2.4GHz接收机射频前端的研究及设计
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摘要
无线通信的快速发展使得频率资源日趋紧缺。射频(RF, Radio Frequency)前端在无线通信收发机中的特殊作用,使它成为了国内外无线通信领域的研究重点和难点。本文根据项目“多功能通用信号源及接收装置”的无线QPSK调制传输系统对射频前端的要求,对2.4GHz工业、科学以及医疗(ISM,Industrial Scientific Medical)频段接收机的射频前端及其主要模块进行了深入研究,并给出了主要模块的设计方法。本文的主要工作及创新点在于:
首先,给出了射频接收机的性能参数,分析并比较了常用接收机的结构。根据项目实际的设计需要,给出了2.4GHz无线通信系统所采用的接收机前端结构,分析了所采用的接收机结构的性能。
其次,重点研究了射频滤波器,分析了射频微带带通滤波器的设计理论以及设计方法,并在此基础上仿真和分析了几种常见的微带带通滤波器。创新地设计了一个中心频率为2.45GHz的发夹型阶梯阻抗谐振器(SIR,Stepped Impedance Resonators)微带小型化带通滤波器,并进行了仿真优化。最后制作了该射频微带带通滤波器的硬件电路,经过测试,该滤波器不仅与理论仿真结果相吻合,而且性能理想、尺寸也很小。
最后,利用软件设计了基于晶体管的低噪声放大器(LNA, Low Noise Amplifier)和基于变频二极管的无源单平衡混频器,并进行了仿真;根据系统设计要求,对仿真电路和性能参数进行了反复优化,设计出了满足项目需求的2.4GHz无线通信系统的接收机射频前端模块。然后,基于LNA和混频器的单片微波集成电路(MMIC, Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuits)芯片,制作了低噪声放大器和混频器的硬件电路,并进行了实际电路的调试,对设计的各部分电路进行了性能测试和数据分析,满足项目需要,验证了各个模块设计方案的可行性。
The rapid development of wireless communication makes the frequency resource becoming scarcer and scarcer. The special function of RF front-end in the wireless communication transceiver makes it be the key and difficult in the research of wireless communication domain all around the world. According to the requirement of wireless QPSK modulation transmission system of the project“multifunctional and universal signal sources, this thesis studies and discusses the designing method of the RF front-end of the receiver as well as its main modules at 2.4GHz ISM band. Main works and innovation of this thesis include:
Firstly, this thesis presents the performance parameters of RF receiver, and analyses and compares the usual structures of RF receiver. Then, according to the actual requirements of the project, this thesis presents the adoptive RF receiver structure of 2.4GHz wireless communication system, and analyses the performance parameters of this structure.
Secondly, it is emphasized on the RF filters. Based on the analyzing of the designing theory and method for the RF micostrip band-pass filters, several usual micostrip band-pass filters are simulated and analyzed. Then, a compact hairpin microstrip bandpass filter centered at 2.45GHz is designed, simulated and optimized innovatively based on SIR, at last, manufactured the hardware circuit. The measurement result demonstrates that it is in agreement with the simulation result, and the designed filter is of small dimension with ideal performance.
Finally, a LNA based on transistor and a passive single balanced mixer based on frequency diode is designed and simulated using software. According to system requirements, this thesis makes optimization of simulation to the modules circuits and analyzes the performance parameters again and again. Finally, the modules of a 2.4GHz communication system RF front-end which can satisfy the requirement of the project are designed. At last, the hardware circuits of LNA and mixer based on MMIC are manufactured, measured and debugged, and the performance measurement results and the results analysis satisfies the requirement of the project and validates the feasibility of each designing module.
