采集凝固热热泵系统的形式与工况分析
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摘要
面对日益严峻的能源与环境问题,世界各国正积极推进各类热泵技术的应用与发展。江河、湖泊等地表水和城市污水是两类数量巨大、极引人注目的水源热泵冷热源。然而,在接触这些水源过程中,经常遇到地表水冬季水温过低或者建筑物附近污水干渠水量不足等状况,本文根据推广热泵技术、深入挖掘环境低位能源与实现节能减排的实际需要,提出了采集环境水的凝固热为建筑物供热的采集凝固热热泵系统,对这一新思路与新系统的研究兼有理论和实用价值。
采集凝固热热泵系统的关键设备是凝固换热器。本文开发了两种螺旋刮削式凝固换热器,即螺旋绞龙型与螺旋钢刷型凝固换热器,阐述了凝固换热器的除冰原理与系统的安全排冰的参数条件。进行了紊流条件下的地表水和层流条件下的城市污水在凝固换热器中发生全管长凝固时的换热理论分析研究并模拟得出了相应拟合公式。通过搭建实验台、制造螺旋钢刷型凝固换热器试件,并对该试件进行实验研究,验证了凝固换热装置的有效性与凝固换热理论计算的准确性。
地表水源采集凝固热热泵系统的重要参数是地表水的水温。论文通过对水温经验公式作气象参数敏感性分析,建立了江河类和湖泊类两类地表水的夏季简化水温模型。根据冬季水温变化趋势,结合实测手段提出了供热期分时段地表水温模型。根据定性分析,采用供冷设计日水温逐时预测方法对湖泊水冷热源取、排水口位置进行了设计与预测。
采集凝固热热泵系统的形式是系统安全供热与高效运行的前提。根据不同水源种类、水源特点的差异,本文提出了三种采集凝固热热泵系统:清洁地表水源采集凝固热热泵系统,非清洁地表水源采集凝固热热泵系统以及城市污水源采集凝固热热泵系统。文中建立了各系统的设计优化方法,预测了系统的全年运行特性,综合考察了系统的经济、节能、环保性能。算例表明:各类系统节能与环保优势突出;清洁地表水源采集凝固热热泵系统经济优势良好,系统初投资合理;非清洁地表水源采集凝固热热泵系统有一定优势,但系统初投资偏高;城市污水源采集凝固热热泵系统具有明显优势,系统初投资稍高。
总之,虽然采集凝固热时热泵机组的制热性能系数COPh值较低,但供热期机组大部分时间处在部分负荷下运行,且在寒冷地区多数采用采集凝固热热泵系统的场合,地表水冬季水温虽低,但水量通常充足,而城市污水水量虽少,但水温较高。由算例的优化设计与供热运行工况分析可知,供热期热泵机组COPh平均值仍能达到3.5~4.0;经济效益方面,与热网+冷水机组系统比较,初投资为后者的115~150%,运行费为后者的60~80%。考虑到节能减排可带来巨大的社会效益与各地区不同的财政补贴,因而该系统值得大力推广。
With the serious issues about energy and environment increasingly, various heat pump technologies have been developed and applied in many fields.Surface water, such as river or lake, and urban sewage are cooling and heating resources of heat pump systems, which are considerable and spectacular in amount. But in contacts, we often meet some difficulties that the surface water winter temperature is excessively low or sewage flux is too insufficiency in the trunk sewers nearby the buildings. This paper brings out a new heat pump system named heat pump system with freezing latent heat collection (HPSFLHC), which is from actual demand of heat pump technology and low renewable energy. In this new system, freezing latent heat of non-clean water sources can be used as low temperature heat source,so it is valuable on practice and theory.
Freezing latent heat exchanger (FLHE) is one of the key equipments of HPSFLHC. This paper develops two kinds of screwing and scraping FLHEs, which are the spiral screw FLHE and the spiral steel brush FLHE, elaborates its deicing principle, and points out the system parameter condition to remove the ice safely. Through fundamental research on freezing and heat transfer to the low temperature turbulent surface water and laminar urban sewage, it obtains the corresponding fitting formula. Experimental table and double-pipe spiral steel brush FLHE test sample has been independently designed and set up to conduct the freezing latent heat transfer experimental study through the laboratory system to turbulent surface water and the laminar sewage. The experimental result has confirmed the validity of de-icing and removing of the device and the accuracy of theoretical calculation method.
