市场结构与出口贸易
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摘要
市场结构对出口贸易的影响,是近年来开放经济条件下产业组织理论和国际贸易理论所关注的重要问题之一。一般认为,国内市场的竞争不仅影响企业在国内市场上的销售和盈利水平,而且它也会影响到企业在国外市场上的销售激励和销售能力。因此,从国内市场结构的角度,研究它与出口贸易之间的联系,是当代产业经济理论的传统之一。中国学者一般习惯于从比较利益、竞争优势等方面研究市场结构与出口贸易之间的关系,而产业经济学在这一方面却有自己独到的视角。作为一种研究的尝试,本文以此为出发点,试图对市场结构与出口贸易之间的作用机制进行深入分析,并运用中国的经济数据对此进行检验,提出一些能够改善我国市场结构,促进出口贸易发展的政策建议。
本文的理论分析结论主要有以下几个方面:
1、市场集中度与出口贸易负相关。在国内为不完全竞争的情况下,随着企业个数和竞争程度的增加,每个企业所面临的需求减少,产品销售价格下降,如果国外为竞争性的市场结构,国内企业出口的相对收益就会增加,它就会减少在国内的销售,增加出口;如果国外为垄断性的市场结构,国内外企业进行寡头垄断博弈,双方博弈的结果就是相互出口。因此,企业个数较多、竞争程度较强的国家就会有较多的出口。
2、企业规模与出口贸易正相关。企业规模可以从生产成本和交易成本两个方面对出口贸易产生影响。在一定的条件下,企业的规模越大,生产成本越低,竞争力越强,出口就越多。在交易成本方面,大企业在出口方面的交易成本要低于小企业,小企业的这种劣势会抵消它在出口方面的激励。当市场体系不断完善、国内交易成本逐渐降低时,小企业的出口倾向会小于大企业。因此企业规模与出口呈现出正相关关系。
3、企业进入(包括外来直接投资进入)与出口贸易正相关。进入壁垒的降低会直接降低新进入企业的成本,从而使其更具有竞争性,这同时就会减少原有
The influence of market structure on export has been one of the most concernedissues in the fields of industrial organization and internal trade research. It is generallybelieved that domestic market competition will not only influence the sale andrevenue level in the domestic market, but also have some impact on the sellingincentive and selling capability of a firm in foreign markets. Therefore, the study ofthe connection between the domestic market structure and export has been one of thetraditions of contemporary industrial economics. Different from some Chinesescholars who tend to study the relationship between market structure and export in thefield of comparative advantage or competitive advantage, scholars engaged inindustrial economics have their unique perspective. Starting from this special viewpoint, the present research attempts in a tentative way to have a profound analysis ofthe functioning mechanism of market structure and export, test the mechanism withChinese economic data, and make some suggestions for the improvement of China'smarket structure, and enhance export development.
The present research comes to the following conclusions on the basis oftheoretical analysis:
1. The market concentration ratio is connected negatively with export. Under thecondition of imperfect competition in the domestic market, with the increase in thenumber of firms and the degree of competition, each firm faces the problem ofreduced demand, and the sales price will become lower as a result. If the foreignmarket structure is competitive in nature, the relative revenue of export of domesticfirms will increase, and as a result these firms will reduce their sales in the domestic
market, and increase their export. If the foreign market structure is oligopolistic ormonopolistic, the firms at home and abroad will fall into an oligopolist game that willlead to mutual export. Therefore countries with more firms and greater competitionwill have comparatively more export.2. The firm size is positively related with export. The size of a firm can influenceexport in the two aspects of product costs and transaction costs. Under certain condition,the greater the size of a firm, the lower the product cost, and the greater thecompetitiveness, the greater the export. As for product cost, the export cost of a majorfirm is lower than a minor firm, and this disadvantage of a minor firm will neutralize itsincentive for export. With the perfection of the market and the gradually lowering of thetrade cost in the domestic market, the export intensity of a minor firm will be smaller thana major one, hence the positive relationship between the size of a firm and its export.3. The firm entry including foreign direct investment is related with export in apositive way. The decrease of entry barriers will lower the cost of newly entered firmsand make it more competitive and in the meantime the revenue of the former firmswill be reduced and their product prices will be lowered. When engaged in thecompetition of the internal market, with all the other conditions remaining constant,the lowering of the product prices will enhance the export competitiveness of theproducts, and increase export. As for foreign direct investment, the above-mentionedmechanism will function on the one hand, and its competition with former domesticfirms will increase its export directly, as a result, foreign direct investment entry willincrease the export of domestic products.4. Product differentiation is related with export in a positive way. The greater thedistinctiveness and variety of the products, and the greater the possibility of theproducts to appeal to the customers' preference, the greater the export. When thecustomers are not fully informed with the features of some distinctive products, theproducers have to make some investment so as to transfer the information of theirproducts and finally sell them successfully. Therefore, in comparison with the firms ofhomogeneous products, the firms producing products of differentiation will have tospend more on information transference. At this moment, the possibility of successful
