微波稀布阵SIAR相关技术研究
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摘要
综合脉冲与孔径技术在米波段和地波段的成功应用,显示了其在雷达“四抗”方面的巨大优势。本文将综合脉冲与孔径技术推广到微波波段,进一步提高雷达的距离和角度分辨率,提出了一种新的微波稀布阵综合脉冲与孔径雷达(SIAR)的解决方案,它利用频率分集和空间分集来实现发射信号的正交,发射阵采用稀布子阵集,接收阵为密布子阵的形式,我们也将这类雷达称为多载频MIMO雷达。论文围绕着多载频MIMO的相关理论和微波稀布阵SIAR实现的关键技术进行研究,具体内容概括如下:
1.建立了综合脉冲与孔径雷达的发射、接收信号模型,利用匹配滤波理论并引入阵列的孔径推导出了SIAR的多维模糊函数,并由SIAR的导向矢量得出它的距离、角度和多普勒频率是相互耦合的;利用MIMO雷达发射信号正交的特点来简化远场窄带情况下的模糊函数,推导出距离分辨率由单个发射信号的带宽以及各发射天线的频率差所包含的信号带宽共同决定。以简单均匀线阵为例,仿真分析了单基地和双基地情况下多载频线形调频(LFM)信号的多维模糊函数特点和雷达的分辨率。这些结果和结论对SIAR的参数选择和信号处理都具有一定的借鉴意义。
2.结合MIMO雷达多发多收的特点,建立了综合脉冲与孔径雷达的阵列模型,并给出了微波SIAR阵列的一种实现方案:发射阵采用稀布子阵集,接收阵采用密布子阵的形式,并通过合理选择子阵大小和间距,使稀布阵栅瓣刚好落在子阵方向图的零点位置上。在固定子阵数目和保证阵列孔径的条件下,采用整数编码、联合选择和随机位置交叉的修正遗传算法对微波SIAR稀布阵的子阵位置进行优化,仿真结果表明该方法提高了搜索速度,能够有效的抑制栅瓣和降低旁瓣,合成阵列方向图最大峰值旁瓣电平可达到-31.1dB,满足工程需要。
3.给出了基于数字Dechirp的信号预处理方法,并详细论述了其中的一些关键问题,如通道分离滤波器的设计、速度补偿精度分析、相参积累周期数的选取等;将步进频率成像中的IDFT相参合成法和合成带宽法应用到SIAR中,提出了两种新的脉冲综合方法:IDFT相参合成法和空域合成带宽法。IDFT相参合成法利用先粗测后精测的思想,在目标所在的波位可以合成高分辨的距离像,并具有受目标运动影响小的特点,不过对大范围距离场景进行合成时存在伪峰;接着在分析伪峰产生原因的基础上提出了一种新的脉冲综合方法——空域合成带宽法,它将空域分散发射的多载频LFM信号,先做Dechirp处理,然后再将通道分离后的各路信号顺序时移拼接合成一个大带宽的LFM信号,最后再对合成后的信号做IFFT处理以获得高分辨距离信息。仿真结果表明它实现简单,能够在不增加运算量的条件下有效地抑制伪峰,并受目标运动影响小。
4.稀布阵SIAR接收端经过信号处理形成阵元数为Nt×Nr的等效阵列(Nt、Nr分别为发射和接收阵元数),针对其距离和角度耦合的特点提出了采用空时二维MUSIC方法来实现距离和角度的超分辨,从而提高在多目标环境中目标距离以及角度的估计精度,同时进一步扩展了超分辨算法的应用领域;推导了距离和角度估计的Cramer-Rao界(CRB),并仿真研究了估计性能与信噪比、快拍数和波达方向的关系。
5.建立了稀布阵SIAR的幅相误差模型,针对其发射和接收阵列的幅相误差耦合到一起的特点,提出对信号预处理后等效阵列的联合幅相误差Γv进行整体估计和校正的思想,并采用了两种误差估计方法:子空间拟合(SF)法和最大似然(ML)法;推导了幅相误差估计的CRB,并仿真分析了两种方法的估计性能与信噪比、快拍数的关系以及辅助信源的定位误差对估计性能的影响,验证了幅相误差校正方法的可行性。另外通过整体估计Γv还可同时校正信号预处理时数字采样、截断、滤波等引入的幅相误差。
6.讨论了直达波信号的信干噪比和波形特点,验证了利用直达波来求解时间和载频同步的可行性;提出了三种LFM脉冲信号时间同步信息的提取方法:二值包络检波法、扩展滑窗积累法和相关检测法,得出在直达波的信噪比较高(超过25dB)时,可以采用二值包络检波法或扩展滑窗积累法,以较小的运算量较快的时间来求解同步点,而当信噪比较低时可采用相关检测法。对数字采样引起的同步误差Δt及其影响进行了分析,并将其估计归结为局部高精度测频问题,列举分析了三种适用于同步误差提取的方法:频谱连续细化法、自相关函数法和MUSIC法,仿真比较了其性能;对收发分置可能存在的载频偏差采用直达波相参积累的方法进行求解,给出了利用直达波求解时间和载频同步的处理过程以及载频跟踪方法。
Great advantages of the Synthetic Impulse and Aperture Radar (SIAR) technique have been shown by its successful applications in meterwave band and ground wave band. In this dissertation the SIAR technique is extended to microwave band to improve the radar’s range and angle resolution and a novel microwave sparse array SIAR is proposed. In this novel radar system, which is also called Multi-Carrier-Frequency (MCF) Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) radar, the transmit array consists of sparse subarray, the receive array consists of dense subarray and the orthogonality of the transmitted signals are realized by frequency diversity and spatial diversity. Focusing on the relevant theories of MCF MIMO radar and the key techniques to implemente microwave sparse array SIAR, this dissertation deals mainly with the following contents:
