彩色打印机色彩空间转换方法研究
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摘要
随着计算机、媒质、internet的发展，各种彩色图像的精确复现变得越来越重要。许多电子彩色设备如：彩色扫描仪、显示器、打印机的色彩空间都是依赖设备的色彩空间。因而，CIE(Commision Internationale de l'Eclairage)发展起了不依赖于设备的色彩空间来实现颜色在各种颜色设备之间的一致性，所以不依赖设备的颜色复现已经受到人们广泛的注意。
为了实现颜色在依赖于设备的和不依赖于设备的转换，近年来提出来几种色彩空间转换方法如：Neugebauer方程模型法、多元回归法、查表法、神经网络法。
本文主要采用多元回归法和BP神经网络法来实现彩色打印机色彩空间转换。多元回归法主要研究了实验样本数目、阶数对结果的影响，实现了彩色打印机色彩空间转换，避免了使用彩色打印机色彩空间CMYK的复杂性。最后以CIE推荐的色差公式来评价，四阶多元回归取得了较好的预测效果。神经网络主要研究了训练方法、传递函数、隐层数和隐层单元数对结果的影响，最后得出结论三层神经网络即可很好的预测效果。最后比较了两种方法，各有利弊，均可以用于彩色打印机色彩空间的转换。
彩色打印机色彩空间的转换，为计算机公司色彩管理软件的开发奠定了基础。同时它将在医疗、遥感图像、其它颜色设备中都有广泛的应用，是颜色还原的关键环节。
With the development of computer, media, internet, the need for accurate and transparent exchange of color content has become critical. Many types of electronic color imaging device color scanner, monitor, printer, all of these devices utilize device-dependent color spaces Therefore, CIE(Commision International del'Eclairage) developed device-independent color spaces to grantee the production of color consistency between various devices. That is, the concept of device-independent color reproduction, has received widespread attention.
In order to realize the color space transformation between Device-independent and device-independent, several methods have been proposed for color space transformation. These conclude analytical model method using -Neugebauer equation, the polynomial regression model, look-up tab.le and neural network methods.
This article presents study on color space transformation of Color Printer. It presents two methods: polynomial regression and BP neural networks, polynomial regression based on optimization analyzed about the experiment sample number, the polynomial exponent, the selection of test sample and so on., Avoiding the complexity of ink-jet color printer' s CMYK subtractive color space. This regression method establishes a colorimetric prediction model from input color space transformation. By using the color difference evaluation method recommended by CIE and comparing different exponent experimental result, it is confirmed that the fourth order polynomial had a better prediction effect BP neural networks mainly studied effect on precision training function, transfer function, hidden numbers, hidden neurons and so on . Drew a conclusion three layers BP networks to realized color space transformation of color printers effectively. Finally compared the two methods. There are advantage and disadvantage between polyn
omial regression and BP neural networks, they are both applied in color space transformation of color printers effectively.
It is available for Computer Company soft to develop. This theory will be applied to the fields of Computer Company, medication, the correction in color remote sensing image, andxother color system. It is
为了实现颜色在依赖于设备的和不依赖于设备的转换，近年来提出来几种色彩空间转换方法如：Neugebauer方程模型法、多元回归法、查表法、神经网络法。
本文主要采用多元回归法和BP神经网络法来实现彩色打印机色彩空间转换。多元回归法主要研究了实验样本数目、阶数对结果的影响，实现了彩色打印机色彩空间转换，避免了使用彩色打印机色彩空间CMYK的复杂性。最后以CIE推荐的色差公式来评价，四阶多元回归取得了较好的预测效果。神经网络主要研究了训练方法、传递函数、隐层数和隐层单元数对结果的影响，最后得出结论三层神经网络即可很好的预测效果。最后比较了两种方法，各有利弊，均可以用于彩色打印机色彩空间的转换。
彩色打印机色彩空间的转换，为计算机公司色彩管理软件的开发奠定了基础。同时它将在医疗、遥感图像、其它颜色设备中都有广泛的应用，是颜色还原的关键环节。
With the development of computer, media, internet, the need for accurate and transparent exchange of color content has become critical. Many types of electronic color imaging device color scanner, monitor, printer, all of these devices utilize device-dependent color spaces Therefore, CIE(Commision International del'Eclairage) developed device-independent color spaces to grantee the production of color consistency between various devices. That is, the concept of device-independent color reproduction, has received widespread attention.