The surface water temperature and its change relate correct design and the reasonable operation of the heat pump system. The summer surface water temperature model is established and simplified through the meteorological parameter sensitivity analysis, and staged surface water temperature model in the heating period is proposed by the method of theoretical analysis and the data analysis. Intake and outlet position can be simulated and determined with the hourly water temperature forecast method at cooling design day when using the lake water as cooling, and an example is carried on.
The correct and reasonable structural style of HPSFLHC is the premise to achieve safe heating and display system's operating efficiency. For the different water source types and characteristics, it will be very different on structural style of HPSFLHC. This article analyzes and proposes three styles of HPSFLHC for each kind of different water source condition including clean or non-clean surface water source HPSFLHC, as well as the urban sewage source HPSFLHC. Then it analyzes various systems' rationality and elaborates the system whole year operating patterns.
The form of heat pump system is the premise on heating safely and operating effectively. This article has established various systems' design optimization method, then forecasts the system's whole year operating characteristic, surveys system's economy, energy conservation, environmental protection performance comprehensively. With examples, we can obtain that performance of energy conservation and the environment-protection is prominent, and it shows that the clean surface water source HPSFLHC has favorable economic characteristic, and the initial investment is reasonable; the non-clean surface water source HPSFLHC has certain superiority, but the initial investment is high; the urban sewage source HPSFLHC has the obvious superiority, and the initial investment is slightly high.
In brief, when gathering latent heat of environmental water by these new systems, the heat pump unit's COPh is low, but it runs at the partial load mainly in the heating period. In the cold areas, the surface water winter temperature is low, but its water flux usual sufficient, and the urban sewage water flux are low, but its water temperature is high. So through the operating condition analysis when heating by the example, the heat pump unit mean COPh in the heating period still can be 3.5 to 4.0. At economic efficiency aspect, comparing with the heating network and chiller plant system, initially invests of this new system is about 115~150% of the latter, operating cost of this new system is about 60~80% of the latter. Considering the huge social efficiency at energy-saving and environmental protection and different fiscal subsidy, this new system is worth promoting.
采集凝固热热泵系统的关键设备是凝固换热器。本文开发了两种螺旋刮削式凝固换热器,即螺旋绞龙型与螺旋钢刷型凝固换热器,阐述了凝固换热器的除冰原理与系统的安全排冰的参数条件。进行了紊流条件下的地表水和层流条件下的城市污水在凝固换热器中发生全管长凝固时的换热理论分析研究并模拟得出了相应拟合公式。通过搭建实验台、制造螺旋钢刷型凝固换热器试件,并对该试件进行实验研究,验证了凝固换热装置的有效性与凝固换热理论计算的准确性。
地表水源采集凝固热热泵系统的重要参数是地表水的水温。论文通过对水温经验公式作气象参数敏感性分析,建立了江河类和湖泊类两类地表水的夏季简化水温模型。根据冬季水温变化趋势,结合实测手段提出了供热期分时段地表水温模型。根据定性分析,采用供冷设计日水温逐时预测方法对湖泊水冷热源取、排水口位置进行了设计与预测。
采集凝固热热泵系统的形式是系统安全供热与高效运行的前提。根据不同水源种类、水源特点的差异,本文提出了三种采集凝固热热泵系统:清洁地表水源采集凝固热热泵系统,非清洁地表水源采集凝固热热泵系统以及城市污水源采集凝固热热泵系统。文中建立了各系统的设计优化方法,预测了系统的全年运行特性,综合考察了系统的经济、节能、环保性能。算例表明:各类系统节能与环保优势突出;清洁地表水源采集凝固热热泵系统经济优势良好,系统初投资合理;非清洁地表水源采集凝固热热泵系统有一定优势,但系统初投资偏高;城市污水源采集凝固热热泵系统具有明显优势,系统初投资稍高。
总之,虽然采集凝固热时热泵机组的制热性能系数COPh值较低,但供热期机组大部分时间处在部分负荷下运行,且在寒冷地区多数采用采集凝固热热泵系统的场合,地表水冬季水温虽低,但水量通常充足,而城市污水水量虽少,但水温较高。由算例的优化设计与供热运行工况分析可知,供热期热泵机组COPh平均值仍能达到3.5~4.0;经济效益方面,与热网+冷水机组系统比较,初投资为后者的115~150%,运行费为后者的60~80%。考虑到节能减排可带来巨大的社会效益与各地区不同的财政补贴,因而该系统值得大力推广。
With the serious issues about energy and environment increasingly, various heat pump technologies have been developed and applied in many fields.Surface water, such as river or lake, and urban sewage are cooling and heating resources of heat pump systems, which are considerable and spectacular in amount. But in contacts, we often meet some difficulties that the surface water winter temperature is excessively low or sewage flux is too insufficiency in the trunk sewers nearby the buildings. This paper brings out a new heat pump system named heat pump system with freezing latent heat collection (HPSFLHC), which is from actual demand of heat pump technology and low renewable energy. In this new system, freezing latent heat of non-clean water sources can be used as low temperature heat source,so it is valuable on practice and theory.
