LXI高性能信号发生器模块研制
摘要
信号发生器作为自动化测试的基础,其功能决定了可参加测试任务的多样性,其性能影响着测试结果的精准性。本文研究了任意波形与脉冲产生技术,并设计了一款基于LXI总线技术的集任意波形发生器和纳秒级脉冲发生器功能于一体的高性能信号发生器。该信号发生器符合LXI C类仪器规范,能够满足科研和工业测试中的需求。本文设计对我国构建LXI自动测试系统具有重要的意义。
本文设计的信号发生器任意波形发生部分基于直接数字合成技术(Direct Digital Synthesis,简称DDS),通过Verilog HDL硬件描述语言在FPGA中实现,采用48位相位累加器,具有很高的频率分辨率。脉冲发生器利用高带宽三极管作为高速开关,通过电容的充放电与阶跃恢复二极管的阶跃效应设计而成,其中负脉冲幅度可达8V以上,脉冲持续时间小于2纳秒。该仪器的控制功能利用一块集成了ARM微处理器的核心板实现,因为LXI仪器的方便易用性,通过网线和串口与计算机相连便可完成所有调试和开发。
本文设计了符合LXI规范的仪器配套软件系统,可通过两种方式完成对仪器的控制。其中,基于WEB接口的控制方式设计了标准的网页界面,通过编写CGI (Common Gate Interface)程序实现网页与服务器(核心板)之间的通信；基于IVI-COM的控制方式使用MFC设计了控制面板,编写了IVI-COM驱动程序。最终只需一根网线便可在任意计算机上安装该配套软件后完成各种复杂的控制。
最后,本文测试了仪器的输出结果,对频率和幅度误差进行了分析,并对脉冲发生器的测试结果进行了深入探讨。测试结果表明,本文设计满足各项指标。
Signal generator is the basis for automatic testing. Its functions determine the diversity of the tasks of testing and its capability affects the precision of test results. Arbitrary waveform and pulse generating technology is studied in this thesis, and a high capability signal generator is designed, which is based on LXI bus and is composed of an arbitrary waveform generator and a nanosecond pulse generator. This signal generator meets the LXI C Class equipment specifications, and it can meet the needs of testing tasks of scientific research and industrial. This design is of great significance to construct LXI Automatic Testing System for China.
The arbitrary waveform generator of this signal generator is based on Direct Digital Synthesis (short for DDS), which is carried out in FPGA by Verilog HDL hardware description language. There is very high performance of frequency resolution by using 48-bit phase accumulator. The pulse generator is designed by using high bandwidth transistors as ultra-fast switches and by the process of charging and discharging of capacitor and by the Step Recovery Diode step effect. The voltage of negative pulse can exceed 8 Volts and the pulse duration can shorter than 2 ns. This signal generator is controlled by a circuit board, also called for Kernel Board, which is integrated by ARM microprocessor. Thanks to the facility of LXI equipment, this design is debugged and developed only by serial port and LAN port.
There is a software system meeting LXI specifications, by which the equipment can be controlled by two ways. One way is using web browser based on WEB interface and web can communicate with server (Kernel Board) by CGI programs. Control panel by MFC and IVI-COM drivers are designed for the equipment. Users only need a cable to control the equipment completely on any computer after installing software packages provided above.
Finally, this thesis tests outputs of the equipment, and analyzes error of frequency and voltage. And for more, there is In-depth analysis for testing results of pulse generator. Testing results show that the design in this thesis meets all requirements.