In order to realize the color space transformation between Device-independent and device-independent, several methods have been proposed for color space transformation. These conclude analytical model method using -Neugebauer equation, the polynomial regression model, look-up tab.le and neural network methods.
This article presents study on color space transformation of Color Printer. It presents two methods: polynomial regression and BP neural networks, polynomial regression based on optimization analyzed about the experiment sample number, the polynomial exponent, the selection of test sample and so on., Avoiding the complexity of ink-jet color printer' s CMYK subtractive color space. This regression method establishes a colorimetric prediction model from input color space transformation. By using the color difference evaluation method recommended by CIE and comparing different exponent experimental result, it is confirmed that the fourth order polynomial had a better prediction effect BP neural networks mainly studied effect on precision training function, transfer function, hidden numbers, hidden neurons and so on . Drew a conclusion three layers BP networks to realized color space transformation of color printers effectively. Finally compared the two methods. There are advantage and disadvantage between polyn
omial regression and BP neural networks, they are both applied in color space transformation of color printers effectively.
It is available for Computer Company soft to develop. This theory will be applied to the fields of Computer Company, medication, the correction in color remote sensing image, andxother color system. It is
引文
1 Joann M. tayor, Integrated color management: the key to color control In electronic imaging and graphic systems,SPIE, 1460,2～19。
2 Richard Berlin, A pragmatic approach to colorimprovement. SPIE, 2170.89-97.
3．蒋绍全，石俊生，数字彩色图像颜色管理，云南师范大学学报，2002，22(5)，28—32。
4．徐丹，荣耀生，石教英．基于ICC标准的色彩管理研究，软件学报，1998，9(10) 740—747。
5. Michael J. Vrhel. color device calibration: a mathematical formamulation, IEEE, 8(12),1796-1805
6. Joann M. Taylor Integrated color management the key to color control in electronic imaging and graphic systems. SPIE,1460, 2--19。
7. Hewlett-Pachard. Color management in the real world: sRGB, ICM2, ICC, ColorSync and other attempts to make color management "transparent" .SPIE, 3299,360-367.
8．常城，齐春，彩色记录与重现系统，中国图像图形学报，2001，6(3)，205～213
9. Cheol-Hee, Eung-Joo, Lee, Sunk-Chul Ann and Yeong-Ho Ha, Color space conversion via gamut-based color samples of printer. 2001,45(5), 427-435.
10 (美) ROY S．Berns，颜色技术原理，化学工业出版社。
11．崔元日等．印刷图像学，解放军出版社．256～269。
12. G. Lrogers, Neugebauer revisited:random dots in halfone screening[J], Color research and application. 1998,23,104～113
13. A. C. Yule and W. J Nielsn, The penetration of light into paper and its effects on halftone reproduction, Pro. Tech Asson Graphics Arts 1951 (4), 65～75.
14 F. R. Clapper and J.A.C. Yule, the effect of multiple internal reflections on the densities of half-tone prints on paper, J. Optical Soc. Amr, 195343,600～603.
15 P. Kubelka, New conteibutions to optics of intensely light-scattering materials Part I J. Opt. Soc. Am, 1948(38),448～457.
16. Hery R. Kang, printers related color printers processing techniches, SPIE, 2413,410-419.
17. K. Knanmori, fast color processor with programmable interpolation by small memory, J. Electronic Imaging 36,73-78(1992)
18. K. D Genntten ,RGBto CMYK conversion using 3D barycentric interpolation Proc, SPIE, 1909,117-123(1993)
19. J. M. kasson, S. L. Nin, W. Plouffe, and J. L. Haffner, Performing color space conversions with three-dimensional linear interpolation, J. Electrnoc. Imaging 4,226-250(1995)
20. Po-Chieh Hung. Colorimetric Calibration for Scanners and Media[J], SPIE, Vol.1448,164～174.
21. M. Xia, E. Esaber and A. M. Tekalp, End-to-end color printer calibration by total least squares regression[J],IEEE Transactions on Image imaging processing. 1999,8,700-716.