1. The transmit signal model and receive signal model of SIAR are constructed. The multiple dimensional Ambiguity Functions (AF) of SIAR with the array aperture are derived based on the theory of matched filter and the steering vector of SIAR shows that the range, angle and doppler frequency are coupled each other. The AF’s for far-field targets and narrowband waveforms are simplified using the orthogonal characteristics between the transmit signals of MIMO radar. And it can be concluded that the range resolution are determined not only by the bandwidth of the transmit signal but also the bandwidth among the transmit antennas. Take Uniform Linear Arrays (ULA) for example, the characteristics of AF and the resolution of LFM signal using multiple carrier frequency are analyzed in the case of monostatic and bistatic radar. The range and angle resolution varies with the target’s position for the bistatic MIMO radar. These results and conclusions can be used for the reference of parameter selection and signal processing of SIAR.
2. On the basis of array model of MIMO radar, a general array model of SIAR is constructed and a realization sheme of microwave SIAR with sparse subarray set for the transmitted array and dense subarray set for the received array is proposed, in which the grating lobes of the sparse array locate at the nulls of subarray exactly by reasonable selections of the number of subarray and the space between subarrays. Then a modified Genetic Algorithm (GA) with integral code, combined selection and double cross operation is employed to optimize subarray position of transmit antenna arrays to decrease the pattern’s sidelobe level for a fixed subarray number and a constant array aperture. The simulation results show that the modified GA converges rapidly with a maximum relative Peak Sidelobe Level (PSL) of -31.1dB, which satisfies the project well.
3. The signal preprocessing method based on digital dechirp processing is given as well as some key problems, e.g. the design of Channel Separation Filter (CSF), the range resolution analysis, the precision analysis of velocity compensation and the decision of coherent integration number etc. Two impulse synthetic methods, which are respectively IDFT Coherent Synthesis method (short for ICS method) and Spatial Domain Synthetic Bandwidth method (short for SDSB method), are proposed in the dissertation by applying IDFT coherent synthesis method and synthetic bandwidth method of stepped frequency signals to SIAR. The ICS method, using the idea of obtaining the corse image first and subsequently the precise image, can obtain the High Range Resolution Profile (HRRP) at the angle where the target is, while the spurious peaks appear when synthesizing a large range scene. The excuse of spurious peaks is analyzed and then a novel signal processing method, SDSB method, is proposed. The multi-carrier-frequency LFM returns transmitted diversely in space are first deramped by the dechirp processing and then the individual channel signals after the channel separation are combined into an LFM signal with a larger bandwidth by time shift in sequence. Finally the IFFT processing is applied to the concatenated signal to achieve HRR. The SDSB method can be implemented easily, avoid the spurious peaks effectively without extra computation and immune to the target movement.