export of differentiated products will be influenced by the size of a firm. A major firmcomparatively speaking has greater capability and tendency to export.The present research also illustrates the influence of market structure on theeffect of trade policies through such policies as exchange rate changing andantidumping.1. Under the condition of incomplete competition in the domestic market, a firmhas certain market power, therefore when the currency depreciates, the export cost ofa firm becomes lower, and as a result the firm will have more market shares, andgreater market power. And increased market power will in turn force the exporters toraise the price of their products, and lead to the incomplete pass-through effect, whichwill further influence the change of exchange rate.2. Antidumping, as a means of fair trade maintenance, will influence export ifapplied too frequently under the condition of incomplete competition. Sinceantidumping is mainly directed against price competition, when the price competitionbetween foreign export firms and domestic firms is limited as a result of antidumping,a game of product quality will be emphasized. In many lawsuits of antidumping,foreign firms that sell products of lower quality at a lower price are prone toantidumping lawsuits. It follows that when being limited in price setting, the foreignexport firms will turn to improve the quality of the products in an active manner. Ifthe domestic firms employ the policy of low quality, the quality of their products willbe lower than the foreign firms, and therefore be left in a disadvantage in theinternational competition.The present researcher makes an empirical testing of the relationship betweenChinese market structure and export. The result shows that the different elements ofthe market structure perform different functions in export, among which the functionsof firm size, product differentiation and foreign direct investment entry are the mostobvious, while domestic firm entry and the market concentration ratio are very weak.The result may be related with the development stage of the present China for as faras domestic firm entry and the market concentration ratio are concerned, theireffectiveness lies in the enhancement of market competitiveness in the market
mechanism, and the stimulation of productivity. But in China, as a result of the lowlevel of economic development, the rank of export products are all very low, and lowquality products account for a very high percentage, and the entry barriers arecomparatively lower. Correspondingly, the concentration degree of a great majority offirms is very low, and the market power of the firms is very limited. The firms dependon the lower prices of their products for their competitiveness in the fiercecompetition. On the other hand, with China being in the period of market transference,and the market economy not mature enough, the competition restraint in certain tradesmainly comes from administrative intervention and monopoly, the mechanism of themarket therefore can not perform its function effectively. Therefore, under these twoconditions, the transference effect of domestic firm entry and the lowering ofconcentration degree will be limited and influence the effect of these two elements.The research shows that market structure affects export greatly. And to adjust theindustrial organization, optimize the market structure is an effective method for thedevelopment of export. In the adjustment of China's industrial organization, thefollowing measures should be taken: firstly, administrative intervention should bereduced and administrative monopolist should be eradicated so that the resources willflux and be allocated according to the mechanism of the market;secondly, entrybarriers should be decreased to stimulate complete competition, increase productivityand enhance competitiveness;thirdly, the exit barriers of firms should be reduced, themerging and reorganization of firms should be encouraged so as to make greater useof the capital;fourthly, efforts should be made to quicken the growth of firm scale inthe market competition, enlarge the size of the firms with key competitive powerthrough competition, and enhance industrial export ability;fifthly, the differentiationof products should be strengthened so as to enhance the non-price competitive abilityof the firms.
本文的理论分析结论主要有以下几个方面:
1、市场集中度与出口贸易负相关。在国内为不完全竞争的情况下,随着企业个数和竞争程度的增加,每个企业所面临的需求减少,产品销售价格下降,如果国外为竞争性的市场结构,国内企业出口的相对收益就会增加,它就会减少在国内的销售,增加出口;如果国外为垄断性的市场结构,国内外企业进行寡头垄断博弈,双方博弈的结果就是相互出口。因此,企业个数较多、竞争程度较强的国家就会有较多的出口。
2、企业规模与出口贸易正相关。企业规模可以从生产成本和交易成本两个方面对出口贸易产生影响。在一定的条件下,企业的规模越大,生产成本越低,竞争力越强,出口就越多。在交易成本方面,大企业在出口方面的交易成本要低于小企业,小企业的这种劣势会抵消它在出口方面的激励。当市场体系不断完善、国内交易成本逐渐降低时,小企业的出口倾向会小于大企业。因此企业规模与出口呈现出正相关关系。
3、企业进入(包括外来直接投资进入)与出口贸易正相关。进入壁垒的降低会直接降低新进入企业的成本,从而使其更具有竞争性,这同时就会减少原有
The influence of market structure on export has been one of the most concernedissues in the fields of industrial organization and internal trade research. It is generallybelieved that domestic market competition will not only influence the sale andrevenue level in the domestic market, but also have some impact on the sellingincentive and selling capability of a firm in foreign markets. Therefore, the study ofthe connection between the domestic market structure and export has been one of thetraditions of contemporary industrial economics. Different from some Chinesescholars who tend to study the relationship between market structure and export in thefield of comparative advantage or competitive advantage, scholars engaged inindustrial economics have their unique perspective. Starting from this special viewpoint, the present research attempts in a tentative way to have a profound analysis ofthe functioning mechanism of market structure and export, test the mechanism withChinese economic data, and make some suggestions for the improvement of China'smarket structure, and enhance export development.