首先,给出了射频接收机的性能参数,分析并比较了常用接收机的结构。根据项目实际的设计需要,给出了2.4GHz无线通信系统所采用的接收机前端结构,分析了所采用的接收机结构的性能。
其次,重点研究了射频滤波器,分析了射频微带带通滤波器的设计理论以及设计方法,并在此基础上仿真和分析了几种常见的微带带通滤波器。创新地设计了一个中心频率为2.45GHz的发夹型阶梯阻抗谐振器(SIR,Stepped Impedance Resonators)微带小型化带通滤波器,并进行了仿真优化。最后制作了该射频微带带通滤波器的硬件电路,经过测试,该滤波器不仅与理论仿真结果相吻合,而且性能理想、尺寸也很小。
最后,利用软件设计了基于晶体管的低噪声放大器(LNA, Low Noise Amplifier)和基于变频二极管的无源单平衡混频器,并进行了仿真;根据系统设计要求,对仿真电路和性能参数进行了反复优化,设计出了满足项目需求的2.4GHz无线通信系统的接收机射频前端模块。然后,基于LNA和混频器的单片微波集成电路(MMIC, Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuits)芯片,制作了低噪声放大器和混频器的硬件电路,并进行了实际电路的调试,对设计的各部分电路进行了性能测试和数据分析,满足项目需要,验证了各个模块设计方案的可行性。
The rapid development of wireless communication makes the frequency resource becoming scarcer and scarcer. The special function of RF front-end in the wireless communication transceiver makes it be the key and difficult in the research of wireless communication domain all around the world. According to the requirement of wireless QPSK modulation transmission system of the project“multifunctional and universal signal sources, this thesis studies and discusses the designing method of the RF front-end of the receiver as well as its main modules at 2.4GHz ISM band. Main works and innovation of this thesis include:
Firstly, this thesis presents the performance parameters of RF receiver, and analyses and compares the usual structures of RF receiver. Then, according to the actual requirements of the project, this thesis presents the adoptive RF receiver structure of 2.4GHz wireless communication system, and analyses the performance parameters of this structure.
Secondly, it is emphasized on the RF filters. Based on the analyzing of the designing theory and method for the RF micostrip band-pass filters, several usual micostrip band-pass filters are simulated and analyzed. Then, a compact hairpin microstrip bandpass filter centered at 2.45GHz is designed, simulated and optimized innovatively based on SIR, at last, manufactured the hardware circuit. The measurement result demonstrates that it is in agreement with the simulation result, and the designed filter is of small dimension with ideal performance.
Finally, a LNA based on transistor and a passive single balanced mixer based on frequency diode is designed and simulated using software. According to system requirements, this thesis makes optimization of simulation to the modules circuits and analyzes the performance parameters again and again. Finally, the modules of a 2.4GHz communication system RF front-end which can satisfy the requirement of the project are designed. At last, the hardware circuits of LNA and mixer based on MMIC are manufactured, measured and debugged, and the performance measurement results and the results analysis satisfies the requirement of the project and validates the feasibility of each designing module.
引文
[1]黄智伟.无线发射与接收电路设计(第二版)[M].北京:北京航空航天大学出版社,2007.7.
[2] S. Di Pascoli, L. Fanucci, F. Giwti, B. Neri, D. Zito. Fully integrated heterodyne RF receiver for ISM band applications[C]. Signals, Circuits and Systems, 2003. SCS 2003. International Symposium. July 2003, Vol.1,Page(s): 125– 128.
[3] E.-P. Hong, Y.-S. Hwang, H.-J. Yoo. Direct conversion RF front-end with a low-power consumption technique for 2.4 GHz ISM band[J]. Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, IET. Dec 2008, Vol.2, Issue:8, Page(s): 898– 903.
[4] Ajay Balankutty, Shih-An Yu, Yiping Feng, Peter R. Kinget. A 0.6-V Zero-IF/Low-IF Receiver With Integrated Fractional-N Synthesizer for 2.4-GHz ISM-Band Applications[J]. Solid-State Circuits, IEEE. March 2010, Vol.45, Issue:3, Page(s): 538– 553.
[5] Ching-Luh Hsu and Jen-Tsai Kuo. A Two-Stage SIR Bandpass Filter Withan Ultra-Wide Upper Rejection Band[J]. IEEE microwave and wireless components letters. Vol.17, No.1, Jan 2007, Page(s):34-36.
[6] Miguel A. Martins, Luis B. Oliveira, Jorge R. Fernandes. Combined LNA and mixer circuits for 2.4 GHz ISM band[C]. Circuits and Systems, 2009. ISCAS 2009. IEEE International Symposium. May 2009, Page(s): 425– 428.
[7] Walid S. El-Deeb, Abdallah M. Moselhy, Hadia S. El-Hennawy. The design of 2 GHz LNA for ISM RF receivers[C]. Design and Test Workshop (IDT), 2009 4th International. Nov. 2009, Page(s): 1– 4.
