基于色貌模型的高保真颜色再现色域映射理论与方法研究
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摘要
随着数字图像输入、显示和输出技术的发展,数字彩色图像设备在人们日常生活和工业生产中得到了越来越多的应用。但由于数字图像设备的呈色机理、表色空间和色域的不同等诸多因素的影响,导致彩色图像颜色信息在数字图像设备之间传输时经常出现失真而无法实现高保真再现。这影响了如彩色印刷、显示技术、影像分析、计算机辅助设计、远程医疗、电子商务等行业的发展,而现代色彩管理系统中的色域映射技术是解决这一问题的有效方案。目前色彩管理系统规定CIE1931XYZ或CIE1976L*a*b*色彩空间作为映射的标准连接空间,可以保持目标图像与源图像颜色色刺激的一致性。但是,要实现图像颜色的高保真再现,色彩管理的目标应当是保持复制品和原稿在人眼视感觉上的一致,即色貌一致。色貌不仅仅取决于颜色刺激本身,还与观察条件等有关。由于CIE1931XYZ不是色模型,无法预测人眼对颜色的视感觉属性,而CIE1976L*a*b*虽然能够预测一定的视感觉属性,如心理明度、心理色度和色相等,但其空间均匀性不理想、且观察条件固定、色貌预测能力较弱等原因,均无法满足颜色高保真再现和跨媒体颜色再现的要求。因此,为了满足高保真颜色信息再现的要求,提高颜色再现质量,研究基于色貌模型的色域映射理论和方法是十分有必要的。
     本文围绕颜色高保真再现中的关键技术——色域映射技术,对色貌及色貌模型、色域映射理论和方法以及高保真颜色再现的实现等做了深入研究。论文的研究工作和创新点主要包括:
     (1)分析了高保真颜色传输和再现过程中存在的色貌现象和色貌模型,阐述了色貌模型建立过程中的色度适应变换等,详细研究了CIECAM02色貌模型的计算过程、iCAM图像色貌模型的计算流程。对选用iCAM图像色貌模型作为标准连接空间的优势做了综合分析。
     (2)深入研究了目前基于设备-设备的色域映射理论和方法,分析了色域映射研究的内容,包括色域边界的计算、色域映射方向的选择、常用的色域映射方法等。着重研究了色域映射方法中的色域裁切算法和压缩算法,分析了几种典型色域映射方法的特点,着重阐述了CIE推荐的HPMinΔE算法和SGCK算法。
     (3)根据色貌模型和色域映射基本原理和方法,提出并研究了图像颜色特征属性,将其分为色域特征属性、色度特征属性和色貌特征属性。通过研究发现,对于不同类型的原稿图像,其颜色特征具有明显的不同且对于色域映射意图的适应性也具有较大差异。
     (4)深入研究了基于图像-设备的空间域色域映射算法,设计了基于图像-设备的空间域色域映射算法框架,并在该框架内提出了基于双边滤波的空间自适应色域映射算法(BFSAGM)和基于色貌和空间相关的色域映射算法(CASRCGM)。通过设计输出色块并计算其色差,与CIE推荐的HPMinΔE和SGCK算法进行了比较,结果表明本论文提出的两种算法在映射精度和色貌保持方面优于CIE推荐的HPMinΔE和SGCK算法,但在计算复杂度和时间上比其要复杂的多。
     (5)针对高保真颜色再现的需要,研究了多种扩大目标色域的方法,并将这些方法分为硬件方法和软件方法,提出了影响目标色域拓展的因素,设计了基于空间域色域映射算法模型,并对其进行了实验分析。实验结果表明可以根据高保真颜色再现的具体要求采用软件方法和采用硬件方法相结合的方式拓展目标色域,以提高颜色信息高保真再现的效率。
     最后,对本文的主要内容以及所取得的主要研究成果进行概括性总结,并对今后的进一步研究工作进行了展望。
Digital color image equipments play a more and more important role in people’s dailylife and industrial production with the development of digital image capturing, displaying andoutputting technologies. However the high fidelity color information reproduction can’t beperformed because the color generation mechanisms, device color spaces and color gamuts ofcolor image equipments are different. As a result, the developments of numerous techniques,such as color printing technique, displaying technique, image analysis technique, computeraided design (CAD), remote medical technique and electronic commerce technique areaffected. Fortunately, color gamut mapping technique of modern color management system isone of the most important techniques to solve the color distortion problems in colorreproduction area. CIE1931XYZ color space and CIE1976L*a*b*color space are proposedas the standard profile connection space (PCS) to keep the color stimulus consistent betweenthe original image and destination image. As the perception of color information wouldchange with different viewing conditions, so the objective of color management system andhigh fidelity color reproduction is to keep the color appearance consistent more than to keepcolor stimulus consistent. CIE1931XYZ color space is not a color appearance model topredict and calculate the perception of color. Although in some occasions CIE1976L*a*b*istaken for a simple color appearance to predict or calculate some perception attributes, such aspsychological lightness, psychological chromaticity and hue, it can’t meet the requirements ofhigh fidelity color reproduction and color cross-media reproduction. Because it has somedisadvantages including spatial nonuniformity, single and settled viewing conditions, weakpredictive ability for color appearance. So it is necessary to study color gamut mapping theoryand method based on color appearance model deeply for high fidelity color reproduction.