The present research comes to the following conclusions on the basis oftheoretical analysis:
1. The market concentration ratio is connected negatively with export. Under thecondition of imperfect competition in the domestic market, with the increase in thenumber of firms and the degree of competition, each firm faces the problem ofreduced demand, and the sales price will become lower as a result. If the foreignmarket structure is competitive in nature, the relative revenue of export of domesticfirms will increase, and as a result these firms will reduce their sales in the domestic
market, and increase their export. If the foreign market structure is oligopolistic ormonopolistic, the firms at home and abroad will fall into an oligopolist game that willlead to mutual export. Therefore countries with more firms and greater competitionwill have comparatively more export.2. The firm size is positively related with export. The size of a firm can influenceexport in the two aspects of product costs and transaction costs. Under certain condition,the greater the size of a firm, the lower the product cost, and the greater thecompetitiveness, the greater the export. As for product cost, the export cost of a majorfirm is lower than a minor firm, and this disadvantage of a minor firm will neutralize itsincentive for export. With the perfection of the market and the gradually lowering of thetrade cost in the domestic market, the export intensity of a minor firm will be smaller thana major one, hence the positive relationship between the size of a firm and its export.3. The firm entry including foreign direct investment is related with export in apositive way. The decrease of entry barriers will lower the cost of newly entered firmsand make it more competitive and in the meantime the revenue of the former firmswill be reduced and their product prices will be lowered. When engaged in thecompetition of the internal market, with all the other conditions remaining constant,the lowering of the product prices will enhance the export competitiveness of theproducts, and increase export. As for foreign direct investment, the above-mentionedmechanism will function on the one hand, and its competition with former domesticfirms will increase its export directly, as a result, foreign direct investment entry willincrease the export of domestic products.4. Product differentiation is related with export in a positive way. The greater thedistinctiveness and variety of the products, and the greater the possibility of theproducts to appeal to the customers' preference, the greater the export. When thecustomers are not fully informed with the features of some distinctive products, theproducers have to make some investment so as to transfer the information of theirproducts and finally sell them successfully. Therefore, in comparison with the firms ofhomogeneous products, the firms producing products of differentiation will have tospend more on information transference. At this moment, the possibility of successful
export of differentiated products will be influenced by the size of a firm. A major firmcomparatively speaking has greater capability and tendency to export.The present research also illustrates the influence of market structure on theeffect of trade policies through such policies as exchange rate changing andantidumping.1. Under the condition of incomplete competition in the domestic market, a firmhas certain market power, therefore when the currency depreciates, the export cost ofa firm becomes lower, and as a result the firm will have more market shares, andgreater market power. And increased market power will in turn force the exporters toraise the price of their products, and lead to the incomplete pass-through effect, whichwill further influence the change of exchange rate.2. Antidumping, as a means of fair trade maintenance, will influence export ifapplied too frequently under the condition of incomplete competition. Sinceantidumping is mainly directed against price competition, when the price competitionbetween foreign export firms and domestic firms is limited as a result of antidumping,a game of product quality will be emphasized. In many lawsuits of antidumping,foreign firms that sell products of lower quality at a lower price are prone toantidumping lawsuits. It follows that when being limited in price setting, the foreignexport firms will turn to improve the quality of the products in an active manner. Ifthe domestic firms employ the policy of low quality, the quality of their products willbe lower than the foreign firms, and therefore be left in a disadvantage in theinternational competition.The present researcher makes an empirical testing of the relationship betweenChinese market structure and export. The result shows that the different elements ofthe market structure perform different functions in export, among which the functionsof firm size, product differentiation and foreign direct investment entry are the mostobvious, while domestic firm entry and the market concentration ratio are very weak.The result may be related with the development stage of the present China for as faras domestic firm entry and the market concentration ratio are concerned, theireffectiveness lies in the enhancement of market competitiveness in the market
mechanism, and the stimulation of productivity. But in China, as a result of the lowlevel of economic development, the rank of export products are all very low, and lowquality products account for a very high percentage, and the entry barriers arecomparatively lower. Correspondingly, the concentration degree of a great majority offirms is very low, and the market power of the firms is very limited. The firms dependon the lower prices of their products for their competitiveness in the fiercecompetition. On the other hand, with China being in the period of market transference,and the market economy not mature enough, the competition restraint in certain tradesmainly comes from administrative intervention and monopoly, the mechanism of themarket therefore can not perform its function effectively. Therefore, under these twoconditions, the transference effect of domestic firm entry and the lowering ofconcentration degree will be limited and influence the effect of these two elements.The research shows that market structure affects export greatly. And to adjust theindustrial organization, optimize the market structure is an effective method for thedevelopment of export. In the adjustment of China's industrial organization, thefollowing measures should be taken: firstly, administrative intervention should bereduced and administrative monopolist should be eradicated so that the resources willflux and be allocated according to the mechanism of the market;secondly, entrybarriers should be decreased to stimulate complete competition, increase productivityand enhance competitiveness;thirdly, the exit barriers of firms should be reduced, themerging and reorganization of firms should be encouraged so as to make greater useof the capital;fourthly, efforts should be made to quicken the growth of firm scale inthe market competition, enlarge the size of the firms with key competitive powerthrough competition, and enhance industrial export ability;fifthly, the differentiationof products should be strengthened so as to enhance the non-price competitive abilityof the firms.
