on IE1-mediated foreign gene expression in stably transformed insect cells. J Virol., 1993a, 67(5): 2583-2591.
69. Jarvis DL. Foreign gene expression in insect cells. Bioprocess Technol., 1993b, 17: 195-219.
70. Kamita SG, Maeda S. Sequencing of the putative DNA helicase-encoding gene of the Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus and fine-mapping of a region involved in host range expansion. Gene, 1997, 190(1): 173-179.
71. Kengen SW, Luesink EJ, Stams AJ, Zehnder AJ. Purification and characterization of an extremely thermostable β-glucosidase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus. Eur. J. Biochem., 1993, 213(1), 305-312.
72. Kool M, Goldbach RW, Vlak JM. A putative non-hr origin of DNA replication in the HindⅢ-K fragment of Autographa californica multiple nueleocapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus. J Gen Virol., 1994, 75(12): 3345-3352.
73. Kool M, Voeten JT, Goldbach RW, Tramper J, Vlak JM. Identification of seven putative origins of Autographa californica multiple nucleocapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus DNA replication. J Gen Virol., 1993,74(12): 2661-2668.
74. Kost TA, Condreay J, Jarvis DL. Baculovirus as versatile vectors for protein expression in insect and mammalian cells. Nature Biotechnology, 2005, 23: 567-575.
75. Kutach AK, Kadonaga JT. The downstream promoter element DPE appears to be as widely used as the TATA box in drosophila core promoters. Mol. Cell. Biol., 2000, 20(13): 4754-4764.
76. Kuzio J, Pearson MN, Harwood SH, Funk CJ, Evans JT, Slavicek JM, Rohrmann GF. Sequence and analysis of the genome of a baculovirus pathogenic for Lymantria dispar. Virology, 1999, 253(1): 17-34.
77. Laderman KA, Asada K, Uemori T, Mukai H, Taguchi Y, Kato I, Anfinsen CB. Alpha-amylase from the hyperthermophilic archaebaeterium Pyrococcus furiosus. Cloning and sequencing of the gene and expression in Escherichia coil. J. Biol. Chem., 1993, 268(32): 24402-24407.
78. Landais I, Vincent R, Bouton M, Devauchelle G, Duonor-Cerutti M, Ogliastro M. Functional analysis of evolutionary conserved clustering of bZIP binding sites in the baculovirus homologous regions(hrs) suggests a cooperativity between host and viral transcription factors. Virology, 2006, 344(2): 421-431.
79. Lander ES, Linton LM, Birren B, et al. Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome. Nature, 2001,409(6822): 860-921.
80. Lauzon HA, Garcia-Maruniak A, de A Zanotto PM, Clemente JC, Herniou EA, Lucarotti CJ, Arif BM, Maruniak JE, Genomic comparison of Neodiprion sertifer and Neodiprion lecontei nucleopolyhedroviruses and identification of potential hymenopteran baculovirus-specific open reading frames. J Gen Virol., 2006,87(6): 1477-1489.
81. Lei XD, Mi YD, Yuan ZY, Li ZP, Wu XF. Expression of luciferase gene in silkworms. Chinese Science Bulletin, 1994, 39(9): 847-849.
82. Leisy DJ, Rohrmann GF. Characterization of the replication of plasmids containing hr sequences in baculovirus-infected Spodoptera frugiperda cells. Virology, 1993, 196(2): 722-730.
83. Leisy DJ, Rohrmann GF. The Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus IE-1 protein complex has two modes of specific DNA binding. Virology, 2000, 274(1): 196-202.
84. Levine M. and Tjian R. Transcription regulation and animal diversity. Nature. 2003, 424(6945): 147-151.
85. Li Y, Passarelli AL, Miller LK. Identification, sequence, and transcriptional mapping of lef-3, a baculovirus gene involved in late and very late gene expression. J Virol., 1993, 67(9): 5260-5268.
86. Liang P, Pardee AB. Differential display of eukaryotic messenger RNA by means of the polymerase chain reaction. Science, 1992, 257(5072): 967-971.
87. Liu G, Carstens EB. Site-directed mutagenesis of the AcMNPV p143 gene: effects on baculovirus DNA replication. Virology, 1999, 253(1): 125-136.
88. Liu Y, Bondarenko V, Ninfa A, Studitsky VM. DNA supercoiling allows enhancer action over a large distance. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2001, 98(26): 14883-14888.
89. Lo HR, Chou CC, Wu TY, Yuen JP, Chao YC. Novel baculovirus DNA elements strongly stimulate activities of exogenous and endogenous promoters. J Biol Chem., 2002, 277(7): 5256-5264.