本文设计的信号发生器任意波形发生部分基于直接数字合成技术(Direct Digital Synthesis,简称DDS),通过Verilog HDL硬件描述语言在FPGA中实现,采用48位相位累加器,具有很高的频率分辨率。脉冲发生器利用高带宽三极管作为高速开关,通过电容的充放电与阶跃恢复二极管的阶跃效应设计而成,其中负脉冲幅度可达8V以上,脉冲持续时间小于2纳秒。该仪器的控制功能利用一块集成了ARM微处理器的核心板实现,因为LXI仪器的方便易用性,通过网线和串口与计算机相连便可完成所有调试和开发。
本文设计了符合LXI规范的仪器配套软件系统,可通过两种方式完成对仪器的控制。其中,基于WEB接口的控制方式设计了标准的网页界面,通过编写CGI (Common Gate Interface)程序实现网页与服务器(核心板)之间的通信；基于IVI-COM的控制方式使用MFC设计了控制面板,编写了IVI-COM驱动程序。最终只需一根网线便可在任意计算机上安装该配套软件后完成各种复杂的控制。
最后,本文测试了仪器的输出结果,对频率和幅度误差进行了分析,并对脉冲发生器的测试结果进行了深入探讨。测试结果表明,本文设计满足各项指标。
Signal generator is the basis for automatic testing. Its functions determine the diversity of the tasks of testing and its capability affects the precision of test results. Arbitrary waveform and pulse generating technology is studied in this thesis, and a high capability signal generator is designed, which is based on LXI bus and is composed of an arbitrary waveform generator and a nanosecond pulse generator. This signal generator meets the LXI C Class equipment specifications, and it can meet the needs of testing tasks of scientific research and industrial. This design is of great significance to construct LXI Automatic Testing System for China.
The arbitrary waveform generator of this signal generator is based on Direct Digital Synthesis (short for DDS), which is carried out in FPGA by Verilog HDL hardware description language. There is very high performance of frequency resolution by using 48-bit phase accumulator. The pulse generator is designed by using high bandwidth transistors as ultra-fast switches and by the process of charging and discharging of capacitor and by the Step Recovery Diode step effect. The voltage of negative pulse can exceed 8 Volts and the pulse duration can shorter than 2 ns. This signal generator is controlled by a circuit board, also called for Kernel Board, which is integrated by ARM microprocessor. Thanks to the facility of LXI equipment, this design is debugged and developed only by serial port and LAN port.
There is a software system meeting LXI specifications, by which the equipment can be controlled by two ways. One way is using web browser based on WEB interface and web can communicate with server (Kernel Board) by CGI programs. Control panel by MFC and IVI-COM drivers are designed for the equipment. Users only need a cable to control the equipment completely on any computer after installing software packages provided above.
Finally, this thesis tests outputs of the equipment, and analyzes error of frequency and voltage. And for more, there is In-depth analysis for testing results of pulse generator. Testing results show that the design in this thesis meets all requirements.
引文
1.蒋焕文,孙续.电子测量.第二版.中国计量出版社,1988：3
2.张毅刚,彭喜元,姜守达.自动测试系统.哈尔滨工业大学出版社,2001：1-8