引文
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中国统计年鉴,中国经济年鉴,中国工业年鉴,中国工业经济统计年鉴,中国海关统计年鉴(历年)
Aidan Hollis. 2000. Industrial Concentration, Output, and Trade: An Empirical Exploration. www.google.com
Alessandro Sembenelli and Dacide Vannoni, 2000, Why Do Established Firms Enter Some Industries and Exit Others? Empirical Evidence on Italian Business Groups, Review of Industrial Organization, 17
Andrea Fosfuri, Massimo Motta, Thomas Ronde, 2001, Foreign Direct Investment and Spillovers through Workers' Mobility, Journal of International Economics, 53
Baumol, W. J., Panzar, J. and Willig, R., 1982, Contestable Markets and the Theory of Market Structure, New York: Harcourt, Brace & Jovanovic
Bonaccorsi, Andtea, 1992, On the Relationship between Firm Size and Export Intensity, Journal of International Business Studies, 23
Brainard, S. L., 1993, A Simple Theory of Multinational Corporations and Trade with a Trade-off between Proximity and Concentration, NBER Working Paper, 4269
Caves, Richard E., 1974, Multinational Firms, Competition and Productivity in Host Country Markets, Economica, 41
Caves, R. E., 1996, Multinational Enterprise and Economic Analysis, 2nd ed., Cambridge University Press, London
Chen, M. and D. C. Hambrick, 1995, Speed, Stealth and Selective Attack: How Small Firms Differ from Large Firms in Competitive Behavior, Academy of Management Journal, 38
Daniel M. Bernhofen, Peng Xu, 2000, Exchange Rates and Market Power: Evidence from the Petrochemical Industry, Journal of International Economics, 52
Dixit, A., 1980, The Role of Investment in Entry Deterence, Economic Journal, 90
Dixit, A., Stiglitz, J., 1977, Monopolistic Competition and Equilibrium Product Diversity, American Economic Review, 67
Donghwan Kim, Bruce W. Marion, 1997, Domestic Market Structure and Performance in Global Markets: Theory and Empirical Evidence from U.S. Food Manufacturing Industries. Review of Industrial Organization, 12
Dunning, H., 1993, The globalization of business, London: Routledge
E. Borensztein, J. De Gregorio, J-W. Lee, 1998, How does Foreign Direct Investment Affect Economic Growth? Journal of International Economics, 45
Edmund R. Thompson, 2002, Clustering of Foreign Direct Investment and Enhanced Technology Transfer: Evidence from Hong Kong Garment Firms in China, World Development, 30
Geroski, P., 1989, Entry, Innovation and Productivity Growth, Review of Economics and Statistics, 71
Gomes, Lenn and Kannan Ramaswamy, 1999, An Empirical Examination of Form of the Relationship between Multionality and Performance, Journal of International Business Studies, 30 Gordon M. Bodnar, Bernard Dumas, Richard C. Marston, 1999, Pass-through and Exposure, JEL Classifications: F3, L1
Gould, D. M. and Gruben, W. C., 1997, Will Fair Trade Diminish Free Trade? Business Economics, 4
Gunnar Niels, 2000, What is Antidumping Policy Really about? Journal of Economic Surveys, 14
Helpman, E., 1981, International Trade in the Presence of Product Differentiation, Economies of Scale and Monopolistic Competition: a Chamberlin-Heckscher-Ohlin Approach, Journal of International Economics, 11
Helpman, E., 1984, A Simple Theory of International Trade with Multinational Corporations. Journal of Political Economy, 92
Hooper P., and C. Mann, 1989, Exchange Rate Pass-through in the 1980s: The Case of U. S. Import of Manufactures, Brooks Papers on Economic Activty, 1
Horlick, G. N. and Shea, E. C., 1995, The World Trade Organization Antidumping Agreement, Journal of World Trade, 29
Horstman, I., & Markusen, J. R., 1992, Endogenous Market Structures in International Trade, Journal of International Economics, 20
Hylke Vandenbussche, Xavier Wauthy, 2001, Inflicting Injury through Product Quality: How European Antidumping Policy Disadvantages European Producers, European Journal of Political Economy, 17
Hymer , Stephen H., 1976, The International Operations of National Firms: A Study of Direct Foreign Investment, Cambridge, MA, MIT Press
IMF, 1997, Balance of Payments Manual, Para 408, Washington D.C. J.F. Pickering and I. M. Sheldon, 1984, International Trade Performance and Concentration in British Industry, Applied Economics, 16