90. Lorenz WW, McCann RO, Longiaru M, Cormier MJ. Isolation and expression of a cDNA encoding Renilla reniformis luciferase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1991, 88: 4438-4442.
91. Lu A, Carstens EB. Immediate-early baculovirus genes transactivate the p143 gene promoter of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus. Virology, 1993, 195(2): 710-718.
92. Lu A, Carstens EB. Nucleotide sequence of a gene essential for viral DNA replication in the baculovirus Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus. Virology, 1991, 181(1): 336-347.
93. Lu A, Miller LK. The roles of eighteen baculovirus late expression factor genes in transcription and DNA replication. J Virol., 1995, 69(2): 975-982.
94. Lu C, Erickson HP. Expression in Escherichia coli of the thermostable DNA polymerase from Pyrococcus furiosus. Protein Expr Purif., 1997, 11(2): 179-184.
95. Lu M, Ferrell PJ, Johnson R, Iatrou K. A baculovirus (Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus) repeat element functions a powerful constitutive enhancer in transfected insect cells. J Biological, Chem., 1997, 272(49): 30724-30728.
96. Lundberg KS, Shoemaker DD, Adams MW, Short JM, Sorge JA, Mathur EJ. High-fidelity amplification using a thermostable DNA polymerase isolated from Pyrococcusfuriosus. Gene, 1991, 108(1): 1-6.
97. Maeda S, Kamita SG, Kondo A. Host range expantion of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus(NPV) following recombination of a 0.6-kilobase-pair DNA fragment originating from Bombyx mori NPV. J Virol., 1993, 67:6234-6238.
98. Maeda S, Majima K. Molecular cloning and physical mapping of the genome of Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus. J Gen Virol., 1990, 71(8): 1851-1855.
99. Maeda S, Kawai T, Obinata M, Fujiwara H, Horiuchi T, Saeki Y, Sato Y, Furusawa M. Production of human alpha-interferon in silkworm using a baculovirus vector. Nature, 1985, 315(6020): 592-594.
100. Mahmoudi T, Katsani KR, Verrijzer CP. GAGA can mediate enhancer function in trans by linking two separate DNA molecules. EMBO J., 2002,21(7):1775-1781.
101. Majima K, Kobara R, Maeda S. Divergence and evolution of homologous regions of Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus. J Virol., 1993, 67(12): 7513-7521.
102. Marks PA, Richon VM, Rifkind RA. Histone deacetylase inhibitors: inducers of differentiation or apoptosis of transformed cells. J Natl Cancer Inst., 2000, 92(15): 1210-1216.
103. Mathur EJ, Adams MW, Cailen WN, Cline JM. The DNA polymerase gene from the hyperthermophilic marine archaebacterium, Pyrococcus furiosus, shows sequence homology with alpha-like DNA polymerases. Nucleic Acids Res., 1991, 19(24):6952.
104. MIkhailov VS. Replication of the baculovirus genome. Mol Biol (Mosk)., 2003, 37(2): 288-299.
105. Milks ML, Washburn JO, Willis LG, Volkman LE, Theiimann DA. Deletion of pe38 attenuates AcMNPV genome replication, budded virus production, and virulence in heliothis virescens. Virology, 2003, 310(2): 224-234.
106. Morris TD, Todd JW, Fisher B, Miller LK. Identification of lef-7: a baculovirus gene affecting late gene expression. Virology, 1994, 200(2): 360-369.
107. Morris TD, Miller LK. Promoter influence on baculovirus-mediated gene expression in permissive and nonpermissive insect cell lines. J Virol., 1992, 66(12): 7397-7405.
108. Mroczkowski BS, Huvar A, Lernhardt W, Misono K, Nielson K, Scott B. Secretion of thermostable DNA polymerase using a novel baculovirus vector. J Biol Chem., 1994, 269(18): 13522-13528.
109. Muller HP, Sogo JM, Schaffner W. An enhancer stimulates transcription in trans when attached to the promoter via a protein bridge. Cell, 1989, 58(4): 767-777.
110. Nan X, Ng HH, Johnson CA, Laherty CD, Turner BM, Eisenman RN, Bird A. Transcriptional repression by the methyl-CpG-binding protein MeCP2 involves a histone deacetylase complex. Nature, 1998,393(6683):386-389.
111. Nissen MS, Friesen PD, Molecular analysis of the transcriptional regulatory region of an early baculovirus gene. J Virol., 1989, 63(2): 493-503.
112. Ohkawa T, Rowe AR, Volkman LE. Identification of six Autographa californica multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus early genes that mediate nuclear localization of G-actin. J Virol., 2002, 76(23): 12281-12289.
