资源性农业废弃物的经济价值分析
摘要
近年来,世界各国每年会产生数量庞大的资源性农业废弃物。西欧在1998-2001年共产生7亿吨资源性农业废弃物。法国在1995-2006年每年的资源性农业废弃物增量约3.65亿吨。德国2000年资源性农业废弃物超过了1.75亿吨。中国近年来每年产生的农作物秸秆7亿吨,蔬菜废弃物1亿吨(孙振钧等,2004),每年产生畜禽粪便约为17.3×108t,预计到2020年中国每年将会产生畜禽粪便42.44亿t。据专家预测,随着生产的发展和人口的进一步增加,农业废弃物会以年均5%—10%的速度递增。农业废弃物中大部分是在目前的技术、资金和劳动力等允许的条件下,能够在农业或农产品加工业的副产品中作为原材料被再生利用的资源性农业废弃物。因此,农业废弃物是一座巨大的资源库。
但是,目前粗放的农业废弃物处理方式不但没能对资源性农业废弃物进行有效的转化利用,反而造成了极大的环境污染。例如,粪便燃烧、秸秆焚烧过程中会产生大量N2O、SO2、CH4及烟尘,严重污染了大气环境；畜禽粪便中除了有机质外,还含有很多病原菌、寄生卵虫和重金属等,大量未经,随意排放造成了严重的水污染。同时,不正确的处理方式也是对资源性农业废弃物的浪费。例如,田间焚烧秸秆,仅利用其含钾量的1/3,而其富含的氮、磷、有机质和热能则全部损失掉了。用秸秆作燃料,只利用了其能量的1/10,而其富含的大部分能量、矿物盐类、脂肪和粗蛋白等均被浪费了。
面对农业废弃物引发的农业资源浪费和生态环境破坏等问题,如何有效利用农业废弃物便成为农业发展理念、发展模式上的一场重大变革,也是实现农业与农村经济可持续发展的内在需要,已经引起各级政府部门的高度重视。为此,在我国国民经济和社会发展“十二五”规划纲要中,明确要求从源头和全过程控制农业废弃物的产生和排放。
本课题以资源性农业废弃物为研究对象,以对农业废弃物循环利用的相关理论为基础,并在资源性农业废弃物价值时空分异的实证分析中,进一步明确了资源性农业废弃物价值在时间上的变化规律、在空间上的分布特点,以及其资源价值潜力的时空分异特征；通过对资源性农业废弃物的直接使用价值、间接使用价值以及潜在使用价值的实证探索,进一步证实了我国农业废弃物巨大的资源潜力,并探讨了其价值体现的影响因素；通过国外农业发达国家对农业废弃物管理行为的分析,总结国外针对资源性农业废弃物转化利用的成功经验,明确了我国在资源性农业废弃物转化利用过程中的政策趋向。主要研究工作及结论如下：
利用宏观统计数据与微观调研数据,进行计量分析,得出如下新的认知：
(1)就农业废弃物资源存量的时空分异特征来看,在时间上,1978-2011年间,资源性农业废弃物价值的存量及增量均呈现波动增长趋势且存在阶段特征；在空间上,农业废弃物资源具有存量大且分布不均衡性与相对集中性的特点。
(2)就资源性农业废弃物资源价值潜力的时空分布特征来看,资源性农业废弃物价值潜力巨大,在时间上呈现快速增长趋势,在空间上呈现区域资源价值潜力不均衡性与相对集中性。就资源性农业废弃物价值潜力的区域差异来看：资源性农业废弃物价值潜力存在较大的区域差异性,河南省的资源性农业废弃物价值潜力最大,达到303.1292吨/平方公里,而资源潜力最小的省份是西藏自治区,其资源性农业废弃物价值潜力仅为0.676736吨/平方公里。从区域资源性农业废弃物资源价值潜力的区域分布特点来看,总体呈现从东向西逐渐递减态势。
(3)提高农民对资源性农业废弃物价值的感知状况,有利于改善其资源性农业废弃物的循环利用行为,其中,参加农业协会等农民合作组织显著影响农民对资源性农业废弃物直接使用价值的感知,而年龄、性别、文化程度、是否是干部、是否具有专业技能变量则不影响农民对资源性农业废弃物直接使用价值的感知；此外,外部环境因素也是影响农户价值感知的重要因素,其中地区经济发展状况、到最近农产品批发市场的距离、居住地附近道路等级显著影响农民对资源性农业废弃物直接使用价值的感知。所在地区的经济越发达,居住地距离最近农产品批发市场越近,居住地附近的道路等级越高,农民越能感知到资源性农业废弃物的直接使用价值。
(4)资源性农业废弃物具有巨大的间接使用价值,推进资源性农业废弃物循环利用可以有效提高产业抗防风险能力。具体表现为：资源性农业废弃物循环利用能较好的改善传统产业对弱质性产业农业的依赖,提高产业抗防风险能力；资源性农业废弃物循环利用有助于减少废弃物排放和提高生产效率,在传统产业中,资源性农业废弃物大多被丢弃或仅当作燃料,经济价值很低,不仅造成了资源的浪费,而且还带来了环境的污染。循环利用资源性农业废弃物实现了物尽其用,不但能生产更多的剩余价值,还能实现废弃物排放的最小化,促进了资源节约和废弃物减排;资源性农业废弃物循环利用有助于增强产业波及效应。能使传统产业对国民经济发展的推动作用得到较大改善,同时使传统产业受国民经济和其他产业的拉动能力得到很大改善。
(5)大部分农户认识到资源性农业废弃物具有潜在使用价值,且对资源性农业废弃物具有支付意愿；与商品化相比,受访农户更愿意通过自有资源性农业废弃物循环利用来实现其经济价值,但农户对不同品种的资源性农业废弃物的支付方式有较大差异,具体来讲,农户对畜禽粪便的购买意愿高于对秸秆的购买意愿,农户对自有秸秆循环利用的意愿高于自有畜禽粪便循环利用的意愿,其中,山东、湖北、山西三个省份,总样本对秸秆的平均支付意愿为186元/人/年,秸秆的年总经济价值9.38x109元/年；总样本对畜禽粪便的平均支付意愿为310.8元/人/年,畜禽粪便的年总经济价值1.54×1010元/年；此外,农户的年龄、文化程度、家庭收入、农户对资源性农业废弃物外部不经济性的认知显著影响农户对资源性农业废弃物的支付意愿。农户越年轻、文化程度越高、家庭收入越高、对资源性农业废弃物外部不经济性的认知越深刻对资源性农业废弃物的支付意愿越强烈。而性别、是否兼业对资源性农业废弃物的支付意愿没有显著影响。