4. An equivalent Nt×Nr array is formed after the signal preprocessing in sparse array SIAR, where Nt and Nr are respectively the transmit and receive antenna number, and the equivalent steering vector is the kronecker product of transmit steering vector and receive steering vector in the case of narrow band signal. The super resolution of range and angle is realized by adopting the Spatial-Temporal MUSIC (MUltiple SIgnal Classification), which is based on the coupling of range and angle and can improve the precision of range and angle estimation when there are many targets present. The Cramer-Rao Bound (CRB) of range and angle estimation are derived. Further more, the variations of estimation variance of range and angle with Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), snap number and direction of arrival are studied and simulated.
5. The gain and phase error model of SIAR is presented and the corresponding calibration method by estimating the combined gain and phase errorΓv of the equivalent array after the signal preprocessing is proposed based on the coupling characteristics of gain and phase error of the transmit and receive array. Two estimation methods, Subspace Fitting (SF) Method and Maximum Likelihood (ML) Method, are proposed to estimate the gain and phase error when there is an auxiliary source. The Cramer-Rao Bound(CRB) of gain and phase error estimation are derived, how the methods’performance relates to SNR and snap number, and the influence of the angle error of assistant source on the estimation performance are studied and simulated, which validate the gain and phase error calibration methods. Additionally, the entire estimation ofΓv can also calibrate the error by digital sampling, truncation and filtering etc in the process of signal preprocessing.
6. The Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR) and the characteristics of the direct-path wave are discussed, which shows that the direct-path wave can be used to obtain the time synchronization and carrier frequency synchronization. Three methods, which are binary envelope detection method, extended slipping window accumulation method and correlative detection method, are proposed to obtain the time synchronization of LFM pulse signal. The computational complexity and performance of the three methods are analyzed and compared. The time synchronization errorΔt which is caused by ADC sampling and its influence are analyzed. Estimation ofΔt can be summed up as high-accuracy frequency estimation in a small extent and three estimation methods, which are zoom FFT method, auto-correlation function method and MUSIC method, are introduced and their performance are compared and simulated. The carrier frequency difference, which may exist in bistatic radar, can be obtained by coherent integration of direct-path wave. Finally the flow of the time and carrier frequency synchronization and the carrier frequency tracking method are summarized.
1.建立了综合脉冲与孔径雷达的发射、接收信号模型,利用匹配滤波理论并引入阵列的孔径推导出了SIAR的多维模糊函数,并由SIAR的导向矢量得出它的距离、角度和多普勒频率是相互耦合的;利用MIMO雷达发射信号正交的特点来简化远场窄带情况下的模糊函数,推导出距离分辨率由单个发射信号的带宽以及各发射天线的频率差所包含的信号带宽共同决定。以简单均匀线阵为例,仿真分析了单基地和双基地情况下多载频线形调频(LFM)信号的多维模糊函数特点和雷达的分辨率。这些结果和结论对SIAR的参数选择和信号处理都具有一定的借鉴意义。
