长江流域水环境安全及其评价指标体系初探
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摘要
水是人类生存最基本的需求之一,自20世纪70年代以来水危机问题就一直引起社会各界的高度关注,水资源短缺、水灾害加剧和水环境恶化的趋势在短期内仍将继续。在以流域为基础的水资源管理已经成为国际共识的大背景下,本文提出了流域水环境安全这一新概念,并由此探讨了评价流域水环境安全的指标体系。
本文查阅大量文献,提出了流域水环境安全的概念。在论述了水资源相关指标体系研究的基础上,建立了流域水环境安全评价指标体系(广义体系)。该指标体系分为两个层次:初级指标层和次级指标层。初级指标层即为次级指标的合集,分别为流域水资源自然状态指标集、流域经济社会发展指标集、流域水资源开发利用状况指标集、流域管理指标集。最后使用多层次模糊综合评价法进行流域水环境安全的综合评价。
论文在上述的研究基础上,以长江流域(2005年数据资料)为实例,建立了符合长江流域实际情况的水环境安全评价狭义指标体系,进行长江流域水环境安全状况评价。经分析,评价结果符合长江流域当年实际情况。并根据评价结果,提出了一系列相应对策,对于今后长江流域在制定相关政策、提升水环境安全水平等方面提出了较为有效的建议。
As is known to all, water is the most basic kind of demand for mankind’s survival. After the 1970s, water crisis has attracted highly attention by all circles of society. Even more, conditions will be continuous: the shortage of water resource, the increasing of water disaster, the deterioration of water environment. And, basin-based management of water resources has become an international consensus. Based on this position, this thesis put forward the concept of Basin Water Environment Security and discussed about how to evaluate it and other related issues.
At first, Basin Water Environment Security was put forward and explained on the basis of lots of references. After reviewing and discussing the water-related indicator system, the dissertation established the index system for Basin Water Environment Security (Generalized System). The system is consisted of two levels: primary and secondary level indicators index layer. Primary indicator is the collection of secondary indicators, and there are four collections: basin water resources natural state, basin socio-economic development, basin water resources exploitation status and basin management. At last, the basin water environmental security status was evaluated by using the multi-level fuzzy comprehensive assessment method.
Based on the above groundwork, taking the Yangtze River Basin (the year of 2005’s data) as an example, this paper established a narrow basin water environmental safety evaluation index system in line with the actual situation in the Yangtze River Valley and got an appraisal result. The appraisal result accords with the situation of Yangtze River Valley in the year of 2005. And then, according to the evaluation result, a series of corresponding countermeasures were suggested, the more effective proposals were put forward regarding to Yangtze River Valley in development of relevant policies, upgrading level of water environmental security in the future.
本文查阅大量文献,提出了流域水环境安全的概念。在论述了水资源相关指标体系研究的基础上,建立了流域水环境安全评价指标体系(广义体系)。该指标体系分为两个层次:初级指标层和次级指标层。初级指标层即为次级指标的合集,分别为流域水资源自然状态指标集、流域经济社会发展指标集、流域水资源开发利用状况指标集、流域管理指标集。最后使用多层次模糊综合评价法进行流域水环境安全的综合评价。
论文在上述的研究基础上,以长江流域(2005年数据资料)为实例,建立了符合长江流域实际情况的水环境安全评价狭义指标体系,进行长江流域水环境安全状况评价。经分析,评价结果符合长江流域当年实际情况。并根据评价结果,提出了一系列相应对策,对于今后长江流域在制定相关政策、提升水环境安全水平等方面提出了较为有效的建议。
As is known to all, water is the most basic kind of demand for mankind’s survival. After the 1970s, water crisis has attracted highly attention by all circles of society. Even more, conditions will be continuous: the shortage of water resource, the increasing of water disaster, the deterioration of water environment. And, basin-based management of water resources has become an international consensus. Based on this position, this thesis put forward the concept of Basin Water Environment Security and discussed about how to evaluate it and other related issues.