基于上述研究,本文提出以下对策建议：①协调多方关系,明确主体职能,即建立农户主导、政府引导、企业参与、非政府组织接力的“四位一体"发展机制。②采取多种措施加快经济政策体系的构建,强化促进资源性农业废弃物转化利用的财政政策,完善促进资源性农业废弃物转化利用的税收政策,加快制定促进资源性农业废弃物转化利用的金融政策。③健全资源性农业废弃物转化利用的法律体系,要补充、完善关于资源性农业废弃物转化利用领域的空白,并严格执法。④充分发挥市场机制的自发调节作用,加快推进资源性农业废弃物的“商品化”、“产业化”进程,建立资源性农业废弃物转化利用的长效发展机制。⑤应加快制定资源性农业废弃物转化利用的中长期发展规划,有计划、有步骤的改善农村经济发展和农业生产的生态环境。⑥提高农户的资源循环利用意识,加强宣传教育、提高参与主体的环保意识和资源循环利用意识。⑦加快资源性农业废弃物转化利用的科技创新,加强资源性农业废弃物转化利用技术的推广,加快资源性农业废弃物转化利用的科技成果转化。
主要的创新点为：
(1)对资源性农业废弃物进行了概念界定,丰富和发展了农业废弃物方面的相关理论,厘清了目前农业废弃物资源化研究中概念模糊的问题,具有理论创新性。
(2)研究方法应用上具有创新性。笔者首次利用投入产出分析方法和CVM方法对资源性农业废弃物循环利用的经济价值进行了测度与分析。采用投入产出法对资源性农业废弃物循环利用前后的产业关联度和产业波及效应等经济指标进行了测度与对比分析,比较客观地反映了资源性农业废弃物循环利用的经济价值；使用CVM方法,对我国农户对资源性农业废弃物经济价值的认知和支付意愿进行了实地调查,估算出了资源性农业废弃物的总经济价值。
(3)研究内容有所创新,并获得了一些有价值的结论。系统地就资源性农业废弃物循环利用的经济价值进行了综合研究及评价,一是采用科学方法对我国资源性农业废弃物的存量及时空差异特征进行了研究,用数据支撑了我国资源性农业废弃物存量巨大,利用潜力巨大的现实；二是从资源性农业废弃物循环利用的直接经济价值、间接经济价值以及潜在经济价值三个方面对其进行了实证测度与分析,结果表明：资源性农业废弃物循环利用的经济价值潜力巨大,其经济价值的实现需要微观主体素质的提升；三是明晰了资源性农业废弃物循环利用过程存在的主要问题,这是制约资源性农业废弃物经济价值实现的重要因素。
A large number of resource agro—waste have been produced each year in recent years around the world. According to the statistics of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the annual amount of various crop stalks produced by planting was up to17million tons. For instance, a total of700million tons resource agro—waste were produced in Western Europe from1998to2001. And in1995-2006, the annual increment was about365million tons in France. Besides, in Germany, the amount produced only in2000was more than175million tons. In last years, about700million tons of crop straw and100million tons of vegetable waste have been annually produced (Sun Zhenjun et al,2004). And the amount of animal manure is about17.3×108t, which by2020will annually increase to4.244billion ton. As Experts predict, with the development of production and population, agricultural waste will annually increase at an average rate of5%-10%. Most of the agricultural residues, under the current technology, capital and labor level, could be used as raw materials of byproducts in agriculture or agricultural products processing industry. Therefore, agricultural waste is a huge resource library.
However, not only fail to achieve efficient conversion and utilization, current extensive agricultural waste disposal methods even cause serious environmental pollution. For example, the burning of manure and straw will generate a lot of N2O, SO2, CH4, and smoke and dust, seriously polluting our air environment. Except organic matters, animal manure also contains many pathogens, parasite eggs, heavy metals and so on. Not properly handled, a large number of agricultural residues have been directly discharged into water, leading to serious contamination of