3. 刘贯伟.LXI-VXI适配器研制.哈尔滨工业大学硕士论文.2008：1-3
4. Mike Dewey, LXI Standard:Its Evolution and Application. Oct.2005, www.lxiconnexion.com
5. Jon N. Semancik. Expanding Test System Functionality With LXI. Oct.2005, www.lxiconnexion.com
6. Mike Dewey. Making the Transition From GPIB to LXI. Oct.2005, www.lxiconnexion.com
7. Dewey M. Integrating LXI Devices Into Hybrid Test Systems. LXI ConneXion, July 2006:18-24
8. McCarthy, A. A Software Technique for Optimizing Measurement Time and Repeatability on Instrument Control Buses. Autotestcon,2005
9. Mike Dewey. The Process and Requirements for LXI Device Compliance. Oct. 2005, www.lxiconnexion.com
10. Paul Franklin, Andy Creque. Exploring LXI's Advanced Capabilities. Oct.2005, www.lxiconnexion.com
11. Grant Drenkow. LXI Unveiled as the Future of Test. Oct.2005, www.lxiconnexion.com
12. Bob Stasonis. Contents and Value of LXI.2007th LXI Union Conference.2007:A-1-2-A-1-6
13. LXI Overview. LXI Introduction. www.lxistandard.org,2006.2:9
14. Forecasts Frost & Sullivan. LXI Test Market to Grow 24 Percent.2007:1
15. Johnson Tay. LXI Applications.2007th LXI Union Conference.2007:B-1-1-B-1-2
16. LXI Stantard Revision 1.1. www.lxistandard.org
17.尹洪涛,黄灿杰,付平,宋洪武.LXI标准概述.国外电子测量.2007,26(5)：15-18
18.白振华,赵兴群.基于DDS的任意波形发生器Modern Scientific Instruments. 2001:44
19.刘锡三.高功率脉冲技术.国防工业出版社,2005：5
20. Sun Beiyun, Xie Yanzhao.50kV, Ins Rise Time High Voltage Pulse Generator. Nuclear Elect Ronics & Detection Technology. Vol.27 No.22007:282
21.陈彦超,赵柏秦.用于纳秒级窄脉冲工作的大功率半导体激光器模块.光学精密工程.第17卷第4期2009.4：695
22. H. Ito, AK. Igawa, K. Masugata. Bipolar Pulse Generator for Intense Pulsed Ion Beam Accelerator. REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 782007:78
23.刘天夫,陈碧芳.超短脉冲技术测量癌细胞荧光光谱与荧光寿命.激光生物学报.Vol 14 No.52005.10：373
24.米彦,莫登斌.ns脉冲电场发生器的研制及应用.高电压技术Vol.34 No.2 Feb. 2008:368-369
25.李桓,刘辉.利用脉冲技术改善埋弧焊的焊缝成形质量.电焊机.Vol36 No42006.4：7
26.张凯.无线光通信双幅度脉冲间隔调制研究及其在光波ETC中的应用.清华大学硕士论文.2004：1-6
27.孙超,林占江.基于DDS的雷达任意波形信号源的研究.电子测量与仪器学报.Vol.22.No12.2008.4：34
28. Giuseppe Lombardo, Manuela Malara.32-Channel Arbitrary Waveform Generator for Bistable Nematic Devices. REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS. VOLUME 75, NUMBER 6 JUNE 2004:2008-2009
29. Jesus Lancis and Pedro Andres. Arbitrary Waveform Generator Based on All-Incoherent Pulse Shaping. IEEE PHOTONICS TECHNOLOGY LETTERS, VOL.18, NO.24, DECEMBER 15,2006:2626-2628.
30.朱立锋.正确理解任意波形发生器的技术指标.国外电子测量技术.1996,4：27-29
31.安捷伦中国.安捷伦产品介绍www.agilent.com.cn
32.菅谷光雄,中村征寿.脉冲电路.科学出版社,1997：19
33.孙圣和.现代时域测量.哈尔滨工业大学出版社,1989：10-12 134-147
34. Jeongwoo Han. Development of An Electronically Tunable Ultra-Wideband Radar Imaging Sensor and Its Components. Ph. D. Dissertation, Dept. of Electronical Engineering, Texas A&M Univ.,2005