2.结合MIMO雷达多发多收的特点,建立了综合脉冲与孔径雷达的阵列模型,并给出了微波SIAR阵列的一种实现方案:发射阵采用稀布子阵集,接收阵采用密布子阵的形式,并通过合理选择子阵大小和间距,使稀布阵栅瓣刚好落在子阵方向图的零点位置上。在固定子阵数目和保证阵列孔径的条件下,采用整数编码、联合选择和随机位置交叉的修正遗传算法对微波SIAR稀布阵的子阵位置进行优化,仿真结果表明该方法提高了搜索速度,能够有效的抑制栅瓣和降低旁瓣,合成阵列方向图最大峰值旁瓣电平可达到-31.1dB,满足工程需要。
3.给出了基于数字Dechirp的信号预处理方法,并详细论述了其中的一些关键问题,如通道分离滤波器的设计、速度补偿精度分析、相参积累周期数的选取等;将步进频率成像中的IDFT相参合成法和合成带宽法应用到SIAR中,提出了两种新的脉冲综合方法:IDFT相参合成法和空域合成带宽法。IDFT相参合成法利用先粗测后精测的思想,在目标所在的波位可以合成高分辨的距离像,并具有受目标运动影响小的特点,不过对大范围距离场景进行合成时存在伪峰;接着在分析伪峰产生原因的基础上提出了一种新的脉冲综合方法——空域合成带宽法,它将空域分散发射的多载频LFM信号,先做Dechirp处理,然后再将通道分离后的各路信号顺序时移拼接合成一个大带宽的LFM信号,最后再对合成后的信号做IFFT处理以获得高分辨距离信息。仿真结果表明它实现简单,能够在不增加运算量的条件下有效地抑制伪峰,并受目标运动影响小。
4.稀布阵SIAR接收端经过信号处理形成阵元数为Nt×Nr的等效阵列(Nt、Nr分别为发射和接收阵元数),针对其距离和角度耦合的特点提出了采用空时二维MUSIC方法来实现距离和角度的超分辨,从而提高在多目标环境中目标距离以及角度的估计精度,同时进一步扩展了超分辨算法的应用领域;推导了距离和角度估计的Cramer-Rao界(CRB),并仿真研究了估计性能与信噪比、快拍数和波达方向的关系。
5.建立了稀布阵SIAR的幅相误差模型,针对其发射和接收阵列的幅相误差耦合到一起的特点,提出对信号预处理后等效阵列的联合幅相误差Γv进行整体估计和校正的思想,并采用了两种误差估计方法:子空间拟合(SF)法和最大似然(ML)法;推导了幅相误差估计的CRB,并仿真分析了两种方法的估计性能与信噪比、快拍数的关系以及辅助信源的定位误差对估计性能的影响,验证了幅相误差校正方法的可行性。另外通过整体估计Γv还可同时校正信号预处理时数字采样、截断、滤波等引入的幅相误差。
6.讨论了直达波信号的信干噪比和波形特点,验证了利用直达波来求解时间和载频同步的可行性;提出了三种LFM脉冲信号时间同步信息的提取方法:二值包络检波法、扩展滑窗积累法和相关检测法,得出在直达波的信噪比较高(超过25dB)时,可以采用二值包络检波法或扩展滑窗积累法,以较小的运算量较快的时间来求解同步点,而当信噪比较低时可采用相关检测法。对数字采样引起的同步误差Δt及其影响进行了分析,并将其估计归结为局部高精度测频问题,列举分析了三种适用于同步误差提取的方法:频谱连续细化法、自相关函数法和MUSIC法,仿真比较了其性能;对收发分置可能存在的载频偏差采用直达波相参积累的方法进行求解,给出了利用直达波求解时间和载频同步的处理过程以及载频跟踪方法。
Great advantages of the Synthetic Impulse and Aperture Radar (SIAR) technique have been shown by its successful applications in meterwave band and ground wave band. In this dissertation the SIAR technique is extended to microwave band to improve the radar’s range and angle resolution and a novel microwave sparse array SIAR is proposed. In this novel radar system, which is also called Multi-Carrier-Frequency (MCF) Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) radar, the transmit array consists of sparse subarray, the receive array consists of dense subarray and the orthogonality of the transmitted signals are realized by frequency diversity and spatial diversity. Focusing on the relevant theories of MCF MIMO radar and the key techniques to implemente microwave sparse array SIAR, this dissertation deals mainly with the following contents:
1. The transmit signal model and receive signal model of SIAR are constructed. The multiple dimensional Ambiguity Functions (AF) of SIAR with the array aperture are derived based on the theory of matched filter and the steering vector of SIAR shows that the range, angle and doppler frequency are coupled each other. The AF’s for far-field targets and narrowband waveforms are simplified using the orthogonal characteristics between the transmit signals of MIMO radar. And it can be concluded that the range resolution are determined not only by the bandwidth of the transmit signal but also the bandwidth among the transmit antennas. Take Uniform Linear Arrays (ULA) for example, the characteristics of AF and the resolution of LFM signal using multiple carrier frequency are analyzed in the case of monostatic and bistatic radar. The range and angle resolution varies with the target’s position for the bistatic MIMO radar. These results and conclusions can be used for the reference of parameter selection and signal processing of SIAR.