groundwater and surface water systems. Incorrect handling is also a waste of resource agro—waste. For example, burning straw in the field can make only one-third of its potassium be reused, while other nutrients rich in straw all lost, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, organic matter, and heat. As a fuel, only1/10of the energy can be used, and most of the energy, mineral salts, fats and crude protein, etc. are wasted.
Facing the waste of resources and ecological environment destruction caused by agricultural residues, effective utilization of agricultural residues will become a major change in agricultural development concepts and patterns, which is also the inherent need of sustainable development of agriculture and rural economy, having raised great attention in government departments at all levels. This year, in the12th Five-Year Plan of China's national economy and social development, agricultural waste generation and emissions was required to be controlled from the source and in the whole process.
The object of our research is resource agro—waste, and is based on theories and definitions related to agricultural waste recycling. Through the empirical research and analysis on spatial and temporal variation of its value, we further clarified the time variation, spatial distribution characteristics, as well as the temporal and spatial characteristic of its potential value. And we further confirmed the huge resource potential and explored the factors influencing the value in the empirical exploration of its direct, indirect and potential value in use. Besides, we analyzed agricultural waste management behavior in developed countries, and summarized their successful experiences of conversion and utilization of agricultural waste, making it clear the possible policy trends of conversion and utilization in our country. The main research work and conclusions are as follows:
Using macro-statistics and micro-survey data, we estimated the stock of agricultural wastes resources and its temporal and spatial characteristic, getting the following new cognitive:
(1) In1978-2011, the resource stock and increment presented volatile growth trends. In view of the stage characteristics, the stock and increment of agricultural waste based on crop straw and animal manure grew with weak fluctuations in1978-2002, increased rapidly in2002-2004, showed a'downward-stabilized-downward'trend in2004-2008, and steadily increased in2008-2011. On the whole, there is a large resource stock in China's agricultural wastes and is unbalanced and relative concentrated in distribution.