[8] Jakaphan Jaiyen, Alongkom Namahoot, Prayoot Akkaraekthalin, A 2.4-2.5 GHz Singly Balanced Diode Mixer for Up and Down Conversions[J], Communications and Information Technologies, 2006. ISCIT 06. International Symposium on Oct. 18 2006-Sept. 20 2006 Page(s):1109– 1112.
[9] Jun-Da Chen, Zhi-Ming Lin. A Low-Power Performance of Double-Balanced Down-Conversion Mixer[C]. Communications, Circuits and Systems Proceedings, 2006 International Conference. June 2006, Vol.4, Page(s): 2625– 2628.
[10] J. Ferreira, I. Bastos, L. Oliveira, J.P. Oliveira, T. Michalak, P. Pankiewicz, B. Nowacki, P. Makosa, A. Rybarczyk. LNA, oscillator and mixer co-design for compact RF-CMOS ISM receivers[C]. 16th International Conference Mixed Design of Integrated Circuits & Systems, 2009. June 2009, Page(s): 291– 295.
[11] F.M. Pitschi, J.E. Kiwitt, C.C.W. Ruppel, K.C. Wagner, Accurate modeling and simulation ofSAW RF filters[J], Microwave Symposium Digest, 2003 IEEE MTT-S International Vol.3, Jun 2003 page(s):2009– 2012.
[12] El Hassan, M. Moreira, C.P. Shirakawa, A.A. Kerherve, E. Deval, Y. Belot, D. Cathelin.A. Gui-Xiang Qian, Hui Wang. A Multistandard RF Receiver Front-End Using a Reconfigurable FBAR Filter[C], Circuits and Systems 2006 IEEE. Jun 2006, Page(s):173– 176.
[13] Hendijani, Nastaran, Khalaj-AmirHoseini, Mohammad, Khalilzad Sharghi, Vahid, Hadidian-Moghadam, Hosein. Design, simulation, and fabrication of tapered microstrip filters by applying the method of small reflections[J]. Telecommunications, 2008. IST 2008. International Symposium . Aug. 2008, Page(s):133– 137.
[14] Fu-Chang Chen, Qing-Xin Chu, Zhi-Hong Tu, Design of compact dual- and tri-band bandpass filters usingλ4 andλ2 resonators. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters. Vol.51, Issue 3, March 2009, Pages: 638-641.
[15] Kazuya Nishihori, Yoshiaki Kitaura, Mayumi Hirose, Masakatsu Mihara, Masami Nagaoka, Naotaka Uchitomi. A self-aligned gate GaAs MESFET with p-pocket layers for high-efficiency linear power amplifiers[J]. Electron Devices, IEEE Transactions on electron devices. Jul 1998, Vol.45, Issue.7, Page(s): 1385– 1392.
[16]亢树军,马云霞,刘伦才.一种高线性SiGe HBT宽带低噪声放大器[J].微电子学报,2006,36(5):1-4.
[17] Bergman Ma B Y, Chen P J, Hacker J B. InAs/AlSb HEMT and Its Application to Ultra Low Power Wideband High-Gain Low-Noise Amplifiers[J] . IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 2006 ,54(12):4448– 4455.
[18] Xiaomin Yang, Thomas X. Wu, John McMacken. Design of LNA at 2.4 GHz using 0.25 um CMOS technology[J]. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters. Vol.36, Issue 4, Feb 2003, Pages: 270-275.
[19]陈邦媛.射频通信电路(第二版)[M].北京:科学出版社, 2006.4.
[20]陈艳华等. ADS应用详解——射频电路设计与仿真[M].北京:人民邮电出版社,2008.9.
[21]徐宝强.微波电子线路[M].北京:国防工业出版社,2006.8.
[22]刘长军,黄卡玛,闫丽萍.射频通信电路设计[M].北京:科学出版社,2006.9.
[23]清华大学《微带电路》编写组.微带电路[M].北京:人民邮电出版社,1976.9.
[24]甘本祓,吴万春.现代微波滤波器的结构与设计[M].北京:科学出版社,1973.8.
