超宽带圆片天线及其小型化研究
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摘要
超宽带是一种新颖的无线通信技术,它在现代无线系统中有着广泛的应用,如超宽带通信系统、超宽带雷达系统和超宽带电子侦察系统等。超宽带系统的飞速进步使得各种超宽带电子设备都朝着小型化方向发展,这就要求研制出能与之相适应的超宽带小型化天线。
本文以一种具有超宽频带的天线类型——圆片单极天线为基础,提出了几种在阻抗带宽以及辐射特性等方面均能满足通信要求的新型超宽带小型化天线,通过理论分析、仿真设计和实验测量等手段对各类型天线进行了系统的研究。
作为全篇的理论基础,本文首先用三个模型研究了圆片单极天线之所以能够在超宽频带范围内获得较好阻抗特性的原因。按照行波驻波模型,天线在低频端运行于驻波模式,在高频端运行于行波模式,因为行波模式的存在使得天线的带宽很宽;按照多环多谐振模型,圆片单极天线可以被认为是多环叠加或者多环互补复合而来的,多个相近谐振模式的重叠使得圆片单极天线拥有非常宽的带宽;按照渐变线模型,圆片天线与由指数渐变线、三角渐变线、Klopfenstein渐变线以及抛物线渐变线构成的天线非常类似,这些渐变线宽带阻抗匹配特性非常好,因而圆片天线本身也可以获得非常宽的阻抗带宽。
圆片单极天线具有良好的电特性,分析结果表明其至少具有10:1以上的阻抗带宽和全向性的方向图,同时具有无失真的收发时域短脉冲信号的能力。这种天线虽然有诸多优点,但是因为其地板垂直于辐射器,天线的空间尺寸较大,因此本文提出了平板圆片单极天线,该结构大大缩小了地板的空间尺寸,并且能够通过剪切、折叠和弯角的方法进一步缩减天线的尺度。为了解决天线的风载问题,本文提出了超宽带环形单极天线,单环和多环结构都能够在保持天线基本特性不变的情况下提高天线的抗风能力,利用相似原理设计的大尺寸环状单极天线具有更广阔的实用价值。超宽带天线固然可以用一副天线覆盖超宽频带,但是不同的应用条件对天线的带宽有不同的要求,为此提出了能够将频率高端阻陷的天线形式,即波浪边缘的圆片及环形单极天线,其频率覆盖范围基本上在3.1~10.6GHz民用超宽带通信范围之内。以上设计都是为适应不同的需求,通过改变圆片天线的形状或者结构来达到天线小型化的目的,除此之外,还可以通过电阻加载改变天线的电流分布来实现天线的小型化。电阻加载圆片单极天线是在圆片单极子两侧进行电阻加载,天线末端两侧的电流被电阻吸收,从而减小了低频反射信号的幅度,拓展了天线的低端频率,实际上也就是缩小了天线的尺寸。
电路中的渐变线理论可以引入到异型单极子天线的设计中,以获得更为良好的电特性。为此本文对圆片单极天线进行了优化设计,提出一种新型的Klopfenstein渐变单极天线。基于阻抗匹配性能最优的Klopfenstein渐变线设计的立体单极子天线,其电性能与圆片单极天线十分类似。在此基础上,分别设计了共面波导以及微带馈电的平面Klopfenstein渐变单极天线。仿真和实测结果证明,这些天线尺寸较小且性能良好,平面印刷结构可以使天线方便的与其它射频电路集成。这种利用渐变线理论直接设计天线的思路可以为实际应用提供有价值的参考。
本文的主要目的是解决超宽带天线设计中的小型化问题,为此提出了几种天线设计的思路和方法,并制作了相应的实物,进行了实际测量,得出了必要的分析结果。所研究的超宽带小型化天线主要针对3.1~10.6GHz的民用超宽带通信频段,但不局限于此,其研究成果可以向更宽的频带推广,为相应的军事和民用需求提供参考与借鉴。
Ultra-wideband is a novel wireless communication technology. It has extensive application in modern wireless systems such as ultra-wideband communication system, ultra-wideband radar system and ultra-wideband electronic reconnaissance system. With the rapid advancement of ultra-wideband system, the ultra-wideband electronic devices develop towards miniaturization direction, which requires development of the responsive ultra-wideband miniature antenna.