35. James D. Taylor. Ultra-wideband radar technology. New York:CRC Press, 2001:205-290
36.袁雪林,梁步阁.探地雷达高功率高稳定度脉冲源设计.强激光与粒子束,2007,19(10)：1689-1692
37.梁步阁,吕波,袁乃昌.超宽带雷达实验系统中大功率纳秒级脉冲源的研制.微波学报,2005,21(1)：24-30
38. A.F. Kardo-Sysoev. Generation and Radiation of UWB-Signals. Microwave Conference,2003.33rd European,2003(2):845-848.
39.雨宫好文,小柴典居.脉冲电路.科学出版社,2000：77-8152-58
40. John Mankowski, Magne Kristiansen. A Review of Short Pulse Generator Technology. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PLASMA SCIENCE, VOL.28, NO.1, FEBRUARY 2000:102
41. Jeong Soo Lee and Cam Nguyen, Novel Low-Cost Ultra-wideband, Ultra-Short-Pulse Transmitter with MESFET Impulse-Shaping Circuitry for Reduced Distortion and Improved Pulse Repetition Rate. IEEE Microwave Wireless Component,2001,11(5):208-210
42. Jeong Soo Lee, Cam Nguyen, Tom Scullion. New Uniplanar Subnanosecond Monocycle Pulse Generator and Transformer for Time-Domain Microwave Applications. IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech.2001,49(6).1126-1129.
43. Pawel Rulikowski, John Barrett. Truly Balanced Step Recovery Diode Pulse Generator with Single Power Supply. Radio and Wireless Conference,2004 IEEE, 2004:347-350.
44. Jeongwoo Han and Cam Nguyen. Ultra-Wideband Electronically Tunable Pulse Generators. IEEE Microw Wirelee Compon.lett.2004,14(3).112-114.
45. Jeongwoo Han and Cam Nguyen. On the Development of a Compact Sub-Nanosecond Tunable Monocycle Pulse Transmitter for UWB Applications. IEEE Trans.Microwave Theory Tech.2006,54(1),285-293.
46.郁琦.LXI任意波形发生器模块的研制.哈尔滨工业大学硕士论文.2008：9-1012-20 49-51 17-18
47.张涛,陈亮.现代DDS的研究进展与概述.电子产品世界.2008.2：34-36
48. FLUKE可变时钟结构的任意波形发生器消除了DDS的局限性.FLUKE公司应用文章,2008：1-4
49.刘旺.VXI总线任意波形发生器模块研制.哈尔滨工业大学硕士论文.2001：18
50. Shpak V. G.1000 pps Subnano Second High Voltage Generator. IEEE 11th pulsed power conference,1997,1575
51. Adam Lindblom, Hans BernhoffAn Inductive 700-MW High-Voltage Pulse Generator. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PLASMA SCIENCE, VOL.34, NO.5, OCTOBER 2006:1838-1845
52.日远贩俊昭彭军译测量电子电路设计.科学出版社,2006：79-88
53.蔡惟铮.基础电子技术.高等教育出版社,2004：30-35
54.(美)伍国珏.半导体器件完全指南.科学出版社,2009：18
55.粟毅,黄春琳,雷文太.探地雷达理论与应用,科学出版社,北京,2006：33
56.本书编写组.新编国内外二极管速查手册.电子工业出版社,2008：208-210
57.谢益方.亚纳秒级脉冲发射机研制.中科院电子所博士论文.2010：44-56
58.夏宇闻.Verilog数字系统设计教程.第2版.北京航天航空大学出版社,2008：166-175
59. (美)霍顿.Visual C++2005入门经典.李颂华,康会光译.清华大学出版社,2007：601
60. Edward M Mattison, Laurence M Coyle. Phase Noise in Direct Digital Synthesizers. 42nd Annual Frequency Control Symposium.1998:352-356
61. J. Vankka. Spur Reduction Techniques in Sine Output Direct Digital Synthesis. IEEE Proc50th AFCS.1996:951-959