[25]黄席椿等.滤波器综合法设计原理[M].北京:人民邮电出版社,1978.10.
[26] Hong J.S, Lancaster M.J. Microstrip filters for RF/Microwave applications [M]. New York: John Wiley & Sons Inc, 2001. 12.
[27]谢拥军等. Ansoft HFSS基础及应用[M].西安:西安电子科技大学出版社,2007.8.
[28]李平辉,赵亮,崔志富,谢锴.一种新型寄生通带抑制结构[J].微波学报, 2008, 24(4).
[29] Chi-Feng Chen, Ting-Yi Huang, and Ruey-Beei Wu. Design of Microstrip Bandpass Filters With Multiorder Spurious-Mode Suppression [J]. IEEE Transactions on microwave theory and techniques, 2005, 53(12): 3788 - 3793.
[30] S. C. Lin, P. H. Deng, Y.S. Lin, C. H. Wang and C. H. Chen,. Wide-stopband microstrip bandpass filters using dissimilar quarter-wavelength stepped-impedance resonators [J]. IEEE Transactions on microwave theory and techniques. 2006, 54(3): 1011-1018.
[31] Tao Wu, Xiao-Hong Tang, Fei Xiao. Research on the Parasitic Passband Suppression of Microstrip Stepped Impedance Resonator Filters[C]. Art of Miniaturizing RF and Microwave Passive Components, 2008. Dec. 2008, Page(s): 197– 200.
[32] Jhe-Ching Lu, Chi-Yang Chang. Quarter-Wave Stepped-Impedance Resonator Filters with Quadruplet and Canonical Form Responses[C]. Microwave Conference, 2008. EuMC 2008. 38th European. Oct. 2008, Page(s): 504– 507.
[33] Wei Shen, Xiao-Wei Sun, Wen-Yan Yin. A Novel Microstrip Filter Using Three-Mode Stepped Impedance Resonator (TSIR)[J]. Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, IEEE. Dec. 2009, Vol.19,Issue:12,Page(s): 774– 776.
[34] Kongpop U-yen, Wollack E.J. Doiron T. Papapolymerou J. Laskar J. A Bandpass Filter Design Using Half-Wavelength Stepped Impedance Resonators With Internal Couplings[J]. Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, IEEE. Aug. 2006, Vol.16,Issue:8,Page(s): 443– 445.
[35] Mokhtaari M. Bornemann J. Amari S. Folded Compact Ultra-Wideband Stepped-Impedance Resonator Filters[C]. Microwave Symposium, 2007. IEEE/MTT-S International. Jun 2007, Page(s): 747– 750.
[36] Ching-Luh Hsu and Jen-Tsai Kuo. A Two-Stage SIR Bandpass Filter With an Ultra-Wide Upper Rejection Band[J]. IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters. Jan. 2007 , 17(1): 34– 36.
[37]毛睿杰,唐小宏,王玲.宽阻带阶跃阻抗发夹线带通滤波器设计[J].微波学报,2007,1.
[38]张羽,帐淑娥.微带滤波器级间耦合系数的计算方法[J].华北电力大学学报, 2007, 34(5).
[39]黄智伟.射频小信号放大器电路设计[M].西安:西安电子科技大学出版社,2008.1.
[40] Agilent Technologies. ATF-54143 Data Sheet.
[41] Agilent Technologies. MGA-72543 Technical Data.
[42] HEWLETT PACHARD. IAM-91563 Technical Data.
[2] S. Di Pascoli, L. Fanucci, F. Giwti, B. Neri, D. Zito. Fully integrated heterodyne RF receiver for ISM band applications[C]. Signals, Circuits and Systems, 2003. SCS 2003. International Symposium. July 2003, Vol.1,Page(s): 125– 128.
[3] E.-P. Hong, Y.-S. Hwang, H.-J. Yoo. Direct conversion RF front-end with a low-power consumption technique for 2.4 GHz ISM band[J]. Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, IET. Dec 2008, Vol.2, Issue:8, Page(s): 898– 903.
[4] Ajay Balankutty, Shih-An Yu, Yiping Feng, Peter R. Kinget. A 0.6-V Zero-IF/Low-IF Receiver With Integrated Fractional-N Synthesizer for 2.4-GHz ISM-Band Applications[J]. Solid-State Circuits, IEEE. March 2010, Vol.45, Issue:3, Page(s): 538– 553.
