子午线轮胎滚动过程动态模拟
摘要
本文应用Abaqus/Explicit有限元分析软件对三种花纹子午线轮胎有限元模型进行了有限元分析。橡胶基体材料采用不可压缩Yeoh材料模型、钢丝骨架材料采用各向同性弹性材料;钢丝增强橡胶的胎体帘线复合材料采用Rebar壳单元;考虑轮胎结构的几何非线性以及轮胎与地面接触非线性,建立了235/65R14子午线轮胎三维有限元模型。
首先,利用所建立轮胎的有限元模型,模拟实现了对施加轮胎内压以及在施加垂直载荷情况下轮胎接地工况的过程,得到了轮胎的变形、应变、应力分布、沉降量;
其次,实现了对三种轮胎爬上直角台阶动态过程的模拟。通过模拟,得到了三种轮胎以10km/h的速度在平路上直行、爬上直角台阶时轮胎结构中各部件的应力水平及其分布情况,并对三种轮胎的结构的应力进行了比较。
另外,还实现了对汽车轮胎分别以10km/h和30km/h的速度在起伏路面上行驶的动态有限元仿真模拟。通过仿真计算,得到两种速度下沟槽轮胎和花纹轮胎在起伏路面行驶时轮胎的各种响应,如轮胎的中心位移、速度以及加速度对路面的响应。在行驶过程中考虑了侧滑角的作用,考虑了行驶过程中存在侧滑的情形,得到轮胎在存在侧滑角作用下的受力、力矩情况,以及牵引力、侧滑力、回正力矩随侧滑角度变化曲线,并对比了轮胎所受到的力、力矩随速度的变化规律,以及牵引力、侧滑力、回正力矩随速度变化曲线,并对存在侧滑情况下的滚动轮胎温度场进行了数值模拟。
In this thesis, the rolling processes of three patterns of cord radial tire are successfully analyzed by using Abaqus/Explicit. In the finite element models, the influences of the tire geometric nonlinearity, the incompressibility of rubber and the nonlinearity boundary conditions from the tire-pavement contact are all taken into account.
Firstly, by analyzing the FEA model, distributions of stresses and strains were obtained for the radial tire after applying the inner pressure and vertical load.
Secondly, the process of a rolling tires compact with a step obstacle were accomplished successfully .transient dynamic response of a 10 km/h rolling tire impacted with a small obstacle were obtained.
Last, the responses of tires rolling on the wave road with different speed 10km/h and 30km/h were obtained after accomplished the simulation of two tires considering detailed tread blocks rolling on a wave road. During the tire’s rolling process by considering slip angle, cornering force with time period and self aligning torque with time period were given, and the relationship among the slip angle, cornering force and self aligning torque were found out.
首先,利用所建立轮胎的有限元模型,模拟实现了对施加轮胎内压以及在施加垂直载荷情况下轮胎接地工况的过程,得到了轮胎的变形、应变、应力分布、沉降量;
其次,实现了对三种轮胎爬上直角台阶动态过程的模拟。通过模拟,得到了三种轮胎以10km/h的速度在平路上直行、爬上直角台阶时轮胎结构中各部件的应力水平及其分布情况,并对三种轮胎的结构的应力进行了比较。
另外,还实现了对汽车轮胎分别以10km/h和30km/h的速度在起伏路面上行驶的动态有限元仿真模拟。通过仿真计算,得到两种速度下沟槽轮胎和花纹轮胎在起伏路面行驶时轮胎的各种响应,如轮胎的中心位移、速度以及加速度对路面的响应。在行驶过程中考虑了侧滑角的作用,考虑了行驶过程中存在侧滑的情形,得到轮胎在存在侧滑角作用下的受力、力矩情况,以及牵引力、侧滑力、回正力矩随侧滑角度变化曲线,并对比了轮胎所受到的力、力矩随速度的变化规律,以及牵引力、侧滑力、回正力矩随速度变化曲线,并对存在侧滑情况下的滚动轮胎温度场进行了数值模拟。
In this thesis, the rolling processes of three patterns of cord radial tire are successfully analyzed by using Abaqus/Explicit. In the finite element models, the influences of the tire geometric nonlinearity, the incompressibility of rubber and the nonlinearity boundary conditions from the tire-pavement contact are all taken into account.
Firstly, by analyzing the FEA model, distributions of stresses and strains were obtained for the radial tire after applying the inner pressure and vertical load.