(2) From the view of resource agro—waste spatial and temporal characteristics,there are great potential in agricultural waste, a rapid growth trend, and unbalanced and relative concentrated in spatial distribution. From the view of resource agro—waste regional differences, potential value exist large regional differences on the whole. The potential value of resource agro—waste in Henan Province is the maximum, reaching303.1292tons per square kilometer, while that of Tibet autonomous region is the minimum, only0.676736tons per square kilometer. From the regional distribution of its potential value, it is unbalanced in different provinces, gradually decreasing from east to west overall.
(3) Improving resource agro—waste recycling behavior is effective way to improve farmers' perception of resource agro—waste. Among farmers'personal characteristics factors, participating in agricultural associations or other cooperative organizations significantly influences the farmers'perception of its direct value in use, while factors like age, gender, education level, cadre, owning professional skills have no affect. In the external environmental factors, significant important factors include regional economic level, distance to the nearest agricultural products wholesale market, the road grade near residence. Developed economy, close to agricultural product wholesale markets and higher level of the roads are helpful to improve farmers'perception of it.
(4) Resource agro—waste has enormous indirect use value.Cyclic utilization can effectively improve the anti-risk ability of agriculture. The study found that, agricultural waste recycling can reduce traditional industries rely on agriculture, improving anti-risk capability. Agricultural wastes recycling can reduce waste emissions and improve production efficiency. In traditional industries, most of the resource agro—waste are discarded directly or used as fuel only, which is of low economic value, resulting in not only a waste of resources, but also the environmental pollution. While recycling can make full use of resource agro—waste, not only producing more surplus value and minimizing waste, but also promoting resource conservation and waste reduction. Agricultural waste recycling can help to enhance industrial ripple effect. It can greatly improve its role in the development of the national economy, and better accept the pull of the national economy and other industries
(5) the majority of farmers recognize the potential value in use of resource agro—waste, and is willing to pay for it.Compared with commercialization, the respondents are more willing to recycle their own resources to achieve its economic value. Farmers'payment varies in different species of resource agro—waste. In details, they have higher willingness to buy livestock manure than crop straws and prefer to recycle their own straw than livestock manure. In the total sample, which includes Shandong, Hubei and Shanxi province, the average willingness to pay for straw is186Yuan per person per year, and total economic value of it is9.38x109Yuan per year. Similarly, the average willingness to pay for animal manure is310.8Yuan per person per year, and its total economic value is1.54×1010Yuan per year. Factors such as farmer's age, educational level, family income, cognition on external diseconomy of resource agro—waste all affect farmers' willingness to pay. Younger age, higher educational level, higher family income and more profound cognition can improve farmers' willingness to pay. And gender and whether or concurrent business have no significant effect.
On the above studies, we propose the following suggestions:①We should Coordination Multiparty and definition the functions of main part.It means we should build a "Four in One" development mechanism, which means Farmer-led, government guidance, enterprise participation and NGO assist.②We should speed up the construction of economic policy system by various measures.For example, strengthen the fiscal policy, Improve the tax policy, accelerate to draw up the financial policy inorder to advance resource agro—waste conversion and utilization.③We should build a sound legal system, perfect legal gaps, strict law enforcement about resource agro—waste conversion and utilization.④Market mechanism should full play the role of self-regulation. We should accelerating resource agro—waste "commercialization" and "industrialization" process. And building long-term development mechanism of resource agro—waste⑤We should accelerate the development of Long Term Development Plan of resource agro—Waste.There are plans and steps to improve agricultural production, rural economic development and ecological environment.⑥We should improve farmers' awareness of recycling resources. Raise the participating subjects'awareness of environmental and recycling resources.⑦We should speed up the technology innovation, strengthen technology promotion, accelerate scientific and technological achievements of resource agro—waste conversion and utilization.