22 李忠范，高文森，数理统计，吉林大学出版社，
23. Henry R. Kang, Color scanner calibration, Journal of imaging science and technology, 1992,36(2),162-170.
24. H. R. Kang, Coloe scanner calibration of reflected samples, SPIE, 1670, 168～482(1992)
25. S. Tominaga, Color control of printers by neural network[J], J. Electronic imaging. 1998, 7, 664～671.
26. S. Tominaga Color notation conversion by neural networks[J], Color research and application. 1993,18,253～259
27．郭茂祖，王亚东，苏晓红，王兴起．基于BP网络的色彩匹配方法研究[J]，计算机学报，Vol．23，819～823 GUO M Z, WANG Y H, SU X H, WANG X Q. Research of color matching method on BP Network[J]. J. computer, Vol. 23, 819～823(in Chinese)
28．周双全，赵达尊．基于打印机色彩控制技术[J]．光学技术，2000，26(1)，49～51。ZHOU SH Q, ZHAO D Z. BP network based on color control in color printers[J], Optics technique 2000, 26(1),49～51. (in Chinese).
29. Liao Ningfang, Gao Zhiyun, A comparative study of a CRT colorimetric prediction model by neural networks and the models by conventional method. color research and application. 1999,24(1),45-50.
30 卜智翔，李爱农，基于BP神经网络预测药芯焊条耐磨性，武汉理工大学，1—3。
31 赵忠旭，沈兰荪，卫爱民等，基于人工神经网络的彩色校正方法研究，中国
图像图形学报，5(9)，785—789。
32. Po-Chieh Hung. Colorimetric Calibration for Scanners and Media[J], SPIE, Vol. 1448,164～174
33. M. Xia, E. Esaber and A. M. Tekalp, End-to-end color printer calibration by total least squares regression[J],IEEE Transactions on Image Processing.1999,8,700～716
34．闻新，周露，王丹力，神经网络应用设计，科学出版社．
35．荆其诚，色度学，科学出版社，112～114。
36．杨发权，李武纲．李玉祥，不同色度空间的颜色分离方法，2000，16(2)，72～76
37 刘文耀，光电图像处理，电子工业出版社，20～34。
38 何志强，图像抖动技术和原理及实现，计算机系统应用．1999(7)，43～46。
39．李明，王燕等，基于填充曲线的的抖动模式研究，信息技术，甘肃工业大电信工程学院，2001(4)，29
40．盛龙，在16色下显示256色及全彩色，PC应用，46～49。
41．郭茂祖，洪勇，基于模拟退火法的抖动模式的研究及实现，哈尔滨工业大学学报，1997，29(3)，65～67．
42．郭茂祖，陈彬，评价函数驱动的抖动模式的研究，软件学报，1998，9(5)，383～389。
43 david．F．Rogers著，石教英 彭群生等译，计算机图形学的算法基础，机械出版社(第二版)，462～483
44．胡涛，张二虎，王歆平．计算机CRT设备特征描述文件的建立，计算机工程，2002，28(10)．
45．尹力，刘强，王惠文．偏最小二乘算法在系统建模中的两类典型应用，系统仿真学报，2003，15(1)，135—137。
46. Fritz Ebner, Mard D. Fairchild, Gamut mapping from below: Finding minimum perceptual distances for colors outside the gamut volume, color research and application, 402-413。
47 黄庆梅，赵达尊，彩色复制中的色域映射，照明工程学报，2002，13(1)，19—26。
48．苏晓红，王亚东，郭茂祖，基于样本空间学习算法的彩色匹配方法研究，自动化学报，2001，27 (2)，186—193。
49 Naoya Katoh and Masahiko Ito, Appling Non-linear Compression to the Three-dimensional Gamut Mappin, Journal of imaging and technology.44 (4) 328--333 (2000)。
50. K. E Spaulding, R. N. Ellson and J. R. Sullivan Ultra Color, A new gamut mapping strategy, Proc. SPIE 2414, 61-68(1995).
