金纳米溶胶与蛋白质相互作用的研究
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摘要
蛋白质是一类极为重要的生物大分子，是生命物质的基础，在研究纳米材料与生物大分子的相互作用以及由此所产生的纳米生物学效应时，通常选择蛋白质作为研究对象。研究蛋白质-纳米材料相互作用有助于确定出可能产生有害影响的纳米材料的性质，从而促进纳米材料的安全设计，同时对其相互作用的理解是研究纳米材料与生物体内的细胞、组织、器官甚至生物体相互作用的基础。
纳米金以其良好的稳定性以及独特的表面效应、小尺寸效应、光学效应、生物亲和性，在生物分析化学、生物医药、工业催化、食品安全快速检测等领域得到人们的青睐。因此，研究金纳米粒子的生物毒性显得尤为重要。目前报道的研究纳米金-蛋白分子相互作用主要是定性研究，定量报道很少，主要原因是金溶胶的浓度不易精确测定。
对于理想溶液，我们根据范特霍夫方程和唐南平衡，得到了大分子溶液浓度、电解质浓度和溶液渗透压之间的分析表达式。并进一步将该表达式应用到3nm谷胱甘肽-稳定的金纳米溶胶中。根据渗透压数据得到了金溶胶的浓度为4.14×10-5mol L-1，每个金颗粒表面的平均净电荷数为5.50。同时，结合原子吸收分光光度计得到的金溶胶的金含量，我们确定出每个3nm谷胱甘肽-稳定的金颗粒所含的平均金原子数为479个。
在生理条件下运用紫外、荧光光谱法研究了浓度值精确测定的金纳米溶胶与胰蛋白酶、卵清蛋白分子的相互作用。根据光谱数据拟合得到的纳米粒子-蛋白体系的结合常数为107~108L mol-1。目标蛋白分子与纳米粒子结合过程的Hill系数(m>1)的确定，表明结合过程具有高的协同性，结合同步荧光和紫外光谱的研究，我们推测金纳米粒子与目标蛋白分子之间很可能形成了蛋白-金纳米粒子集合体(protein-Au nanoparticleaggregates)，其在很大程度上改变了蛋白分子的结构。这些研究将是进一步探讨金溶胶在生物体内的纳米毒性效应的基础。
Protein is one kind of extremely important biomacromolecule and is the basic of living things. Usually,when we desire to have further understanding about the interaction of nanomaterials andbiomacromolecules and the resulting nanobiological implications of these interactions, protein is chosen asthe research subject To clarify the interaction of proteins and nanomaterials is helpful to determine theproperties of nanomatetials, which will probably cause undesired impacts and promote the safe designs ofnanomaterials. Furthermore, the understanding of the interaction is the basic of the research for theinteraction of nanomaterials and the cells, tissues, organs in organisms even the organisms.
People focus on gold nanoparticles for their excellent stability, special properties, such as, surfaceeffects, small-scale effects, optical effects, biocompatibility and their promise in diverse field, includingbioanalytical chemistry, biomedicine, industrial catalysis and fast test in food safety. Therefore, it is veryimportant to research the biotoxicity of gold nanoparticles. Presently, amounts of techniques are used tostudy the interaction of biomacromolecule and gold nanomaterials qualitatively. That is becausequantitative research should need the accurate concentration of the gold nanoparticles colloid which hasbeen yet hard to obtain.
In this paper, an analytical expression among macromolecule concentration, electrolyte concentrationand the solution osmotic pressure is obtained on the basis of van't Hoff equation and Donnan equilibrium.The expression was further applied to a colloid solution of3nm glutathione-stabilized gold nanoparticles.The concentration of the colloid solution and the average net ion charge number for each gold nanoparticlewere determined with the measured osmotic pressure data. The values were4.14×10-5mol L-1and5.50respectively. Meanwhile, combining the gold contents of the solutions obtained by means of atomicabsorption spectrophotometer, we determined the value for the average number of gold atoms per3nmgold nanoparticle synthesized in our work was479.
The interactions of3nm glutathione-stabilized gold nanoparticles colloid with trypsin, ovalbuminhave been investigated by UV spectra, fluorescence spectra under physiological conditions. The bindingconstants of gold nanoparticles-proteins fitted from the spectral data in our work are between107~108L mol-1. We combine the values of Hill constants (m>1) which show the high degree of cooperativity ofparticle-proteins binding with the Synchronous Fluorescence and UV spectra researches to speculate thatthe interaction between proteins studied and gold nanoparticles at physiological pH results in the formationof extended gold nanoparticles-proteins aggregates, which has altered the structures of proteins largely.These studies provided basis for further studies on the biotoxicity of gold nanoparticles.