In this dissertation, several novel ultra-wideband miniature antennas are proposed on the basis of circular disc monopole. The impedance bandwidth, radiation characteristic and other aspects of the antennas can satisfy the communication requirements. All of them are studied through different means such as theoretical analysis, simulated design, and experimental measurement. As the theoretical basis of the entire dissertation, the reason why the circular disc monopole has good impedance characteristic within the ultra-wide bandwidth is researched using three models. According to the travelling wave and standing wave model, the antenna operates in a standing wave mode at lower frequencies and in a travelling wave mode at higher frequencies. The bandwidth of the antenna is broad because the existence of the travelling wave mode. According to the multiple-ring and multiple-resonant model, the circular disc monopole can be considered as the superposition or complemental composite of multiple rings. The overlap of numbers of related resonant modes makes the antenna has ultra-wide bandwidth. According to the tapered line model, the circular disc monopole antenna is similar to the antennas which are composed of the exponential, triangular, Klopfenstein, and parabolic tapered line. As the wideband impedance matching characteristic of the above tapered line is good, the circular disc monopole itself can also get very wide impedance bandwidth.
The circular disc monopole antenna has excellent electrical characteristics. The analytic results show that it has 10:1 impedance bandwidth at least and omnidirectional radiation pattern. Meanwhile, it can be able to radiate and receive the short pulse signals without distortion. Although this antenna has many advantages, it consumes very great volume space as the ground plane is perpendicular to the radiator. In order to improve this performance, the planar circular disc monopole is proposed. The structure reduces the space size of the ground plane greatly. And what's more, the planar antenna's size can be further reduced by cutting a certain length, puckering a certain length or rotating a certain angle. In order to solve the problem of the antenna's wind load, the ultra-wideband ring-shaped monopole antenna is proposed. The single-ring and multiple-ring structures can both improve the wind resistance capability while maintaining the basic characteristics of the antennas. The large-scale ring-shaped monopole antenna is designed by using similarity theory. It has broader practical value. Though only one ultra-wideband antenna can cover ultra-wide bandwidth, different application conditions require for different antenna bandwidths. For this reason, the circular disc and ring-shaped monopole antenna with wavy-edge which can reject the higher frequency is proposed. The antenna's bandwidth covers a frequency range from 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz more or less, and it is just the civil ultra-wideband communication range. The antennas mentioned above are designed to satisfy different demands by changing the shape or structure of the antenna to achieve the miniaturization objective. In addition, the antenna's miniaturization can also be realized by loading with resistances. The fundamental aim of the method is to change the surface current distribution. For the resistive loaded circular disc antenna, the resistances are loaded on both sides of the circular disc. The current distributed at the end sides of the antenna is absorbed by the resistances. Then low-frequency signals' amplitude is reduced and the low-frequency is expanded, which is as a matter of fact to reduce the size of the antenna.
The tapered line theory in circuit can be applied to the design of the special-shaped monopole antenna in order to obtain better electrical characteristics. So the circular disc monopole antenna is optimum designed and a novel Klopfenstein taper monopole antenna is proposed. The impedance matching characteristic of the Klopfenstein tapered line is the best, and the Klopfenstein taper monopole antenna is designed based on it. The antenna's electrical characteristic is similar to the circular disc monopole. On this basis, the coplanar waveguide-fed and microstripline-fed planar Klopfenstein taper monopole antennas are designed. The simulation and measurement results prove that the Klopfenstein taper monopole antennas have small size and good performance. And the planar printed antenna can be convenient integrated with other radio frequency circuits. The idea to design antenna by using of tapered line theory directly can be used in practical operations.
The main purpose of this dissertation is to solve the problem of the ultra-wideband antenna's miniaturization. Several principles and methods are proposed, and the corresponding antennas are made and measured. Then the essential analytical results are obtained. The ultra-wideband miniature antenna proposed in this dissertation is mainly used for the civil ultra-wideband communication, and its frequency rang is 3.1~10.6GHz. But the research results can be promoted to wider band in order to provide consultation for military and civil requirements.