Jean-Paul Azam, Marie-Fran?oise Calmette, Catherine Loustalan and Christine Maurel, 2000, Domestic Competition and Export Performance of Manufacturing Firms in C?te d'Ivoire, Preliminary Version, http//:www.google.com
John H. Dunning, 1988, Explaining International Production, UNWIN HYMAN
Jonathan E., Haskel Sonia C. Pereira, Matthew J. Slaughter, 2002, Dose Inward Foreign Direct Investment Boost the Productivity of Domestic Firms? Working Paper, 8724
Jose Campa, Shabtai Donnenfeld, and Shlomo Weber, 1998, Market Structure and Foreign Direct Investment, Review of International Economics, 6
Joseph Francois, 2001, Ian Wooton, Market Structure, Trade Liberalization and the GATS, European Journal of Political Economy, 17
Krugman, P. R., 1980, Scale Economies, Product Differentiation, and the Pattern of Trade, American Economic Review, 70
Krugman, P. R., 1989, Differences in Income Elasticities and Trends in Real Exchange Rates, European Economic Review, 33
Krugman, P. R.,1979, Increasing Returns, Monopolistic Competition, and International Trade, Journal of International Economics, 9
Lawerence J. White, 1974, Industrial Organization and International Trade: Some Theoretical Considerations, The American Economic Review, 64
Lee Branstetter, 2000, Is Foreign Direct Investment A Channel of Knowledge Spillovers? Evidence from Japan's FDI in the United States, Nber Working Paper, 8015
Levinsohn, James. 1994. Competition Policy and International Trade. NBER Working Paper, 4972
Levy, D., Bertgen, M., Dutta, S., Venable, R., 1997, The Magnitude of Menu Costs: Direct Evidence from Large U. S. Supermarket Chains, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 12 Marion Sakakibara and Michael E. Porter, 2000, Competing at Home to Win Abroad: Evidence from Japanese Industry, Review of Economics and Statistics, 83
Messerlin, P. A., 1990, Antidumping Regulations or Pro-cartel Law? The EC Chemical Cases, Policy, Research and External Affairs, Working Paper, 397
Michael R. Darby, 1975, Qualitative Information, Reputation, and Monopolistic Competition, NBER Working Paper, 95
Mundell, R. A., 1957, International Trade and Factor Mobility, American Economic Review,
Murali Patibandla, 2002, Policy Reforms and Evolution of Market Structure in an Emerging Economy: The Case of India, Journal of Development Studies, 38
Nigel. Driffield, 2001, Inward Investment and Host Country Market Structure: The Case of the U.K., Review of Industrial Organization, 18
Nooteboom, Bart, 1993a, Firm Size Effects on Transaction Costs, Small Business Economics, 5
P. A. Samuelson and W. D., 1989, Nordhaus Economics, 13th Edition, McGtaw-Hill Book Company
Page, J. M., 1984, Firm Size and Technical Efficiency: Application of Production Frontiers to Indian Survey Data, Journal of Development Economics, 16
Pagoulatos, Emilio and Sorensen, R., 1976, Domestic Market Structure and International Trade: An Empirical Analysis, Quarterly Review of Economics and Business, 16
Patibandla, M., 1988, Role of Large and Small Firms in an India's Engineering Export, Economic and Political Weekly, 28
Patibandla, M., 1992, Scale Economies and Exports in an Import Substituting Regime, Economic and Political Weekly, 29
Patibandla, M., 1995, Firm Size and Export Behavior: An Indian Case Study, The Journal of Development Studies, 31
Porter, M. E., 1981, The Contributions of Industrial Organization to Strategic Management, Academy of Management Review, 6
Priya Ranjian, 2000, Market Structure, Capital Inflows, and Home Welfare, The International Trade Jorrnal, 14
R. T. Hamilton, 1997, A Note on Industry Concentration and Trade Performance: New Zealand Manufacturing 1985-1995, Australian Journal of Management, 22
Rodney L. and Jan B. Heide, 1996, Controlling Supplier Opportunism in Industrial Relationships, Journal of Marketing Research, 58
Rosson, Philip J., 1987, The Overseas Distribution Method: Performance and Change in a Harsh Environment, In P. J. Rosson and Stanley D. Reid (eds), Managing Export Entry and Expansion, New York: Praeger
Schmalensee, R., 1982, Product Differentiation Advantages of Pioneering Brands, American Economic Review, 72