62. S.S.Prasad, S.K.Sanyal. Design of Arbitrary Waveform Generator based on Direct Digital Synthesis Technique using Code Composer Studio Platform. National IEEE Member, Institute of Technology, India,1-4244-0969-1,01/07/2007
63.刘铁新,高俊法.DDS中相位截断效应分析及其改善方法.宇航测试技术.1999,19(4)：11-15
64.明小燕.PXI任意波形发生器补偿及校准技术研究.哈尔滨工业大学论文.2009：10
2.张毅刚,彭喜元,姜守达.自动测试系统.哈尔滨工业大学出版社,2001：1-8
3. 刘贯伟.LXI-VXI适配器研制.哈尔滨工业大学硕士论文.2008：1-3
4. Mike Dewey, LXI Standard:Its Evolution and Application. Oct.2005, www.lxiconnexion.com
5. Jon N. Semancik. Expanding Test System Functionality With LXI. Oct.2005, www.lxiconnexion.com
6. Mike Dewey. Making the Transition From GPIB to LXI. Oct.2005, www.lxiconnexion.com
7. Dewey M. Integrating LXI Devices Into Hybrid Test Systems. LXI ConneXion, July 2006:18-24
8. McCarthy, A. A Software Technique for Optimizing Measurement Time and Repeatability on Instrument Control Buses. Autotestcon,2005
9. Mike Dewey. The Process and Requirements for LXI Device Compliance. Oct. 2005, www.lxiconnexion.com
10. Paul Franklin, Andy Creque. Exploring LXI's Advanced Capabilities. Oct.2005, www.lxiconnexion.com
11. Grant Drenkow. LXI Unveiled as the Future of Test. Oct.2005, www.lxiconnexion.com
12. Bob Stasonis. Contents and Value of LXI.2007th LXI Union Conference.2007:A-1-2-A-1-6
13. LXI Overview. LXI Introduction. www.lxistandard.org,2006.2:9
14. Forecasts Frost & Sullivan. LXI Test Market to Grow 24 Percent.2007:1
15. Johnson Tay. LXI Applications.2007th LXI Union Conference.2007:B-1-1-B-1-2
16. LXI Stantard Revision 1.1. www.lxistandard.org
17.尹洪涛,黄灿杰,付平,宋洪武.LXI标准概述.国外电子测量.2007,26(5)：15-18
18.白振华,赵兴群.基于DDS的任意波形发生器Modern Scientific Instruments. 2001:44
19.刘锡三.高功率脉冲技术.国防工业出版社,2005：5
20. Sun Beiyun, Xie Yanzhao.50kV, Ins Rise Time High Voltage Pulse Generator. Nuclear Elect Ronics & Detection Technology. Vol.27 No.22007:282
21.陈彦超,赵柏秦.用于纳秒级窄脉冲工作的大功率半导体激光器模块.光学精密工程.第17卷第4期2009.4：695
22. H. Ito, AK. Igawa, K. Masugata. Bipolar Pulse Generator for Intense Pulsed Ion Beam Accelerator. REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 782007:78
23.刘天夫,陈碧芳.超短脉冲技术测量癌细胞荧光光谱与荧光寿命.激光生物学报.Vol 14 No.52005.10：373
24.米彦,莫登斌.ns脉冲电场发生器的研制及应用.高电压技术Vol.34 No.2 Feb. 2008:368-369
25.李桓,刘辉.利用脉冲技术改善埋弧焊的焊缝成形质量.电焊机.Vol36 No42006.4：7
26.张凯.无线光通信双幅度脉冲间隔调制研究及其在光波ETC中的应用.清华大学硕士论文.2004：1-6
27.孙超,林占江.基于DDS的雷达任意波形信号源的研究.电子测量与仪器学报.Vol.22.No12.2008.4：34
28. Giuseppe Lombardo, Manuela Malara.32-Channel Arbitrary Waveform Generator for Bistable Nematic Devices. REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS. VOLUME 75, NUMBER 6 JUNE 2004:2008-2009
29. Jesus Lancis and Pedro Andres. Arbitrary Waveform Generator Based on All-Incoherent Pulse Shaping. IEEE PHOTONICS TECHNOLOGY LETTERS, VOL.18, NO.24, DECEMBER 15,2006:2626-2628.