113. Okano K, Vanarsdall AL, Mikhailov VS, Rohrmann GF. Conserved molecular systems of the baculoviridae. 2006, 344(1): 77.
114. Olson VA, Wetter JA, Friesen PD. The highly conserved basic domain I of baculovirus IE1 is required for hr enhancer DNA binding and hr-dependent transactivation. J Virol., 2003, 77(10): 5668-5677
115. Orlando V. Mapping chromosomal proteins in vivo by formaldehyde-crosslinked-chromatin immunoprecipitation. Trends Biochem Sci., 2000, 25(3): 99-104.
116. Passarelli AL, Miller LK. Identification and characterization of lef-1, a baculovirus gene involved in late and very late gene expression. J Virol., 1993a, 67(6): 3481-3488.
117. Passarelli AL, Miller LK. Identification of genes encoding late expression factors located between 56.0 and 65.4 map units of the Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus genome. Virology, 1993b, 197(2): 704-714.
118. Passarelli AL, Miller LK. Identification and transcriptional regulation of the baculovirus lef-6 gene. J Virol., 1994, 68: 4458-4467.
119. Pearson MN, Bjornson RM, Ahrens C, Rohrmann GF. Identification and characterization of a putative origin of DNA replication in the genome of a baculovirus pathogenic for Orgyia pseudotsugata. Virology, 1993, 197(2): 715-725.
120. Pearson MN, Rohrmann GF. Lymantria dispar nuclear polyhedrosis virus homologous regions: characterization of their ability to function as replication origins. J Virol., 1995, 69(1): 213-221.
121. Pullen SS, Friesen PD. Early transcription of the ie-1 transregulator gene of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus is regulated by DNA sequences within its 5' noncoding leader region. J Virol., 1995a, 69(1): 156-165.
122. Pullen SS, Friesen PD. The CAGT motif functions as an initiator element during early transcription of the baculovirus transregulator ie-1. J Virol., 1995b, 69(6): 3575-3583.
123. Rapp JC, Wilson JA, Miller LK. Nineteen baculovirus open reading frames, including LEF-12, support late gene expression. J Virol., 1998, 72(12): 10197-10206.
124. Rippe K, von Hippel PH, Langowski J. Action at a distance: DNA-looping and initiation of transcription. Trends Biochem Sci., 1995, 20(12): 500-506.
125. Rodems SM, Friesen PD. The hr5 transcriptional enhancer stimulates early expression from the Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus genome but is not required for virus replication. J Virol., 1993, 67(10): 5776-5785.
126. Ruvkun, G., Hobert, O. The taxonomy of developmental control in Caenorhabditis elegans. Science, 1998, 282(5396): 2033-2041.
127. Schinid CW. ALU: struture origin evolution significance and function of one-tenth of human DNA. Prog Nucleic Acid Res Mol Biol., 1996, 53: 283-319.
128. Smith G., Summers M., Fraser M. Production of human beta interferon in insect cells infected with a baculovirus expression vector. Mol. Cell Biol., 1983, 3(12): 2156-2165.
129. Struhl K. Histone acetylation and transcriptional regulatory mechanisms. Genes Dev., 1998, 12(5): 599-606.
130. Su W, Jackson S, Tjian R, Echols H. DNA looping between sites for transcriptional activation: self-association of DNA-bound Sp1. Genes Dev., 1991, 5(5): 820-826.
131. Summers M., Smith G. A Manual of Methods for Baculovirus Vectors and Insect Cell Culture Procedures. Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, College Station. TX, USA. 1987.
132. Tate PH, Bird AP. Effects of DNA methylation on DNA-binding proteins and gene expression. Curr Opin Genet Dev., 1993, 3(2): 226-231.
133. Theilmann DA, Stewart S. Tandemly repeated sequence at the 3' end of the IE-2 gene of the baculovirus Orgyia pseudotsugata multieapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus is an enhancer element. Virology, 1992, 187(1): 97-106.
134. Todd JW, Passarelli AL, Lu A, Miller LK. Factors regulating baculovirus late and very late gene expression in transient-expression assays. J Virol., 1996, 70(4): 2307-2317.
135. Todd JW., Passarelli AL, Miller LK. Eighteen baculovirus genes, including lef-11, p35, 39K, and p47, support late gene expression. J Virol., 1995, 69(2): 968-974.
136. Toyota M, Ho C, Ahuja N, Jair KW, Li Q, Ohe-Toyota M, Baylin SB, Issa JP. Identification of differentially methylated sequences in colorectal cancer by methylated CpG island amplification. Cancer Res., 1999, 59(10): 2307-2312.