     The contents about color gamut technique which is the key technique in high fidelitycolor reproduction, such as color appearance&color appearance model, color gamut mappingtheory and method and the implementation of high fidelity color reproduction, are studied indetail in this paper. The main researches can be showed as follows:
     (1) Color appearance phenomena and color appearance models of high fidelity colorreproduction were analyzed and the chromatic adaptation was elaborated. The forward calculation model and the inverse model of CIECAM02, and the calculation process of iCAMimage color appearance model were studied in detail. And the selection of iCAM as thestandard profile connection space was analyzed comprehensively.
     (2) The color gamut mapping theory and method based on device-to-device were studieddeeply and the research contents including gamut boundary descriptor, the choice of gamutmapping directions, common gamut mapping methods and the influences of mappingfunctions on image contrast were analyzed. Especially, the gamut clipping methods and gamutcompression methods were studied. Furthermore, HPMinΔE algorithm and SGCK algorithmsuggested by CIE were studied.
     (3) The image color information characteristics were studied and computed based on themechanisms of color appearance model and color gamut mapping theory. In the paper weclassified the image color information characteristics into three types, i.e., gamutcharacteristic, colorimetry characteristic and color appearance characteristic. Our researchesindicated that the adaptabilities to the gamut mapping intentions were different for variousimages with different color information characteristics.
     (4) The gamut mapping theory and method based on image-to-device were studieddeeply and the frameworks for spatial gamut mapping based on image-to-device weredesigned. And in the framework we proposed two methods were developed, i.e., BilateralFiltering Spatial Adaptive Gamut Mapping, BFSAGM, and Color Appearance and SpatialRelated Color Gamut Mapping, CASRCGM. The images of subjective evaluation and colorpatches of objective evaluation were mapped by the two proposed gamut mapping methods,the HPMinΔE and SGCK. The mapping effects were compared comprehensively. The resultsshowed that the two proposed methods were better than HPMinΔE and SGCK in mappingprecision and color appearance preservation, while more complicated and time consuming.
     (5) Several methods to extend destination gamut were studied for high fidelity colorprinting. The methods were classified into two types, hard method and soft method. Onespatial color gamut mapping algorithm model was designed and performed. And the factorsaffecting the destination gamut extension were proposed and the related experiments wereperformed. The results showed that the destination gamut could be extended by thecombination of hard methods and soft methods according to the specific requirements of high fidelity color reproduction so that the efficiency of high fidelity color reproduction could beimproved.
     At last, we summarized the main contents and innovations and we also look to the futurestudy in the area.
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