At first, Basin Water Environment Security was put forward and explained on the basis of lots of references. After reviewing and discussing the water-related indicator system, the dissertation established the index system for Basin Water Environment Security (Generalized System). The system is consisted of two levels: primary and secondary level indicators index layer. Primary indicator is the collection of secondary indicators, and there are four collections: basin water resources natural state, basin socio-economic development, basin water resources exploitation status and basin management. At last, the basin water environmental security status was evaluated by using the multi-level fuzzy comprehensive assessment method.
Based on the above groundwork, taking the Yangtze River Basin (the year of 2005’s data) as an example, this paper established a narrow basin water environmental safety evaluation index system in line with the actual situation in the Yangtze River Valley and got an appraisal result. The appraisal result accords with the situation of Yangtze River Valley in the year of 2005. And then, according to the evaluation result, a series of corresponding countermeasures were suggested, the more effective proposals were put forward regarding to Yangtze River Valley in development of relevant policies, upgrading level of water environmental security in the future.
引文
[1]吴季松.海牙国际水资源会议与国际水资源政策动向.世界环境,2000, 3:14~17
[2]洪阳.中国21世纪的水安全.环境保护,1999,10:29~31
[3]宋国涛.中国国际环境问题报告.北京:中国社会科学出版社,2000:345~351
[4]陈家琦.水安全保障问题浅议.自然资源学报,2002,17(3):262~269
[5]方子云.环境水利学导论.北京:中国环境科学出版社,1994:10~13
[6]汪恕诚.水环境承载力能力分析与调控.中国水利,2001,11:9~12
[7]王西琴,刘昌明,杨志峰.河道最小环境需水量确定方法及其应用研究.环境科学学报,2001,21(5):544~547
[8] Mcnelis Dn, Schweitzer Ge. Environmental security: an evolving concept. Environmental Science & Technology, Mar 2001,35(5):108~113
[9]陈绍金.水安全概念辨析.中国水利,2004,17:13~15
[10] Chris Marlowe. Water, wastewater, and security. Chemical Health and Safety, 2002, 9(6): 26~30
[11]熊正为.水资源污染与水安全问题探讨.地质勘探安全,2001, 1:41~44
[12]李景保,卢承志,梁成军,湖南省水安全问题研究,水利学报,Vo1.7, 2003, 52~63
[13]曾畅云,李贵宝,傅桦.水环境安全的研究进展.水利发展研究,2004,4:20~22
[14]刘兆德,虞孝感.长江流域新世纪可持续发展的重大问题.经济地理,2006,3(2):304~307
[15]孙周.松花江流域水资源保护和水污染防治对策.中国环境管理,2005,4:23~25
[16]刘宏.长江流域可持续发展与环境保护.环境保护科学,2000,26:3~5
[17] Mahmoud A. Abu-Zeid. Water and sustainable development: the vision for world water, life and the environment. Water Policy, 1998, 1(1): 9~19
[18]储敏.层次分析法中判断矩阵的构造问题:[硕士学位论文].南京:南京理工大学,2005
[19]陈守煌.多目标系统模糊关系优选决策理论与实践.水利学报,1994,8:62~71
[20]谢小立,周敬明,刘新平.粮食安全:我国农业现代化的任务与标志.中国人口·资源与环境,2001 11 (3):50~53
[21]叶文虎,孔青春.环境安全:21世纪人类面临的根本问题.中国人口·资源与环境,2001 11 (3):42~45
[22]刘昌明,中国21世纪水供需分析:生态水利研究.中国水利,1999 (10) :18~20
[23]虞孝感.长江流域生态安全问题及建议.自然资源学报,2002,17(3):294~298
[24] Bu-chun LIU, Xu-rong MEI, Yu-zhong LI et al. The Connotation and Extension of Agricultural Water Resources Security. Agricultural Sciences in China, 2007, 6(1):11~16
[25] Joseph Alcamo, Marcel B. Endejan, Frank Kaspar et al. The GLASS model: a strategy for quantifying global environmental security. Environmental Science & Policy, 2001, 4(1): 1~12