51 H..Motomura Categorical Color Mapping for Gamut Mapping-Using Block Average Image, Proc, SPIE 3648,108-119(1999).
52 L. W. Macdonald, Gamut Mapping in perceptual Color Space, Proceedings of 1st IS/SID Color imaging.Conference,IS&T, Sping field, VA, 1993, 193-196.
53．钱国良，陈彬，苏文豪等．基于机器匹配的彩色学习技术，软件学报，9(11)845-850(1998)
2 Richard Berlin, A pragmatic approach to colorimprovement. SPIE, 2170.89-97.
3．蒋绍全，石俊生，数字彩色图像颜色管理，云南师范大学学报，2002，22(5)，28—32。
4．徐丹，荣耀生，石教英．基于ICC标准的色彩管理研究，软件学报，1998，9(10) 740—747。
5. Michael J. Vrhel. color device calibration: a mathematical formamulation, IEEE, 8(12),1796-1805
6. Joann M. Taylor Integrated color management the key to color control in electronic imaging and graphic systems. SPIE,1460, 2--19。
7. Hewlett-Pachard. Color management in the real world: sRGB, ICM2, ICC, ColorSync and other attempts to make color management "transparent" .SPIE, 3299,360-367.
8．常城，齐春，彩色记录与重现系统，中国图像图形学报，2001，6(3)，205～213
9. Cheol-Hee, Eung-Joo, Lee, Sunk-Chul Ann and Yeong-Ho Ha, Color space conversion via gamut-based color samples of printer. 2001,45(5), 427-435.
10 (美) ROY S．Berns，颜色技术原理，化学工业出版社。
11．崔元日等．印刷图像学，解放军出版社．256～269。
12. G. Lrogers, Neugebauer revisited:random dots in halfone screening[J], Color research and application. 1998,23,104～113
13. A. C. Yule and W. J Nielsn, The penetration of light into paper and its effects on halftone reproduction, Pro. Tech Asson Graphics Arts 1951 (4), 65～75.
14 F. R. Clapper and J.A.C. Yule, the effect of multiple internal reflections on the densities of half-tone prints on paper, J. Optical Soc. Amr, 195343,600～603.
15 P. Kubelka, New conteibutions to optics of intensely light-scattering materials Part I J. Opt. Soc. Am, 1948(38),448～457.
16. Hery R. Kang, printers related color printers processing techniches, SPIE, 2413,410-419.
17. K. Knanmori, fast color processor with programmable interpolation by small memory, J. Electronic Imaging 36,73-78(1992)
18. K. D Genntten ,RGBto CMYK conversion using 3D barycentric interpolation Proc, SPIE, 1909,117-123(1993)
19. J. M. kasson, S. L. Nin, W. Plouffe, and J. L. Haffner, Performing color space conversions with three-dimensional linear interpolation, J. Electrnoc. Imaging 4,226-250(1995)
20. Po-Chieh Hung. Colorimetric Calibration for Scanners and Media[J], SPIE, Vol.1448,164～174.
21. M. Xia, E. Esaber and A. M. Tekalp, End-to-end color printer calibration by total least squares regression[J],IEEE Transactions on Image imaging processing. 1999,8,700-716.