2. On the basis of array model of MIMO radar, a general array model of SIAR is constructed and a realization sheme of microwave SIAR with sparse subarray set for the transmitted array and dense subarray set for the received array is proposed, in which the grating lobes of the sparse array locate at the nulls of subarray exactly by reasonable selections of the number of subarray and the space between subarrays. Then a modified Genetic Algorithm (GA) with integral code, combined selection and double cross operation is employed to optimize subarray position of transmit antenna arrays to decrease the pattern’s sidelobe level for a fixed subarray number and a constant array aperture. The simulation results show that the modified GA converges rapidly with a maximum relative Peak Sidelobe Level (PSL) of -31.1dB, which satisfies the project well.
3. The signal preprocessing method based on digital dechirp processing is given as well as some key problems, e.g. the design of Channel Separation Filter (CSF), the range resolution analysis, the precision analysis of velocity compensation and the decision of coherent integration number etc. Two impulse synthetic methods, which are respectively IDFT Coherent Synthesis method (short for ICS method) and Spatial Domain Synthetic Bandwidth method (short for SDSB method), are proposed in the dissertation by applying IDFT coherent synthesis method and synthetic bandwidth method of stepped frequency signals to SIAR. The ICS method, using the idea of obtaining the corse image first and subsequently the precise image, can obtain the High Range Resolution Profile (HRRP) at the angle where the target is, while the spurious peaks appear when synthesizing a large range scene. The excuse of spurious peaks is analyzed and then a novel signal processing method, SDSB method, is proposed. The multi-carrier-frequency LFM returns transmitted diversely in space are first deramped by the dechirp processing and then the individual channel signals after the channel separation are combined into an LFM signal with a larger bandwidth by time shift in sequence. Finally the IFFT processing is applied to the concatenated signal to achieve HRR. The SDSB method can be implemented easily, avoid the spurious peaks effectively without extra computation and immune to the target movement.
4. An equivalent Nt×Nr array is formed after the signal preprocessing in sparse array SIAR, where Nt and Nr are respectively the transmit and receive antenna number, and the equivalent steering vector is the kronecker product of transmit steering vector and receive steering vector in the case of narrow band signal. The super resolution of range and angle is realized by adopting the Spatial-Temporal MUSIC (MUltiple SIgnal Classification), which is based on the coupling of range and angle and can improve the precision of range and angle estimation when there are many targets present. The Cramer-Rao Bound (CRB) of range and angle estimation are derived. Further more, the variations of estimation variance of range and angle with Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), snap number and direction of arrival are studied and simulated.
5. The gain and phase error model of SIAR is presented and the corresponding calibration method by estimating the combined gain and phase errorΓv of the equivalent array after the signal preprocessing is proposed based on the coupling characteristics of gain and phase error of the transmit and receive array. Two estimation methods, Subspace Fitting (SF) Method and Maximum Likelihood (ML) Method, are proposed to estimate the gain and phase error when there is an auxiliary source. The Cramer-Rao Bound(CRB) of gain and phase error estimation are derived, how the methods’performance relates to SNR and snap number, and the influence of the angle error of assistant source on the estimation performance are studied and simulated, which validate the gain and phase error calibration methods. Additionally, the entire estimation ofΓv can also calibrate the error by digital sampling, truncation and filtering etc in the process of signal preprocessing.
6. The Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR) and the characteristics of the direct-path wave are discussed, which shows that the direct-path wave can be used to obtain the time synchronization and carrier frequency synchronization. Three methods, which are binary envelope detection method, extended slipping window accumulation method and correlative detection method, are proposed to obtain the time synchronization of LFM pulse signal. The computational complexity and performance of the three methods are analyzed and compared. The time synchronization errorΔt which is caused by ADC sampling and its influence are analyzed. Estimation ofΔt can be summed up as high-accuracy frequency estimation in a small extent and three estimation methods, which are zoom FFT method, auto-correlation function method and MUSIC method, are introduced and their performance are compared and simulated. The carrier frequency difference, which may exist in bistatic radar, can be obtained by coherent integration of direct-path wave. Finally the flow of the time and carrier frequency synchronization and the carrier frequency tracking method are summarized.
引文
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