Secondly, the process of a rolling tires compact with a step obstacle were accomplished successfully .transient dynamic response of a 10 km/h rolling tire impacted with a small obstacle were obtained.
Last, the responses of tires rolling on the wave road with different speed 10km/h and 30km/h were obtained after accomplished the simulation of two tires considering detailed tread blocks rolling on a wave road. During the tire’s rolling process by considering slip angle, cornering force with time period and self aligning torque with time period were given, and the relationship among the slip angle, cornering force and self aligning torque were found out.
引文
[1]庄继德.现代汽车轮胎技术.北京:北京理工大学出版社.2001
[2]赵子亮,李杰.汽车轮胎的发展趋势.世界汽车.1999.10(2):14-16
[3]赵树高.子午线轮胎力学性能的非线性有限元分析及其结构优化[硕士学位论文] .北京:北京化工大学,2003
[4] R.A.Ridha著,梁诤译轮胎力学的发展.轮胎研究与开发.1995.2-3
[5] Wagner.Peter. Vehicle noise testing problems due to vehicle/tire/road interaction. ASTM Special Technical Publication.1994,1225(1):185-203
[6] Lee.Chankyu,Hedrick.karl.Real-time slip-based estimation of maximum tire-road friction coefficient.IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics .2004, 9(2),454-458
[7] Gohring,E,von Glasner,E.C,Piflug,H.C.,Contribution to the force transmission behavior of commercial vehicle tires . SAE Special Publications,1991,28(1):89-105
[8]葛剑敏.软(硬)路面行驶车辆轮胎模型分析.轮胎工业. 2001,38(2):001-004
[9] Koo, Shiang-Lung , Tan, Han-Shue , Tomizuka, Masayoshi . Nonlinear tire lateral force versus slip angle curve identification . Proceedings of the American Control.2004,114(2):114-118
[10] Claeys,J., Alvarez, L, Horowitz, R., Canudas De Wit, C. .A dynamic tire/road friction model for 3D vehicle control and simulation.IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems Proceedings. 2001,1118(2):483-488
[11] Kao,Ben G.Three-dimensional dynamic tire model for vehicle dynamic simulations.Tire Science and Technology.2000,29(1):72-95
[12] Tsihlas,Dimitri,Molisani,L.R.,Burdisso,R.A.A coupled tire structure/acoustic cavity model: International Journal of Solids and Structures.2003,40(1):125-138
[13]唐宏.汽车轮胎在泥泞路面行驶过程的三维有限元计算[硕士学位论文] .武汉:华中科技大学,2006
[14]俞淇,戴元坎.静负荷下轮胎接地压力分布测试的研究.轮胎工业.1999,29(2):203-205
[15] C.H.LIU,J.Y.WONG.Numerical simulations of tire-soil interaction based on critical state soil mechanics. Journal of Terramechanics.1996,33(5):209-221
[16]丁剑平,贾德民,黄小清.三维非线性有限元法在子午胎分析中的应用.华南理工大学学报.2005,45(1):55-59
[17] Yeong-Jyh Lin,Sheng-Jye Hwang.Temperature prediction of rolling tires by computer simulation.Mathematics and computers in simulation,2004,67(2):235-249.