[26] Ximing Cai, Daene C. McKinney and Mark W. Rosegrant. Sustainability analysis for irrigation water management in the Aral Sea region Agricultural Systems, 2003, 76(3): 1043~1066
[27] G. Bj?rklund and J. Kuylenstierna. The Comprehensive Freshwater Assessment and how it relates to water policy world wide. Water Policy, 1998, 1(3): 267~282
[28] Per Pinstrup-Andersen and Rajul Pandya-Lorch. Food security and sustainable use of natural resources: a 2020 Vision. Ecological Economics, 1998, 26(1): 1~10
[29] Joseph H. Hulse. Agriculture, food and the environment. Food Research International, 1993, 26(6): 455~469
[30] Huixiao Wang, Changming Liu and Lu Zhang. Water-saving agriculture in China: An overview. Advances in Agronomy, 2002, 75: 135~171
[31] Vicente Rico-Ramirez, Sergio Frausto-Hernandez, Urmila M. Diwekar et al. Water networks security: A two-stage mixed-integer stochastic program for sensor placement under uncertainty. Computers & Chemical Engineering, 2007, 31(5): 565~573
[32] Kent R Gustavson, Stephen C Lonergan and H.Jack Ruitenbeek. Selection and modeling of sustainable development indicators: a case study of the Fraser River Basin, British Columbia. Ecological Economics, 1999, 28(1): 117~132
[33] Xi-bin JI, Er-si KANG, Ren-sheng CHEN et al. Analysis of Water Resources Supply and Demand and Security of Water Resources Development in Irrigation Regions of the Middle Reaches of the Heihe River Basin, Northwest China. Agricultural Sciences in China, 2006, 5(2): 130~140
[34] A. Kamara and H. Sally. Water for food, livelihoods and nature: simulations for policy dialogue in South Africa. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C, 2003, 28(20-27): 1085~1094
[35] Kristy A. N. Bulleit. Achieving sustainable development: a review of the environmental balancing act in two key clean water act regulatory programs. Environmental Science & Policy, 2000, 9: xv-xx
[36]黄薇,陈进.流域水资源评价广义指标体系研究.长江科学院院报, 2005, 22(4):22~25
[37] Michiel A. Rijsberman and Frans H. M. van de Ven. Different approaches to assessment of design and management of sustainable urban water systems. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 2000, 20(3): 333~345
[38]孙景亮.论重大水利工程项目对社会环境产生的影响.南水北调与水利科技, 2006,4(2):56~58
[39] Justyna Czemiel Berndtsson and Ingrid Hyv?nen. Are there sustainable alternatives to water-based sanitation system? Practical illustrations and policy issues. Water Policy, Volume 4, Issue 6, 2002, 4(6): 515~530
[40]王银彩,马智利.长江流域各地区环境保护水平分析.云南地理环境研究, 2006, 18(1):87~91
[41] Luc A. Andriantiatsaholiniaina, Vassilis S. Kouikoglou and Yannis A. Phillis . Evaluating strategies for sustainable development: fuzzy logic reasoning and sensitivity analysis. Ecological Economics, 2004, 48(2): 149~172
[42] Dennis Wichelns.The role of‘virtual water’in efforts to achieve food security and other national goals, with an example from Egypt. Agricultural Water Management, 2001, 49(2): 131~151