Thorsten Hens, Eckart Ja¨ ger, Alan Kirman, Louis Phlips, 1999, Exchange Rates and Oligopoly, European Economic Review, 43
Ursic, Michael L. and Michael R. Czinkota, 1984, An Experience Curve Explanation of Export Expansion, Journal of Business Research, 12
Veugelers, R., Vandenbussche, H., 1999, European Antidumping Policy and the Profitability of National and International Collusion, European Economic Review, 43
Williamson, Oliver E., 1985, The Economic Institutions of Capitalism, New York: Free Press
中国学术期刊全文数据库
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http://econpapers.hhs.se/
http://internationalecon.com/
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http://www.etsg.org/
http://www.google.com/
http://www.inframarginal.com/
http://www.nber.com
http://kluwer.calis.edu.cn/
http://elsevier.lib.sjtu.edu.cn/
http://www.drcnet.com.cn/
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奥尔森. 集体行动的逻辑. 上海:上海人民出版社,1995
保罗·克鲁格曼,茅瑞斯·奥伯斯法尔德. 国际经济学. 北京:中国人民大学出版社,1998
保罗·克鲁格曼. 克鲁格曼国际贸易新理论. 北京:中国社会科学出版社,2001
鲍莫尔. 福利经济及国家理论. 北京:商务印书馆,1984
丹尼斯·卡尔顿,杰弗里·佩罗夫. 现代产业组织. 上海:上海三联书店,1998
德姆塞茨. 竞争的经济、法律和政治维度. 上海:上海三联书店,1992
多纳德·海,德理克·莫瑞斯. 产业经济学与组织. 北京:经济科学出版社,1998
凡勃伦. 企业论. 北京:商务印书馆,1959
哈尔·瓦里安. 微观经济学. 北京:经济科学出版社,1997
卡布尔主编. 产业经济学前沿问题. 北京:中国税务出版社,2000
科斯. 企业的性质. 论生产的制度结构. 上海:上海三联书店,1994
科斯. 社会成本问题. 财产权利与制度变迁. 上海:上海三联书店,1994
肯尼斯·W·克拉克森,罗杰·勒鲁瓦·米勒. 产业组织:理论、证据和公共政策. 上海:上海三联书店,1989
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马歇尔. 经济学原理(上). 北京:商务印书馆,1997
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迈克尔·波特. 国家竞争优势. 北京:华夏出版社,2002
施蒂格勒. 产业组织和政府管制. 上海:上海三联书店,1989
舒马赫. 小的是美好的. 北京:商务印书馆,1985
泰勒尔. 产业组织理论. 北京:中国人民大学出版社,1997
小岛清. 对外贸易论. 天津:南开大学出版社,1987
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约翰·斯图亚特·穆勒. 政治经济学原理. 北京:商务印书馆,1997
植草益. 产业组织论. 北京:中国人民大学出版社,1988
陈明森. 我国产业重组与产业组织政策的创新. 中国工业经济研究,1991.5
陈尚前. 规模经济:市场竞争选择的结果抑或有效竞争的起点. 经济学家,1997.6
陈小洪. “八五”计划以来中国企业规模结构的演变与展望. 中国工业经济,1998.3
邓启惠. 我国市场经济中的垄断与反垄断问题研究. 经济评论,1998.1
丁敬平. 论我国产业组织发展的近远期目标及其措施. 中国工业经济研究,1991.5
杜传忠. 企业并购:产业组织调整的有效机制. 山东财政学院学报,2000.6
杜政清. 国外企业技术创新的新举措. 中国国情国力,1998.10
傅建设. 汇率变动对进出口价格的影响. 国际金融研究,1997.6
宫希魁. 努力寻找公有制实现形式. 中国改革报,1997/08/07
郭榛树. 国际资金投向的新变化和我国投资环境的改善. 理论导刊,1997.1
国家统计局工业交通司编. 大透析:中国工业现状、诊断与建议. 北京:中国发展出版社,1998
江小涓等. 体制转轨中的增长、绩效与产业组织变化——对中国若干行业的实证研究. 上海:上海三联书店,1999
江小涓. 跨国投资、市场结构与外商投资企业的竞争行为. 经济研究,2002.9
刘志彪. 市场竞争优势:以质量为基础的产品差别化. 南京经济学院学报,1997.1
刘志彪. 产业经济学. 南京:南京大学出版社,1996
马建堂. 结构与行为——中国产业组织研究. 北京:中国人民大学出版社,1993
马捷,周纪冬. 以寡头竞争为基础的贸易理论与贸易政策. 产业经济评论,2002.1
毛林根. 结构、行为、效果——中国工业产业组织研究. 上海:上海人民出版社,1996
裴长洪. 利用外资与产业竞争力 北京:社会科学文献出版社,1998
乔梁. 规模经济论. 对外经济贸易大学出版社,2000
沈青,董振平. 市场·品牌·营销. 内蒙古大学学报(人文社会科学版),2000.6
盛斌. 中国制造业的市场结构和贸易政策. 经济研究,1996.8
石贵发. 试论交易成本的影响面与经济优化. 现代财经,2002.1
王健君. 我国产业组织的合理化. 河南财经学院学报,1993.1
王炯. 摩根斯坦利:中国有望成为世界经济的新引擎. 上海证券报,2002/09/06
王俊豪. 科技创新与新产品开发及其政策思路. 科技进步与对策,1999.5
王俊豪. 市场结构与有效竞争. 北京:人民出版社,1995
王洛林. 余永定主编. 世界经济形势分析与预测. 社会科学文献出版社,2001
王世豪. 试论实施名牌战略中的技术支持问题. 中国软科学,2000.11
王永萍. 论品牌的创立与提升. 商业研究,2000.6
肖忠华. 从反倾销机制向竞争机制过渡. 宁波大学学报(人文科学版),1999.3
徐兆宏. 世界贸易组织机制运行论. 上海:上海财经大学出版,1999
杨仕辉,张娟. 外国对华反倾销实证分析. 中国对外贸易,2000.4
杨治. 产业经济学导论. 北京:中国人民大学出版社,1985
张培刚. 微观经济学的产生和发展. 长沙:湖南人民出版社,1997
中国企业评价协会. 中国大型工业企业发展报告(2000). 经济日报出版社,2000
钟伟. 利用外资变革前瞻:环境、途径与热点. 国际经济合作,2002.3
中华人民共和国反不正当竞争法. 中国商业出版社,1993
中华人民共和国反倾销和反补贴条例. 经济日报,1998/03/25
1990 年行业最大工业企业排序. 管理世界,1991.5
1992 年全国 500 家最大工业企业评价. 管理世界,1993.4
中国大中型企业年鉴(1996)
中华人民共和国 1985 年工业普查资料(第二、第三册)
中华人民共和国 1995 年第三次全国工业普查资料汇编(综合·行业卷)
中国统计年鉴,中国经济年鉴,中国工业年鉴,中国工业经济统计年鉴,中国海关统计年鉴(历年)
Aidan Hollis. 2000. Industrial Concentration, Output, and Trade: An Empirical Exploration. www.google.com
Alessandro Sembenelli and Dacide Vannoni, 2000, Why Do Established Firms Enter Some Industries and Exit Others? Empirical Evidence on Italian Business Groups, Review of Industrial Organization, 17
Andrea Fosfuri, Massimo Motta, Thomas Ronde, 2001, Foreign Direct Investment and Spillovers through Workers' Mobility, Journal of International Economics, 53
Baumol, W. J., Panzar, J. and Willig, R., 1982, Contestable Markets and the Theory of Market Structure, New York: Harcourt, Brace & Jovanovic