[18]尹伟奇,姚振汉,薛小香等.子午线轮胎稳态滚动有限元分析.轮胎工业.2005,28(1):389-396
[19] RieplA,Reinalter,W.Fruhmann,G..Rough road simulation with tire model RMOD-K and Ftire .Vehicle System Dynamics.2004 vol41;p734-743
[20]赵树高.子午线轮胎接地问题的三维非线性有限元分析研究.轮胎工业.2001,11(2): 4-8
[21]闫相桥.橡胶复合材料结构大变形有限元分析.计算力学学报.2002,19(1):18-22
[22]王华庆.斜交轮胎静态接地工况的有限元分析.北京化工大学学报.2002,35(2):16-18
[23]赵国群,程刚.子午线轮胎接触变形的结构有限元分析.2003,2(2):2-6
[24] Yukio Naka.Analytical model of longitudinal tire traction in snow .Journal of Terramechanics.2003,40(2):63-82
[25] Okano T,Koishi M.A new computational procedure to predict transient hydroplaning performance of a tire.Tire Science and Technology.2001,29(2):2-22
[26]程刚,赵国群.滚动轮胎侧倾状态接地摩擦性能有限元分析.橡胶工业.2006,19(1):553-557
[27]何燕.滚动轮胎稳态温度场的有限元研究.青岛科技大学学报.2006,28(2):242-244
[28]洪宗跃,吴桂忠.子午线轮胎有限元分析1-10讲.轮胎工业.2006,6(2):112-114
[29] H Nakashima,A Oida,Algorithm and implementation of soil-tire contace analysis code based on dynamic FE-DE method.Journal of Terramechanics. 2004,41(1):127-137
[30] K Hofstetter,Ch Grohs,J Eberhardsteiner,et al.Sliding behaviour of simplified tire tread patterns investigated by means of FEM.Computers and Structures.2006,8(2):1151-1163
[31] J R Cho,K w Kim,W S Yoo,et al.Mesh generation considering detailed tread blocks for reliable 3D tire analysis.Advances in Engineering Software. 2004,35(2):105-113
[32] J R Cho,K w Kim.Transient dynamic response analysis of 3-D patterned tire rolling over cleat.European Journal of Mechanics .2005,24(1):519-531
[33] C W Fervers.Improved FEM simulation model for tire-soil interaction. Journal of Terramechanics.2004,41(2):87-100
[34] Pauwelussen,J P.The local contact between tyre and road under steady state combined slip conditions.Vehicle System Dynamics.2004,41(2):11-26
[35] Olatunbosun,O A,Bolarinwa O.FE simulation of the effect of tire design parameters on lateral forces and moments.Tire Science and Technology.2004,32(2):146-163
[36]郭孔辉.轮胎侧偏特性的一般理论模型.汽车工程.1990,23(1),132-136
[37]郭孔辉,刘青.考虑胎体复杂变形的轮胎问题侧偏特性理论模型.机械工程学报,1999,35(2):15-18
[38]王吉忠.建立轮胎有限元结构分析模型应注意的问题.轮胎工业.2002,22(1):202-205
[39]庄茁,张帆.ABAQUS非线性有限元分析与实例.北京:科学出版社,2004
[40]管迪华.利用试验模态参数建立轮胎滚动模型.清华大学学报(自然科学版),2003,08:034-037
[41] J K Hofter.An Integrated Approach for Transient Rolling of Tires.ABAQUS Technology Brief.2004,45(1):115-118
[42] P K WOODWARD.Application of an advanced multi-surface .kinematic constitutive soil model. Method. Geomech.1995,23(2):157-172
[2]赵子亮,李杰.汽车轮胎的发展趋势.世界汽车.1999.10(2):14-16
[3]赵树高.子午线轮胎力学性能的非线性有限元分析及其结构优化[硕士学位论文] .北京:北京化工大学,2003
[4] R.A.Ridha著,梁诤译轮胎力学的发展.轮胎研究与开发.1995.2-3
[5] Wagner.Peter. Vehicle noise testing problems due to vehicle/tire/road interaction. ASTM Special Technical Publication.1994,1225(1):185-203
[6] Lee.Chankyu,Hedrick.karl.Real-time slip-based estimation of maximum tire-road friction coefficient.IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics .2004, 9(2),454-458
[7] Gohring,E,von Glasner,E.C,Piflug,H.C.,Contribution to the force transmission behavior of commercial vehicle tires . SAE Special Publications,1991,28(1):89-105
[8]葛剑敏.软(硬)路面行驶车辆轮胎模型分析.轮胎工业. 2001,38(2):001-004
[9] Koo, Shiang-Lung , Tan, Han-Shue , Tomizuka, Masayoshi . Nonlinear tire lateral force versus slip angle curve identification . Proceedings of the American Control.2004,114(2):114-118
[10] Claeys,J., Alvarez, L, Horowitz, R., Canudas De Wit, C. .A dynamic tire/road friction model for 3D vehicle control and simulation.IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems Proceedings. 2001,1118(2):483-488
[11] Kao,Ben G.Three-dimensional dynamic tire model for vehicle dynamic simulations.Tire Science and Technology.2000,29(1):72-95
[12] Tsihlas,Dimitri,Molisani,L.R.,Burdisso,R.A.A coupled tire structure/acoustic cavity model: International Journal of Solids and Structures.2003,40(1):125-138
[13]唐宏.汽车轮胎在泥泞路面行驶过程的三维有限元计算[硕士学位论文] .武汉:华中科技大学,2006
[14]俞淇,戴元坎.静负荷下轮胎接地压力分布测试的研究.轮胎工业.1999,29(2):203-205
[15] C.H.LIU,J.Y.WONG.Numerical simulations of tire-soil interaction based on critical state soil mechanics. Journal of Terramechanics.1996,33(5):209-221
[16]丁剑平,贾德民,黄小清.三维非线性有限元法在子午胎分析中的应用.华南理工大学学报.2005,45(1):55-59
[17] Yeong-Jyh Lin,Sheng-Jye Hwang.Temperature prediction of rolling tires by computer simulation.Mathematics and computers in simulation,2004,67(2):235-249.