The main innovation is reflected as follows:
First, the concept of resource agro—waste was defined, not only enriching and further developing the theory of agricultural wastes, but overcoming the fuzzy concept of agricultural waste, which is a theory innovation.
Second, Research methods application has innovative. By input-output analysis methods and CVM methods, this text analysed the economic value of recycling of resource agro—waste. By input-output analysis methods, this text comparative analysed the industry related degree and industrial ripple effect, reflects the economic value of resource agro—waste. By CVM methods, this text surveyed farmer's acknowledge of resource agro—waste, the willingness to pay of resource agro—waste and estimated the total economic value of resource agro—waste.
Thirdly, research content has innovative. In the first place, by scientific methods this text studied the stocks and temporal-space differences of resource agro—waste. In the second place, this text fom direct economic value, indirect economic value and potential economic value three aspects studied the resource agro—waste economic value.The conclution show that recycling of resource agro—waste has potential economic value. In the third place, this text clear the main problems in the process of resource agro—waste recycling.This is an important factor which restricted the realiz of resource agro—waste economic value.
但是,目前粗放的农业废弃物处理方式不但没能对资源性农业废弃物进行有效的转化利用,反而造成了极大的环境污染。例如,粪便燃烧、秸秆焚烧过程中会产生大量N2O、SO2、CH4及烟尘,严重污染了大气环境；畜禽粪便中除了有机质外,还含有很多病原菌、寄生卵虫和重金属等,大量未经,随意排放造成了严重的水污染。同时,不正确的处理方式也是对资源性农业废弃物的浪费。例如,田间焚烧秸秆,仅利用其含钾量的1/3,而其富含的氮、磷、有机质和热能则全部损失掉了。用秸秆作燃料,只利用了其能量的1/10,而其富含的大部分能量、矿物盐类、脂肪和粗蛋白等均被浪费了。
面对农业废弃物引发的农业资源浪费和生态环境破坏等问题,如何有效利用农业废弃物便成为农业发展理念、发展模式上的一场重大变革,也是实现农业与农村经济可持续发展的内在需要,已经引起各级政府部门的高度重视。为此,在我国国民经济和社会发展“十二五”规划纲要中,明确要求从源头和全过程控制农业废弃物的产生和排放。