[5] Ching-Luh Hsu and Jen-Tsai Kuo. A Two-Stage SIR Bandpass Filter Withan Ultra-Wide Upper Rejection Band[J]. IEEE microwave and wireless components letters. Vol.17, No.1, Jan 2007, Page(s):34-36.
[6] Miguel A. Martins, Luis B. Oliveira, Jorge R. Fernandes. Combined LNA and mixer circuits for 2.4 GHz ISM band[C]. Circuits and Systems, 2009. ISCAS 2009. IEEE International Symposium. May 2009, Page(s): 425– 428.
[7] Walid S. El-Deeb, Abdallah M. Moselhy, Hadia S. El-Hennawy. The design of 2 GHz LNA for ISM RF receivers[C]. Design and Test Workshop (IDT), 2009 4th International. Nov. 2009, Page(s): 1– 4.
[8] Jakaphan Jaiyen, Alongkom Namahoot, Prayoot Akkaraekthalin, A 2.4-2.5 GHz Singly Balanced Diode Mixer for Up and Down Conversions[J], Communications and Information Technologies, 2006. ISCIT 06. International Symposium on Oct. 18 2006-Sept. 20 2006 Page(s):1109– 1112.
[9] Jun-Da Chen, Zhi-Ming Lin. A Low-Power Performance of Double-Balanced Down-Conversion Mixer[C]. Communications, Circuits and Systems Proceedings, 2006 International Conference. June 2006, Vol.4, Page(s): 2625– 2628.
[10] J. Ferreira, I. Bastos, L. Oliveira, J.P. Oliveira, T. Michalak, P. Pankiewicz, B. Nowacki, P. Makosa, A. Rybarczyk. LNA, oscillator and mixer co-design for compact RF-CMOS ISM receivers[C]. 16th International Conference Mixed Design of Integrated Circuits & Systems, 2009. June 2009, Page(s): 291– 295.
[11] F.M. Pitschi, J.E. Kiwitt, C.C.W. Ruppel, K.C. Wagner, Accurate modeling and simulation ofSAW RF filters[J], Microwave Symposium Digest, 2003 IEEE MTT-S International Vol.3, Jun 2003 page(s):2009– 2012.
[12] El Hassan, M. Moreira, C.P. Shirakawa, A.A. Kerherve, E. Deval, Y. Belot, D. Cathelin.A. Gui-Xiang Qian, Hui Wang. A Multistandard RF Receiver Front-End Using a Reconfigurable FBAR Filter[C], Circuits and Systems 2006 IEEE. Jun 2006, Page(s):173– 176.
[13] Hendijani, Nastaran, Khalaj-AmirHoseini, Mohammad, Khalilzad Sharghi, Vahid, Hadidian-Moghadam, Hosein. Design, simulation, and fabrication of tapered microstrip filters by applying the method of small reflections[J]. Telecommunications, 2008. IST 2008. International Symposium . Aug. 2008, Page(s):133– 137.
[14] Fu-Chang Chen, Qing-Xin Chu, Zhi-Hong Tu, Design of compact dual- and tri-band bandpass filters usingλ4 andλ2 resonators. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters. Vol.51, Issue 3, March 2009, Pages: 638-641.
[15] Kazuya Nishihori, Yoshiaki Kitaura, Mayumi Hirose, Masakatsu Mihara, Masami Nagaoka, Naotaka Uchitomi. A self-aligned gate GaAs MESFET with p-pocket layers for high-efficiency linear power amplifiers[J]. Electron Devices, IEEE Transactions on electron devices. Jul 1998, Vol.45, Issue.7, Page(s): 1385– 1392.
[16]亢树军,马云霞,刘伦才.一种高线性SiGe HBT宽带低噪声放大器[J].微电子学报,2006,36(5):1-4.
[17] Bergman Ma B Y, Chen P J, Hacker J B. InAs/AlSb HEMT and Its Application to Ultra Low Power Wideband High-Gain Low-Noise Amplifiers[J] . IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 2006 ,54(12):4448– 4455.