纳米金以其良好的稳定性以及独特的表面效应、小尺寸效应、光学效应、生物亲和性，在生物分析化学、生物医药、工业催化、食品安全快速检测等领域得到人们的青睐。因此，研究金纳米粒子的生物毒性显得尤为重要。目前报道的研究纳米金-蛋白分子相互作用主要是定性研究，定量报道很少，主要原因是金溶胶的浓度不易精确测定。
对于理想溶液，我们根据范特霍夫方程和唐南平衡，得到了大分子溶液浓度、电解质浓度和溶液渗透压之间的分析表达式。并进一步将该表达式应用到3nm谷胱甘肽-稳定的金纳米溶胶中。根据渗透压数据得到了金溶胶的浓度为4.14×10-5mol L-1，每个金颗粒表面的平均净电荷数为5.50。同时，结合原子吸收分光光度计得到的金溶胶的金含量，我们确定出每个3nm谷胱甘肽-稳定的金颗粒所含的平均金原子数为479个。
在生理条件下运用紫外、荧光光谱法研究了浓度值精确测定的金纳米溶胶与胰蛋白酶、卵清蛋白分子的相互作用。根据光谱数据拟合得到的纳米粒子-蛋白体系的结合常数为107~108L mol-1。目标蛋白分子与纳米粒子结合过程的Hill系数(m>1)的确定，表明结合过程具有高的协同性，结合同步荧光和紫外光谱的研究，我们推测金纳米粒子与目标蛋白分子之间很可能形成了蛋白-金纳米粒子集合体(protein-Au nanoparticleaggregates)，其在很大程度上改变了蛋白分子的结构。这些研究将是进一步探讨金溶胶在生物体内的纳米毒性效应的基础。
Protein is one kind of extremely important biomacromolecule and is the basic of living things. Usually,when we desire to have further understanding about the interaction of nanomaterials andbiomacromolecules and the resulting nanobiological implications of these interactions, protein is chosen asthe research subject To clarify the interaction of proteins and nanomaterials is helpful to determine theproperties of nanomatetials, which will probably cause undesired impacts and promote the safe designs ofnanomaterials. Furthermore, the understanding of the interaction is the basic of the research for theinteraction of nanomaterials and the cells, tissues, organs in organisms even the organisms.
People focus on gold nanoparticles for their excellent stability, special properties, such as, surfaceeffects, small-scale effects, optical effects, biocompatibility and their promise in diverse field, includingbioanalytical chemistry, biomedicine, industrial catalysis and fast test in food safety. Therefore, it is veryimportant to research the biotoxicity of gold nanoparticles. Presently, amounts of techniques are used tostudy the interaction of biomacromolecule and gold nanomaterials qualitatively. That is becausequantitative research should need the accurate concentration of the gold nanoparticles colloid which hasbeen yet hard to obtain.
In this paper, an analytical expression among macromolecule concentration, electrolyte concentrationand the solution osmotic pressure is obtained on the basis of van't Hoff equation and Donnan equilibrium.The expression was further applied to a colloid solution of3nm glutathione-stabilized gold nanoparticles.The concentration of the colloid solution and the average net ion charge number for each gold nanoparticlewere determined with the measured osmotic pressure data. The values were4.14×10-5mol L-1and5.50respectively. Meanwhile, combining the gold contents of the solutions obtained by means of atomicabsorption spectrophotometer, we determined the value for the average number of gold atoms per3nmgold nanoparticle synthesized in our work was479.
The interactions of3nm glutathione-stabilized gold nanoparticles colloid with trypsin, ovalbuminhave been investigated by UV spectra, fluorescence spectra under physiological conditions. The bindingconstants of gold nanoparticles-proteins fitted from the spectral data in our work are between107~108L mol-1. We combine the values of Hill constants (m>1) which show the high degree of cooperativity ofparticle-proteins binding with the Synchronous Fluorescence and UV spectra researches to speculate thatthe interaction between proteins studied and gold nanoparticles at physiological pH results in the formationof extended gold nanoparticles-proteins aggregates, which has altered the structures of proteins largely.These studies provided basis for further studies on the biotoxicity of gold nanoparticles.
引文
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