本文以一种具有超宽频带的天线类型——圆片单极天线为基础,提出了几种在阻抗带宽以及辐射特性等方面均能满足通信要求的新型超宽带小型化天线,通过理论分析、仿真设计和实验测量等手段对各类型天线进行了系统的研究。
作为全篇的理论基础,本文首先用三个模型研究了圆片单极天线之所以能够在超宽频带范围内获得较好阻抗特性的原因。按照行波驻波模型,天线在低频端运行于驻波模式,在高频端运行于行波模式,因为行波模式的存在使得天线的带宽很宽;按照多环多谐振模型,圆片单极天线可以被认为是多环叠加或者多环互补复合而来的,多个相近谐振模式的重叠使得圆片单极天线拥有非常宽的带宽;按照渐变线模型,圆片天线与由指数渐变线、三角渐变线、Klopfenstein渐变线以及抛物线渐变线构成的天线非常类似,这些渐变线宽带阻抗匹配特性非常好,因而圆片天线本身也可以获得非常宽的阻抗带宽。
圆片单极天线具有良好的电特性,分析结果表明其至少具有10:1以上的阻抗带宽和全向性的方向图,同时具有无失真的收发时域短脉冲信号的能力。这种天线虽然有诸多优点,但是因为其地板垂直于辐射器,天线的空间尺寸较大,因此本文提出了平板圆片单极天线,该结构大大缩小了地板的空间尺寸,并且能够通过剪切、折叠和弯角的方法进一步缩减天线的尺度。为了解决天线的风载问题,本文提出了超宽带环形单极天线,单环和多环结构都能够在保持天线基本特性不变的情况下提高天线的抗风能力,利用相似原理设计的大尺寸环状单极天线具有更广阔的实用价值。超宽带天线固然可以用一副天线覆盖超宽频带,但是不同的应用条件对天线的带宽有不同的要求,为此提出了能够将频率高端阻陷的天线形式,即波浪边缘的圆片及环形单极天线,其频率覆盖范围基本上在3.1~10.6GHz民用超宽带通信范围之内。以上设计都是为适应不同的需求,通过改变圆片天线的形状或者结构来达到天线小型化的目的,除此之外,还可以通过电阻加载改变天线的电流分布来实现天线的小型化。电阻加载圆片单极天线是在圆片单极子两侧进行电阻加载,天线末端两侧的电流被电阻吸收,从而减小了低频反射信号的幅度,拓展了天线的低端频率,实际上也就是缩小了天线的尺寸。
电路中的渐变线理论可以引入到异型单极子天线的设计中,以获得更为良好的电特性。为此本文对圆片单极天线进行了优化设计,提出一种新型的Klopfenstein渐变单极天线。基于阻抗匹配性能最优的Klopfenstein渐变线设计的立体单极子天线,其电性能与圆片单极天线十分类似。在此基础上,分别设计了共面波导以及微带馈电的平面Klopfenstein渐变单极天线。仿真和实测结果证明,这些天线尺寸较小且性能良好,平面印刷结构可以使天线方便的与其它射频电路集成。这种利用渐变线理论直接设计天线的思路可以为实际应用提供有价值的参考。
本文的主要目的是解决超宽带天线设计中的小型化问题,为此提出了几种天线设计的思路和方法,并制作了相应的实物,进行了实际测量,得出了必要的分析结果。所研究的超宽带小型化天线主要针对3.1~10.6GHz的民用超宽带通信频段,但不局限于此,其研究成果可以向更宽的频带推广,为相应的军事和民用需求提供参考与借鉴。
Ultra-wideband is a novel wireless communication technology. It has extensive application in modern wireless systems such as ultra-wideband communication system, ultra-wideband radar system and ultra-wideband electronic reconnaissance system. With the rapid advancement of ultra-wideband system, the ultra-wideband electronic devices develop towards miniaturization direction, which requires development of the responsive ultra-wideband miniature antenna.