Bonaccorsi, Andtea, 1992, On the Relationship between Firm Size and Export Intensity, Journal of International Business Studies, 23
Brainard, S. L., 1993, A Simple Theory of Multinational Corporations and Trade with a Trade-off between Proximity and Concentration, NBER Working Paper, 4269
Caves, Richard E., 1974, Multinational Firms, Competition and Productivity in Host Country Markets, Economica, 41
Caves, R. E., 1996, Multinational Enterprise and Economic Analysis, 2nd ed., Cambridge University Press, London
Chen, M. and D. C. Hambrick, 1995, Speed, Stealth and Selective Attack: How Small Firms Differ from Large Firms in Competitive Behavior, Academy of Management Journal, 38
Daniel M. Bernhofen, Peng Xu, 2000, Exchange Rates and Market Power: Evidence from the Petrochemical Industry, Journal of International Economics, 52
Dixit, A., 1980, The Role of Investment in Entry Deterence, Economic Journal, 90
Dixit, A., Stiglitz, J., 1977, Monopolistic Competition and Equilibrium Product Diversity, American Economic Review, 67
Donghwan Kim, Bruce W. Marion, 1997, Domestic Market Structure and Performance in Global Markets: Theory and Empirical Evidence from U.S. Food Manufacturing Industries. Review of Industrial Organization, 12
Dunning, H., 1993, The globalization of business, London: Routledge
E. Borensztein, J. De Gregorio, J-W. Lee, 1998, How does Foreign Direct Investment Affect Economic Growth? Journal of International Economics, 45
Edmund R. Thompson, 2002, Clustering of Foreign Direct Investment and Enhanced Technology Transfer: Evidence from Hong Kong Garment Firms in China, World Development, 30
Geroski, P., 1989, Entry, Innovation and Productivity Growth, Review of Economics and Statistics, 71
Gomes, Lenn and Kannan Ramaswamy, 1999, An Empirical Examination of Form of the Relationship between Multionality and Performance, Journal of International Business Studies, 30 Gordon M. Bodnar, Bernard Dumas, Richard C. Marston, 1999, Pass-through and Exposure, JEL Classifications: F3, L1
Gould, D. M. and Gruben, W. C., 1997, Will Fair Trade Diminish Free Trade? Business Economics, 4
Gunnar Niels, 2000, What is Antidumping Policy Really about? Journal of Economic Surveys, 14
Helpman, E., 1981, International Trade in the Presence of Product Differentiation, Economies of Scale and Monopolistic Competition: a Chamberlin-Heckscher-Ohlin Approach, Journal of International Economics, 11
Helpman, E., 1984, A Simple Theory of International Trade with Multinational Corporations. Journal of Political Economy, 92
Hooper P., and C. Mann, 1989, Exchange Rate Pass-through in the 1980s: The Case of U. S. Import of Manufactures, Brooks Papers on Economic Activty, 1
Horlick, G. N. and Shea, E. C., 1995, The World Trade Organization Antidumping Agreement, Journal of World Trade, 29
Horstman, I., & Markusen, J. R., 1992, Endogenous Market Structures in International Trade, Journal of International Economics, 20
Hylke Vandenbussche, Xavier Wauthy, 2001, Inflicting Injury through Product Quality: How European Antidumping Policy Disadvantages European Producers, European Journal of Political Economy, 17
Hymer , Stephen H., 1976, The International Operations of National Firms: A Study of Direct Foreign Investment, Cambridge, MA, MIT Press
IMF, 1997, Balance of Payments Manual, Para 408, Washington D.C. J.F. Pickering and I. M. Sheldon, 1984, International Trade Performance and Concentration in British Industry, Applied Economics, 16
Jean-Paul Azam, Marie-Fran?oise Calmette, Catherine Loustalan and Christine Maurel, 2000, Domestic Competition and Export Performance of Manufacturing Firms in C?te d'Ivoire, Preliminary Version, http//:www.google.com
John H. Dunning, 1988, Explaining International Production, UNWIN HYMAN
Jonathan E., Haskel Sonia C. Pereira, Matthew J. Slaughter, 2002, Dose Inward Foreign Direct Investment Boost the Productivity of Domestic Firms? Working Paper, 8724
Jose Campa, Shabtai Donnenfeld, and Shlomo Weber, 1998, Market Structure and Foreign Direct Investment, Review of International Economics, 6
Joseph Francois, 2001, Ian Wooton, Market Structure, Trade Liberalization and the GATS, European Journal of Political Economy, 17