[43] Pamela Jagger and John Pender. The role of trees for sustainable management of less-favored lands: the case of eucalyptus in Ethiopia. Forest Policy and Economics, 2003, 5(1): 83~95
[44]王士武,杨铁锋,温进化.行洪除涝的合理水面率研究.灌溉排水学报,25(2):72~76
[45]韦红波,任红玉,杨勤科.中国多年平均输沙模数的研究.泥沙研究,2003,1:39~44
[46]杨永德,张有芷.长江流域用水状况分析.人民长江,2006,37(8):10~17
[47]程国栋.虚拟水-中国水资源安全战略的新思路.中国科学院院刊,2003, (4):260~265
[48] Mahesh C. Chaturvedi. Sustainable development of India's waters—some policy issues. Water Policy, 2001, 3(4): 297~320
[49] A. H. Conley and P. H. van Niekerk . Sustainable management of international waters: The Orange River case. Water Policy, 2000, 2(1-2): 131~149
[50]王世进,张兰.论环境安全及其保障体系的建构--以水环境为考察视角.江西社会科学,2005,12:165~169
[51]彭盛华,翁立达,赵俊琳.汉水流域水环境安全管理对策探讨.长江流域资源与环境,2001,10(6):530~536
[2]洪阳.中国21世纪的水安全.环境保护,1999,10:29~31
[3]宋国涛.中国国际环境问题报告.北京:中国社会科学出版社,2000:345~351
[4]陈家琦.水安全保障问题浅议.自然资源学报,2002,17(3):262~269
[5]方子云.环境水利学导论.北京:中国环境科学出版社,1994:10~13
[6]汪恕诚.水环境承载力能力分析与调控.中国水利,2001,11:9~12
[7]王西琴,刘昌明,杨志峰.河道最小环境需水量确定方法及其应用研究.环境科学学报,2001,21(5):544~547
[8] Mcnelis Dn, Schweitzer Ge. Environmental security: an evolving concept. Environmental Science & Technology, Mar 2001,35(5):108~113
[9]陈绍金.水安全概念辨析.中国水利,2004,17:13~15
[10] Chris Marlowe. Water, wastewater, and security. Chemical Health and Safety, 2002, 9(6): 26~30
[11]熊正为.水资源污染与水安全问题探讨.地质勘探安全,2001, 1:41~44
[12]李景保,卢承志,梁成军,湖南省水安全问题研究,水利学报,Vo1.7, 2003, 52~63
[13]曾畅云,李贵宝,傅桦.水环境安全的研究进展.水利发展研究,2004,4:20~22
[14]刘兆德,虞孝感.长江流域新世纪可持续发展的重大问题.经济地理,2006,3(2):304~307
[15]孙周.松花江流域水资源保护和水污染防治对策.中国环境管理,2005,4:23~25
[16]刘宏.长江流域可持续发展与环境保护.环境保护科学,2000,26:3~5
[17] Mahmoud A. Abu-Zeid. Water and sustainable development: the vision for world water, life and the environment. Water Policy, 1998, 1(1): 9~19
[18]储敏.层次分析法中判断矩阵的构造问题:[硕士学位论文].南京:南京理工大学,2005
[19]陈守煌.多目标系统模糊关系优选决策理论与实践.水利学报,1994,8:62~71
[20]谢小立,周敬明,刘新平.粮食安全:我国农业现代化的任务与标志.中国人口·资源与环境,2001 11 (3):50~53
[21]叶文虎,孔青春.环境安全:21世纪人类面临的根本问题.中国人口·资源与环境,2001 11 (3):42~45
[22]刘昌明,中国21世纪水供需分析:生态水利研究.中国水利,1999 (10) :18~20
[23]虞孝感.长江流域生态安全问题及建议.自然资源学报,2002,17(3):294~298
[24] Bu-chun LIU, Xu-rong MEI, Yu-zhong LI et al. The Connotation and Extension of Agricultural Water Resources Security. Agricultural Sciences in China, 2007, 6(1):11~16
[25] Joseph Alcamo, Marcel B. Endejan, Frank Kaspar et al. The GLASS model: a strategy for quantifying global environmental security. Environmental Science & Policy, 2001, 4(1): 1~12
[26] Ximing Cai, Daene C. McKinney and Mark W. Rosegrant. Sustainability analysis for irrigation water management in the Aral Sea region Agricultural Systems, 2003, 76(3): 1043~1066
[27] G. Bj?rklund and J. Kuylenstierna. The Comprehensive Freshwater Assessment and how it relates to water policy world wide. Water Policy, 1998, 1(3): 267~282
[28] Per Pinstrup-Andersen and Rajul Pandya-Lorch. Food security and sustainable use of natural resources: a 2020 Vision. Ecological Economics, 1998, 26(1): 1~10
[29] Joseph H. Hulse. Agriculture, food and the environment. Food Research International, 1993, 26(6): 455~469