22 李忠范，高文森，数理统计，吉林大学出版社，
23. Henry R. Kang, Color scanner calibration, Journal of imaging science and technology, 1992,36(2),162-170.
24. H. R. Kang, Coloe scanner calibration of reflected samples, SPIE, 1670, 168～482(1992)
25. S. Tominaga, Color control of printers by neural network[J], J. Electronic imaging. 1998, 7, 664～671.
26. S. Tominaga Color notation conversion by neural networks[J], Color research and application. 1993,18,253～259
27．郭茂祖，王亚东，苏晓红，王兴起．基于BP网络的色彩匹配方法研究[J]，计算机学报，Vol．23，819～823 GUO M Z, WANG Y H, SU X H, WANG X Q. Research of color matching method on BP Network[J]. J. computer, Vol. 23, 819～823(in Chinese)
28．周双全，赵达尊．基于打印机色彩控制技术[J]．光学技术，2000，26(1)，49～51。ZHOU SH Q, ZHAO D Z. BP network based on color control in color printers[J], Optics technique 2000, 26(1),49～51. (in Chinese).
29. Liao Ningfang, Gao Zhiyun, A comparative study of a CRT colorimetric prediction model by neural networks and the models by conventional method. color research and application. 1999,24(1),45-50.
30 卜智翔，李爱农，基于BP神经网络预测药芯焊条耐磨性，武汉理工大学，1—3。
31 赵忠旭，沈兰荪，卫爱民等，基于人工神经网络的彩色校正方法研究，中国
图像图形学报，5(9)，785—789。
32. Po-Chieh Hung. Colorimetric Calibration for Scanners and Media[J], SPIE, Vol. 1448,164～174
33. M. Xia, E. Esaber and A. M. Tekalp, End-to-end color printer calibration by total least squares regression[J],IEEE Transactions on Image Processing.1999,8,700～716
34．闻新，周露，王丹力，神经网络应用设计，科学出版社．
35．荆其诚，色度学，科学出版社，112～114。
36．杨发权，李武纲．李玉祥，不同色度空间的颜色分离方法，2000，16(2)，72～76
37 刘文耀，光电图像处理，电子工业出版社，20～34。
38 何志强，图像抖动技术和原理及实现，计算机系统应用．1999(7)，43～46。
39．李明，王燕等，基于填充曲线的的抖动模式研究，信息技术，甘肃工业大电信工程学院，2001(4)，29
40．盛龙，在16色下显示256色及全彩色，PC应用，46～49。
41．郭茂祖，洪勇，基于模拟退火法的抖动模式的研究及实现，哈尔滨工业大学学报，1997，29(3)，65～67．
42．郭茂祖，陈彬，评价函数驱动的抖动模式的研究，软件学报，1998，9(5)，383～389。
43 david．F．Rogers著，石教英 彭群生等译，计算机图形学的算法基础，机械出版社(第二版)，462～483
44．胡涛，张二虎，王歆平．计算机CRT设备特征描述文件的建立，计算机工程，2002，28(10)．
45．尹力，刘强，王惠文．偏最小二乘算法在系统建模中的两类典型应用，系统仿真学报，2003，15(1)，135—137。
46. Fritz Ebner, Mard D. Fairchild, Gamut mapping from below: Finding minimum perceptual distances for colors outside the gamut volume, color research and application, 402-413。
47 黄庆梅，赵达尊，彩色复制中的色域映射，照明工程学报，2002，13(1)，19—26。
48．苏晓红，王亚东，郭茂祖，基于样本空间学习算法的彩色匹配方法研究，自动化学报，2001，27 (2)，186—193。
49 Naoya Katoh and Masahiko Ito, Appling Non-linear Compression to the Three-dimensional Gamut Mappin, Journal of imaging and technology.44 (4) 328--333 (2000)。
50. K. E Spaulding, R. N. Ellson and J. R. Sullivan Ultra Color, A new gamut mapping strategy, Proc. SPIE 2414, 61-68(1995).
51 H..Motomura Categorical Color Mapping for Gamut Mapping-Using Block Average Image, Proc, SPIE 3648,108-119(1999).
52 L. W. Macdonald, Gamut Mapping in perceptual Color Space, Proceedings of 1st IS/SID Color imaging.Conference,IS&T, Sping field, VA, 1993, 193-196.
53．钱国良，陈彬，苏文豪等．基于机器匹配的彩色学习技术，软件学报，9(11)845-850(1998)