Krugman, P. R., 1980, Scale Economies, Product Differentiation, and the Pattern of Trade, American Economic Review, 70
Krugman, P. R., 1989, Differences in Income Elasticities and Trends in Real Exchange Rates, European Economic Review, 33
Krugman, P. R.,1979, Increasing Returns, Monopolistic Competition, and International Trade, Journal of International Economics, 9
Lawerence J. White, 1974, Industrial Organization and International Trade: Some Theoretical Considerations, The American Economic Review, 64
Lee Branstetter, 2000, Is Foreign Direct Investment A Channel of Knowledge Spillovers? Evidence from Japan's FDI in the United States, Nber Working Paper, 8015
Levinsohn, James. 1994. Competition Policy and International Trade. NBER Working Paper, 4972
Levy, D., Bertgen, M., Dutta, S., Venable, R., 1997, The Magnitude of Menu Costs: Direct Evidence from Large U. S. Supermarket Chains, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 12 Marion Sakakibara and Michael E. Porter, 2000, Competing at Home to Win Abroad: Evidence from Japanese Industry, Review of Economics and Statistics, 83
Messerlin, P. A., 1990, Antidumping Regulations or Pro-cartel Law? The EC Chemical Cases, Policy, Research and External Affairs, Working Paper, 397
Michael R. Darby, 1975, Qualitative Information, Reputation, and Monopolistic Competition, NBER Working Paper, 95
Mundell, R. A., 1957, International Trade and Factor Mobility, American Economic Review,
Murali Patibandla, 2002, Policy Reforms and Evolution of Market Structure in an Emerging Economy: The Case of India, Journal of Development Studies, 38
Nigel. Driffield, 2001, Inward Investment and Host Country Market Structure: The Case of the U.K., Review of Industrial Organization, 18
Nooteboom, Bart, 1993a, Firm Size Effects on Transaction Costs, Small Business Economics, 5
P. A. Samuelson and W. D., 1989, Nordhaus Economics, 13th Edition, McGtaw-Hill Book Company
Page, J. M., 1984, Firm Size and Technical Efficiency: Application of Production Frontiers to Indian Survey Data, Journal of Development Economics, 16
Pagoulatos, Emilio and Sorensen, R., 1976, Domestic Market Structure and International Trade: An Empirical Analysis, Quarterly Review of Economics and Business, 16
Patibandla, M., 1988, Role of Large and Small Firms in an India's Engineering Export, Economic and Political Weekly, 28
Patibandla, M., 1992, Scale Economies and Exports in an Import Substituting Regime, Economic and Political Weekly, 29
Patibandla, M., 1995, Firm Size and Export Behavior: An Indian Case Study, The Journal of Development Studies, 31
Porter, M. E., 1981, The Contributions of Industrial Organization to Strategic Management, Academy of Management Review, 6
Priya Ranjian, 2000, Market Structure, Capital Inflows, and Home Welfare, The International Trade Jorrnal, 14
R. T. Hamilton, 1997, A Note on Industry Concentration and Trade Performance: New Zealand Manufacturing 1985-1995, Australian Journal of Management, 22
Rodney L. and Jan B. Heide, 1996, Controlling Supplier Opportunism in Industrial Relationships, Journal of Marketing Research, 58
Rosson, Philip J., 1987, The Overseas Distribution Method: Performance and Change in a Harsh Environment, In P. J. Rosson and Stanley D. Reid (eds), Managing Export Entry and Expansion, New York: Praeger
Schmalensee, R., 1982, Product Differentiation Advantages of Pioneering Brands, American Economic Review, 72
Thorsten Hens, Eckart Ja¨ ger, Alan Kirman, Louis Phlips, 1999, Exchange Rates and Oligopoly, European Economic Review, 43
Ursic, Michael L. and Michael R. Czinkota, 1984, An Experience Curve Explanation of Export Expansion, Journal of Business Research, 12
Veugelers, R., Vandenbussche, H., 1999, European Antidumping Policy and the Profitability of National and International Collusion, European Economic Review, 43
Williamson, Oliver E., 1985, The Economic Institutions of Capitalism, New York: Free Press
中国学术期刊全文数据库
中国科技期刊全文数据库
http://econpapers.hhs.se/
http://internationalecon.com/
http://netec.mcc.ac.uk/
http://www.be.wvu.edu/
http://www.cema.edu.ar/
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