In this dissertation, several novel ultra-wideband miniature antennas are proposed on the basis of circular disc monopole. The impedance bandwidth, radiation characteristic and other aspects of the antennas can satisfy the communication requirements. All of them are studied through different means such as theoretical analysis, simulated design, and experimental measurement. As the theoretical basis of the entire dissertation, the reason why the circular disc monopole has good impedance characteristic within the ultra-wide bandwidth is researched using three models. According to the travelling wave and standing wave model, the antenna operates in a standing wave mode at lower frequencies and in a travelling wave mode at higher frequencies. The bandwidth of the antenna is broad because the existence of the travelling wave mode. According to the multiple-ring and multiple-resonant model, the circular disc monopole can be considered as the superposition or complemental composite of multiple rings. The overlap of numbers of related resonant modes makes the antenna has ultra-wide bandwidth. According to the tapered line model, the circular disc monopole antenna is similar to the antennas which are composed of the exponential, triangular, Klopfenstein, and parabolic tapered line. As the wideband impedance matching characteristic of the above tapered line is good, the circular disc monopole itself can also get very wide impedance bandwidth.
The circular disc monopole antenna has excellent electrical characteristics. The analytic results show that it has 10:1 impedance bandwidth at least and omnidirectional radiation pattern. Meanwhile, it can be able to radiate and receive the short pulse signals without distortion. Although this antenna has many advantages, it consumes very great volume space as the ground plane is perpendicular to the radiator. In order to improve this performance, the planar circular disc monopole is proposed. The structure reduces the space size of the ground plane greatly. And what's more, the planar antenna's size can be further reduced by cutting a certain length, puckering a certain length or rotating a certain angle. In order to solve the problem of the antenna's wind load, the ultra-wideband ring-shaped monopole antenna is proposed. The single-ring and multiple-ring structures can both improve the wind resistance capability while maintaining the basic characteristics of the antennas. The large-scale ring-shaped monopole antenna is designed by using similarity theory. It has broader practical value. Though only one ultra-wideband antenna can cover ultra-wide bandwidth, different application conditions require for different antenna bandwidths. For this reason, the circular disc and ring-shaped monopole antenna with wavy-edge which can reject the higher frequency is proposed. The antenna's bandwidth covers a frequency range from 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz more or less, and it is just the civil ultra-wideband communication range. The antennas mentioned above are designed to satisfy different demands by changing the shape or structure of the antenna to achieve the miniaturization objective. In addition, the antenna's miniaturization can also be realized by loading with resistances. The fundamental aim of the method is to change the surface current distribution. For the resistive loaded circular disc antenna, the resistances are loaded on both sides of the circular disc. The current distributed at the end sides of the antenna is absorbed by the resistances. Then low-frequency signals' amplitude is reduced and the low-frequency is expanded, which is as a matter of fact to reduce the size of the antenna.
The tapered line theory in circuit can be applied to the design of the special-shaped monopole antenna in order to obtain better electrical characteristics. So the circular disc monopole antenna is optimum designed and a novel Klopfenstein taper monopole antenna is proposed. The impedance matching characteristic of the Klopfenstein tapered line is the best, and the Klopfenstein taper monopole antenna is designed based on it. The antenna's electrical characteristic is similar to the circular disc monopole. On this basis, the coplanar waveguide-fed and microstripline-fed planar Klopfenstein taper monopole antennas are designed. The simulation and measurement results prove that the Klopfenstein taper monopole antennas have small size and good performance. And the planar printed antenna can be convenient integrated with other radio frequency circuits. The idea to design antenna by using of tapered line theory directly can be used in practical operations.
The main purpose of this dissertation is to solve the problem of the ultra-wideband antenna's miniaturization. Several principles and methods are proposed, and the corresponding antennas are made and measured. Then the essential analytical results are obtained. The ultra-wideband miniature antenna proposed in this dissertation is mainly used for the civil ultra-wideband communication, and its frequency rang is 3.1~10.6GHz. But the research results can be promoted to wider band in order to provide consultation for military and civil requirements.
引文
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