30.朱立锋.正确理解任意波形发生器的技术指标.国外电子测量技术.1996,4：27-29
31.安捷伦中国.安捷伦产品介绍www.agilent.com.cn
32.菅谷光雄,中村征寿.脉冲电路.科学出版社,1997：19
33.孙圣和.现代时域测量.哈尔滨工业大学出版社,1989：10-12 134-147
34. Jeongwoo Han. Development of An Electronically Tunable Ultra-Wideband Radar Imaging Sensor and Its Components. Ph. D. Dissertation, Dept. of Electronical Engineering, Texas A&M Univ.,2005
35. James D. Taylor. Ultra-wideband radar technology. New York:CRC Press, 2001:205-290
36.袁雪林,梁步阁.探地雷达高功率高稳定度脉冲源设计.强激光与粒子束,2007,19(10)：1689-1692
37.梁步阁,吕波,袁乃昌.超宽带雷达实验系统中大功率纳秒级脉冲源的研制.微波学报,2005,21(1)：24-30
38. A.F. Kardo-Sysoev. Generation and Radiation of UWB-Signals. Microwave Conference,2003.33rd European,2003(2):845-848.
39.雨宫好文,小柴典居.脉冲电路.科学出版社,2000：77-8152-58
40. John Mankowski, Magne Kristiansen. A Review of Short Pulse Generator Technology. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PLASMA SCIENCE, VOL.28, NO.1, FEBRUARY 2000:102
41. Jeong Soo Lee and Cam Nguyen, Novel Low-Cost Ultra-wideband, Ultra-Short-Pulse Transmitter with MESFET Impulse-Shaping Circuitry for Reduced Distortion and Improved Pulse Repetition Rate. IEEE Microwave Wireless Component,2001,11(5):208-210
42. Jeong Soo Lee, Cam Nguyen, Tom Scullion. New Uniplanar Subnanosecond Monocycle Pulse Generator and Transformer for Time-Domain Microwave Applications. IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech.2001,49(6).1126-1129.
43. Pawel Rulikowski, John Barrett. Truly Balanced Step Recovery Diode Pulse Generator with Single Power Supply. Radio and Wireless Conference,2004 IEEE, 2004:347-350.
44. Jeongwoo Han and Cam Nguyen. Ultra-Wideband Electronically Tunable Pulse Generators. IEEE Microw Wirelee Compon.lett.2004,14(3).112-114.
45. Jeongwoo Han and Cam Nguyen. On the Development of a Compact Sub-Nanosecond Tunable Monocycle Pulse Transmitter for UWB Applications. IEEE Trans.Microwave Theory Tech.2006,54(1),285-293.
46.郁琦.LXI任意波形发生器模块的研制.哈尔滨工业大学硕士论文.2008：9-1012-20 49-51 17-18
47.张涛,陈亮.现代DDS的研究进展与概述.电子产品世界.2008.2：34-36
48. FLUKE可变时钟结构的任意波形发生器消除了DDS的局限性.FLUKE公司应用文章,2008：1-4
49.刘旺.VXI总线任意波形发生器模块研制.哈尔滨工业大学硕士论文.2001：18
50. Shpak V. G.1000 pps Subnano Second High Voltage Generator. IEEE 11th pulsed power conference,1997,1575
51. Adam Lindblom, Hans BernhoffAn Inductive 700-MW High-Voltage Pulse Generator. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PLASMA SCIENCE, VOL.34, NO.5, OCTOBER 2006:1838-1845
52.日远贩俊昭彭军译测量电子电路设计.科学出版社,2006：79-88
53.蔡惟铮.基础电子技术.高等教育出版社,2004：30-35
54.(美)伍国珏.半导体器件完全指南.科学出版社,2009：18
55.粟毅,黄春琳,雷文太.探地雷达理论与应用,科学出版社,北京,2006：33
56.本书编写组.新编国内外二极管速查手册.电子工业出版社,2008：208-210
57.谢益方.亚纳秒级脉冲发射机研制.中科院电子所博士论文.2010：44-56
58.夏宇闻.Verilog数字系统设计教程.第2版.北京航天航空大学出版社,2008：166-175
59. (美)霍顿.Visual C++2005入门经典.李颂华,康会光译.清华大学出版社,2007：601
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