137. Uemori T, Ishino Y, Toh H, Asada K, Kato I. Organization and nucleotide sequence of the DNA polymerase gene from the archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus. Nucleic Acids Res., 1993, 21(2): 259-265.
138. van Oers MM, Abma-Henkens MH, Hemiou EA, de Groot JC, Peters S, Vlak JM. Genome sequence of Chrysodeixis chalcites nucleopolyhedrovirus, a baculovirus with two DNA photolyase genes. J Gen Virol., 2005, 86(7): 2069-2080.
139. Viswanathan P, Venkaiah B, Kumar MS, Rasheedi S, Vrati S, Bashyam MD, Hasnain SE. The homologous region sequence (hr1) of Autographa californica multinucleocapsid polyhedrosis virus can enhance transcription from non-baeuloviral promoters in mammalian cells. J Biol Chem., 2003, 278(52): 52564-52571.
140. Walters MC, Fiering S, Eidemiller J, Magis W, Groudine M, Martin DI. Enhancers increase the probability but not the level of gene expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1995, 92(15): 7125-7129.
141. Wang JC, Giaever GN. Action at a distance along a DNA. Science, 1988, 240(4850): 300-304.
142. Wang Y, Prosen DE, Mei L, Sullivan JC, Finney M, Vander Horn PB. A novel strategy to engineer DNA polymerases for enhanced processivity and improved performance in vitro. Nucleic Acids Res., 2004, 32(3): 197-207.
143. Wasylyk B, Wasylyk C, Chambon P. Short and long range activation by the SV40 enhancer. Nucleic Acids Res., 1984, 12(14): 5589-5608.
144. Weber F, de Villiers J, Schaffner W. An SV40 "enhancer trap" incorporates exogenous enhancers or generates enhancers from its own sequences. Cell, 1984,36(4): 983-992.
145. Weyer U., Possee RD. A baculovirus dual expression vector derived from the Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus polyhedrin and p10 promoters: co-expression of two influenza virus genes in insect cells. J Gen. Virol., 1991, 72 (Pt12): 2967-2974.
146. Weyer U., Possee RD. Analysis of the promoter of the Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus p10 gene. J Gen. Virol., 1989, 70(Pt1): 203-208.
147. Willy PJ, Kobayashi R, Kadonaga JT. A basal transcription factor that activates or represses transcription. Science, 2000, 290(5493): 982-985.
148. Wu XF, Yang GZ, Hu JX. A recombinant rescue linearizable BmNPV baculovirus BmBacPAK. China Patent, Application No: 98110963.2, 1998
149. Wu Y, Carstens EB. Initiation of baculovirus DNA replication: early promoter regions can function as infection-dependent replicating sequences in a plasmid-based replication assay. J Virol., 1996, 70(10): 6967-6972.
150. Xiao QL, Zhang ZF, Yi YZ, He JL, Wu XF. Identification of functional region of helicase gene promoter in Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus. Acta Biochimica. et Biophysica. Sinica. 2002, 34(5): 560-564.
151. Xiao QL, Zhang ZF, Yi YZ, He JL, Wu XF. Functional analysis of helicase gene promoter and homologous region 3 enhancer in Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus. Acta Biochimica. et Biophysica. Sinica. 2001,33(5): 525-530.
152. Xie WD, Arif B, Dobos P, Krell PJ. Identification and analysis of a putative origin of DNA replication in the Choristoneura fumiferana multinucleocapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus genome. Virology, 1995, 209(2): 409-419.
153. Zabarovsky ER, Allikmets RL. An improved technique for the efficient construction of gene libraries by partial filling-in of cohesive ends. Gene, 1986, 42(1): 119-123.
154. Zhang CX, Ma XC, Guo ZJ. Comparison of the complete genome sequence between C1 and G4 isolates of the Helicoverpa armigera single nucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus. Virology, 2005, 333(1): 190-199.
155. Zhang ZF, Zhang Y, Lu HS, Wu XF, Structure and function of DNA replication origin hr3 of Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus. Sci China(Ser B), 1995, 25(9): 949-955.
156. Zhou T, Chiang CM. The intronless and TATA-less human TAF(Ⅱ)55 gene contains a functional initiator and a downstream promoter element. J Biol Chem., 2001, 276(27): 25503-25511.
157. Zhou YJ, Yi YZ, Zhang ZF, He JL, Zhang YX, Wu XF. Promoter activities in the baculovirus envelope glycoprotein gp64 gene. Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica. 2003, 35(1): 18-26.