[18] Xiaomin Yang, Thomas X. Wu, John McMacken. Design of LNA at 2.4 GHz using 0.25 um CMOS technology[J]. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters. Vol.36, Issue 4, Feb 2003, Pages: 270-275.
[19]陈邦媛.射频通信电路(第二版)[M].北京:科学出版社, 2006.4.
[20]陈艳华等. ADS应用详解——射频电路设计与仿真[M].北京:人民邮电出版社,2008.9.
[21]徐宝强.微波电子线路[M].北京:国防工业出版社,2006.8.
[22]刘长军,黄卡玛,闫丽萍.射频通信电路设计[M].北京:科学出版社,2006.9.
[23]清华大学《微带电路》编写组.微带电路[M].北京:人民邮电出版社,1976.9.
[24]甘本祓,吴万春.现代微波滤波器的结构与设计[M].北京:科学出版社,1973.8.
[25]黄席椿等.滤波器综合法设计原理[M].北京:人民邮电出版社,1978.10.
[26] Hong J.S, Lancaster M.J. Microstrip filters for RF/Microwave applications [M]. New York: John Wiley & Sons Inc, 2001. 12.
[27]谢拥军等. Ansoft HFSS基础及应用[M].西安:西安电子科技大学出版社,2007.8.
[28]李平辉,赵亮,崔志富,谢锴.一种新型寄生通带抑制结构[J].微波学报, 2008, 24(4).
[29] Chi-Feng Chen, Ting-Yi Huang, and Ruey-Beei Wu. Design of Microstrip Bandpass Filters With Multiorder Spurious-Mode Suppression [J]. IEEE Transactions on microwave theory and techniques, 2005, 53(12): 3788 - 3793.
[30] S. C. Lin, P. H. Deng, Y.S. Lin, C. H. Wang and C. H. Chen,. Wide-stopband microstrip bandpass filters using dissimilar quarter-wavelength stepped-impedance resonators [J]. IEEE Transactions on microwave theory and techniques. 2006, 54(3): 1011-1018.
[31] Tao Wu, Xiao-Hong Tang, Fei Xiao. Research on the Parasitic Passband Suppression of Microstrip Stepped Impedance Resonator Filters[C]. Art of Miniaturizing RF and Microwave Passive Components, 2008. Dec. 2008, Page(s): 197– 200.
[32] Jhe-Ching Lu, Chi-Yang Chang. Quarter-Wave Stepped-Impedance Resonator Filters with Quadruplet and Canonical Form Responses[C]. Microwave Conference, 2008. EuMC 2008. 38th European. Oct. 2008, Page(s): 504– 507.
[33] Wei Shen, Xiao-Wei Sun, Wen-Yan Yin. A Novel Microstrip Filter Using Three-Mode Stepped Impedance Resonator (TSIR)[J]. Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, IEEE. Dec. 2009, Vol.19,Issue:12,Page(s): 774– 776.
[34] Kongpop U-yen, Wollack E.J. Doiron T. Papapolymerou J. Laskar J. A Bandpass Filter Design Using Half-Wavelength Stepped Impedance Resonators With Internal Couplings[J]. Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, IEEE. Aug. 2006, Vol.16,Issue:8,Page(s): 443– 445.
[35] Mokhtaari M. Bornemann J. Amari S. Folded Compact Ultra-Wideband Stepped-Impedance Resonator Filters[C]. Microwave Symposium, 2007. IEEE/MTT-S International. Jun 2007, Page(s): 747– 750.
[36] Ching-Luh Hsu and Jen-Tsai Kuo. A Two-Stage SIR Bandpass Filter With an Ultra-Wide Upper Rejection Band[J]. IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters. Jan. 2007 , 17(1): 34– 36.
[37]毛睿杰,唐小宏,王玲.宽阻带阶跃阻抗发夹线带通滤波器设计[J].微波学报,2007,1.
[38]张羽,帐淑娥.微带滤波器级间耦合系数的计算方法[J].华北电力大学学报, 2007, 34(5).
[39]黄智伟.射频小信号放大器电路设计[M].西安:西安电子科技大学出版社,2008.1.
[40] Agilent Technologies. ATF-54143 Data Sheet.
[41] Agilent Technologies. MGA-72543 Technical Data.
[42] HEWLETT PACHARD. IAM-91563 Technical Data.