Freezing latent heat exchanger (FLHE) is one of the key equipments of HPSFLHC. This paper develops two kinds of screwing and scraping FLHEs, which are the spiral screw FLHE and the spiral steel brush FLHE, elaborates its deicing principle, and points out the system parameter condition to remove the ice safely. Through fundamental research on freezing and heat transfer to the low temperature turbulent surface water and laminar urban sewage, it obtains the corresponding fitting formula. Experimental table and double-pipe spiral steel brush FLHE test sample has been independently designed and set up to conduct the freezing latent heat transfer experimental study through the laboratory system to turbulent surface water and the laminar sewage. The experimental result has confirmed the validity of de-icing and removing of the device and the accuracy of theoretical calculation method.
The surface water temperature and its change relate correct design and the reasonable operation of the heat pump system. The summer surface water temperature model is established and simplified through the meteorological parameter sensitivity analysis, and staged surface water temperature model in the heating period is proposed by the method of theoretical analysis and the data analysis. Intake and outlet position can be simulated and determined with the hourly water temperature forecast method at cooling design day when using the lake water as cooling, and an example is carried on.
The correct and reasonable structural style of HPSFLHC is the premise to achieve safe heating and display system's operating efficiency. For the different water source types and characteristics, it will be very different on structural style of HPSFLHC. This article analyzes and proposes three styles of HPSFLHC for each kind of different water source condition including clean or non-clean surface water source HPSFLHC, as well as the urban sewage source HPSFLHC. Then it analyzes various systems' rationality and elaborates the system whole year operating patterns.
The form of heat pump system is the premise on heating safely and operating effectively. This article has established various systems' design optimization method, then forecasts the system's whole year operating characteristic, surveys system's economy, energy conservation, environmental protection performance comprehensively. With examples, we can obtain that performance of energy conservation and the environment-protection is prominent, and it shows that the clean surface water source HPSFLHC has favorable economic characteristic, and the initial investment is reasonable; the non-clean surface water source HPSFLHC has certain superiority, but the initial investment is high; the urban sewage source HPSFLHC has the obvious superiority, and the initial investment is slightly high.
In brief, when gathering latent heat of environmental water by these new systems, the heat pump unit's COPh is low, but it runs at the partial load mainly in the heating period. In the cold areas, the surface water winter temperature is low, but its water flux usual sufficient, and the urban sewage water flux are low, but its water temperature is high. So through the operating condition analysis when heating by the example, the heat pump unit mean COPh in the heating period still can be 3.5 to 4.0. At economic efficiency aspect, comparing with the heating network and chiller plant system, initially invests of this new system is about 115~150% of the latter, operating cost of this new system is about 60~80% of the latter. Considering the huge social efficiency at energy-saving and environmental protection and different fiscal subsidy, this new system is worth promoting.
引文
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