[18]尹伟奇,姚振汉,薛小香等.子午线轮胎稳态滚动有限元分析.轮胎工业.2005,28(1):389-396
[19] RieplA,Reinalter,W.Fruhmann,G..Rough road simulation with tire model RMOD-K and Ftire .Vehicle System Dynamics.2004 vol41;p734-743
[20]赵树高.子午线轮胎接地问题的三维非线性有限元分析研究.轮胎工业.2001,11(2): 4-8
[21]闫相桥.橡胶复合材料结构大变形有限元分析.计算力学学报.2002,19(1):18-22
[22]王华庆.斜交轮胎静态接地工况的有限元分析.北京化工大学学报.2002,35(2):16-18
[23]赵国群,程刚.子午线轮胎接触变形的结构有限元分析.2003,2(2):2-6
[24] Yukio Naka.Analytical model of longitudinal tire traction in snow .Journal of Terramechanics.2003,40(2):63-82
[25] Okano T,Koishi M.A new computational procedure to predict transient hydroplaning performance of a tire.Tire Science and Technology.2001,29(2):2-22
[26]程刚,赵国群.滚动轮胎侧倾状态接地摩擦性能有限元分析.橡胶工业.2006,19(1):553-557
[27]何燕.滚动轮胎稳态温度场的有限元研究.青岛科技大学学报.2006,28(2):242-244
[28]洪宗跃,吴桂忠.子午线轮胎有限元分析1-10讲.轮胎工业.2006,6(2):112-114
[29] H Nakashima,A Oida,Algorithm and implementation of soil-tire contace analysis code based on dynamic FE-DE method.Journal of Terramechanics. 2004,41(1):127-137
[30] K Hofstetter,Ch Grohs,J Eberhardsteiner,et al.Sliding behaviour of simplified tire tread patterns investigated by means of FEM.Computers and Structures.2006,8(2):1151-1163
[31] J R Cho,K w Kim,W S Yoo,et al.Mesh generation considering detailed tread blocks for reliable 3D tire analysis.Advances in Engineering Software. 2004,35(2):105-113
[32] J R Cho,K w Kim.Transient dynamic response analysis of 3-D patterned tire rolling over cleat.European Journal of Mechanics .2005,24(1):519-531
[33] C W Fervers.Improved FEM simulation model for tire-soil interaction. Journal of Terramechanics.2004,41(2):87-100
[34] Pauwelussen,J P.The local contact between tyre and road under steady state combined slip conditions.Vehicle System Dynamics.2004,41(2):11-26
[35] Olatunbosun,O A,Bolarinwa O.FE simulation of the effect of tire design parameters on lateral forces and moments.Tire Science and Technology.2004,32(2):146-163
[36]郭孔辉.轮胎侧偏特性的一般理论模型.汽车工程.1990,23(1),132-136
[37]郭孔辉,刘青.考虑胎体复杂变形的轮胎问题侧偏特性理论模型.机械工程学报,1999,35(2):15-18
[38]王吉忠.建立轮胎有限元结构分析模型应注意的问题.轮胎工业.2002,22(1):202-205
[39]庄茁,张帆.ABAQUS非线性有限元分析与实例.北京:科学出版社,2004
[40]管迪华.利用试验模态参数建立轮胎滚动模型.清华大学学报(自然科学版),2003,08:034-037
[41] J K Hofter.An Integrated Approach for Transient Rolling of Tires.ABAQUS Technology Brief.2004,45(1):115-118
[42] P K WOODWARD.Application of an advanced multi-surface .kinematic constitutive soil model. Method. Geomech.1995,23(2):157-172