[30] Huixiao Wang, Changming Liu and Lu Zhang. Water-saving agriculture in China: An overview. Advances in Agronomy, 2002, 75: 135~171
[31] Vicente Rico-Ramirez, Sergio Frausto-Hernandez, Urmila M. Diwekar et al. Water networks security: A two-stage mixed-integer stochastic program for sensor placement under uncertainty. Computers & Chemical Engineering, 2007, 31(5): 565~573
[32] Kent R Gustavson, Stephen C Lonergan and H.Jack Ruitenbeek. Selection and modeling of sustainable development indicators: a case study of the Fraser River Basin, British Columbia. Ecological Economics, 1999, 28(1): 117~132
[33] Xi-bin JI, Er-si KANG, Ren-sheng CHEN et al. Analysis of Water Resources Supply and Demand and Security of Water Resources Development in Irrigation Regions of the Middle Reaches of the Heihe River Basin, Northwest China. Agricultural Sciences in China, 2006, 5(2): 130~140
[34] A. Kamara and H. Sally. Water for food, livelihoods and nature: simulations for policy dialogue in South Africa. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C, 2003, 28(20-27): 1085~1094
[35] Kristy A. N. Bulleit. Achieving sustainable development: a review of the environmental balancing act in two key clean water act regulatory programs. Environmental Science & Policy, 2000, 9: xv-xx
[36]黄薇,陈进.流域水资源评价广义指标体系研究.长江科学院院报, 2005, 22(4):22~25
[37] Michiel A. Rijsberman and Frans H. M. van de Ven. Different approaches to assessment of design and management of sustainable urban water systems. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 2000, 20(3): 333~345
[38]孙景亮.论重大水利工程项目对社会环境产生的影响.南水北调与水利科技, 2006,4(2):56~58
[39] Justyna Czemiel Berndtsson and Ingrid Hyv?nen. Are there sustainable alternatives to water-based sanitation system? Practical illustrations and policy issues. Water Policy, Volume 4, Issue 6, 2002, 4(6): 515~530
[40]王银彩,马智利.长江流域各地区环境保护水平分析.云南地理环境研究, 2006, 18(1):87~91
[41] Luc A. Andriantiatsaholiniaina, Vassilis S. Kouikoglou and Yannis A. Phillis . Evaluating strategies for sustainable development: fuzzy logic reasoning and sensitivity analysis. Ecological Economics, 2004, 48(2): 149~172
[42] Dennis Wichelns.The role of‘virtual water’in efforts to achieve food security and other national goals, with an example from Egypt. Agricultural Water Management, 2001, 49(2): 131~151
[43] Pamela Jagger and John Pender. The role of trees for sustainable management of less-favored lands: the case of eucalyptus in Ethiopia. Forest Policy and Economics, 2003, 5(1): 83~95
[44]王士武,杨铁锋,温进化.行洪除涝的合理水面率研究.灌溉排水学报,25(2):72~76
[45]韦红波,任红玉,杨勤科.中国多年平均输沙模数的研究.泥沙研究,2003,1:39~44
[46]杨永德,张有芷.长江流域用水状况分析.人民长江,2006,37(8):10~17
[47]程国栋.虚拟水-中国水资源安全战略的新思路.中国科学院院刊,2003, (4):260~265
[48] Mahesh C. Chaturvedi. Sustainable development of India's waters—some policy issues. Water Policy, 2001, 3(4): 297~320
[49] A. H. Conley and P. H. van Niekerk . Sustainable management of international waters: The Orange River case. Water Policy, 2000, 2(1-2): 131~149
[50]王世进,张兰.论环境安全及其保障体系的建构--以水环境为考察视角.江西社会科学,2005,12:165~169
[51]彭盛华,翁立达,赵俊琳.汉水流域水环境安全管理对策探讨.长江流域资源与环境,2001,10(6):530~536