本课题以资源性农业废弃物为研究对象,以对农业废弃物循环利用的相关理论为基础,并在资源性农业废弃物价值时空分异的实证分析中,进一步明确了资源性农业废弃物价值在时间上的变化规律、在空间上的分布特点,以及其资源价值潜力的时空分异特征；通过对资源性农业废弃物的直接使用价值、间接使用价值以及潜在使用价值的实证探索,进一步证实了我国农业废弃物巨大的资源潜力,并探讨了其价值体现的影响因素；通过国外农业发达国家对农业废弃物管理行为的分析,总结国外针对资源性农业废弃物转化利用的成功经验,明确了我国在资源性农业废弃物转化利用过程中的政策趋向。主要研究工作及结论如下：
利用宏观统计数据与微观调研数据,进行计量分析,得出如下新的认知：
(1)就农业废弃物资源存量的时空分异特征来看,在时间上,1978-2011年间,资源性农业废弃物价值的存量及增量均呈现波动增长趋势且存在阶段特征；在空间上,农业废弃物资源具有存量大且分布不均衡性与相对集中性的特点。
(2)就资源性农业废弃物资源价值潜力的时空分布特征来看,资源性农业废弃物价值潜力巨大,在时间上呈现快速增长趋势,在空间上呈现区域资源价值潜力不均衡性与相对集中性。就资源性农业废弃物价值潜力的区域差异来看：资源性农业废弃物价值潜力存在较大的区域差异性,河南省的资源性农业废弃物价值潜力最大,达到303.1292吨/平方公里,而资源潜力最小的省份是西藏自治区,其资源性农业废弃物价值潜力仅为0.676736吨/平方公里。从区域资源性农业废弃物资源价值潜力的区域分布特点来看,总体呈现从东向西逐渐递减态势。
(3)提高农民对资源性农业废弃物价值的感知状况,有利于改善其资源性农业废弃物的循环利用行为,其中,参加农业协会等农民合作组织显著影响农民对资源性农业废弃物直接使用价值的感知,而年龄、性别、文化程度、是否是干部、是否具有专业技能变量则不影响农民对资源性农业废弃物直接使用价值的感知；此外,外部环境因素也是影响农户价值感知的重要因素,其中地区经济发展状况、到最近农产品批发市场的距离、居住地附近道路等级显著影响农民对资源性农业废弃物直接使用价值的感知。所在地区的经济越发达,居住地距离最近农产品批发市场越近,居住地附近的道路等级越高,农民越能感知到资源性农业废弃物的直接使用价值。
(4)资源性农业废弃物具有巨大的间接使用价值,推进资源性农业废弃物循环利用可以有效提高产业抗防风险能力。具体表现为：资源性农业废弃物循环利用能较好的改善传统产业对弱质性产业农业的依赖,提高产业抗防风险能力；资源性农业废弃物循环利用有助于减少废弃物排放和提高生产效率,在传统产业中,资源性农业废弃物大多被丢弃或仅当作燃料,经济价值很低,不仅造成了资源的浪费,而且还带来了环境的污染。循环利用资源性农业废弃物实现了物尽其用,不但能生产更多的剩余价值,还能实现废弃物排放的最小化,促进了资源节约和废弃物减排;资源性农业废弃物循环利用有助于增强产业波及效应。能使传统产业对国民经济发展的推动作用得到较大改善,同时使传统产业受国民经济和其他产业的拉动能力得到很大改善。
(5)大部分农户认识到资源性农业废弃物具有潜在使用价值,且对资源性农业废弃物具有支付意愿；与商品化相比,受访农户更愿意通过自有资源性农业废弃物循环利用来实现其经济价值,但农户对不同品种的资源性农业废弃物的支付方式有较大差异,具体来讲,农户对畜禽粪便的购买意愿高于对秸秆的购买意愿,农户对自有秸秆循环利用的意愿高于自有畜禽粪便循环利用的意愿,其中,山东、湖北、山西三个省份,总样本对秸秆的平均支付意愿为186元/人/年,秸秆的年总经济价值9.38x109元/年；总样本对畜禽粪便的平均支付意愿为310.8元/人/年,畜禽粪便的年总经济价值1.54×1010元/年；此外,农户的年龄、文化程度、家庭收入、农户对资源性农业废弃物外部不经济性的认知显著影响农户对资源性农业废弃物的支付意愿。农户越年轻、文化程度越高、家庭收入越高、对资源性农业废弃物外部不经济性的认知越深刻对资源性农业废弃物的支付意愿越强烈。而性别、是否兼业对资源性农业废弃物的支付意愿没有显著影响。
基于上述研究,本文提出以下对策建议：①协调多方关系,明确主体职能,即建立农户主导、政府引导、企业参与、非政府组织接力的“四位一体"发展机制。②采取多种措施加快经济政策体系的构建,强化促进资源性农业废弃物转化利用的财政政策,完善促进资源性农业废弃物转化利用的税收政策,加快制定促进资源性农业废弃物转化利用的金融政策。③健全资源性农业废弃物转化利用的法律体系,要补充、完善关于资源性农业废弃物转化利用领域的空白,并严格执法。④充分发挥市场机制的自发调节作用,加快推进资源性农业废弃物的“商品化”、“产业化”进程,建立资源性农业废弃物转化利用的长效发展机制。⑤应加快制定资源性农业废弃物转化利用的中长期发展规划,有计划、有步骤的改善农村经济发展和农业生产的生态环境。⑥提高农户的资源循环利用意识,加强宣传教育、提高参与主体的环保意识和资源循环利用意识。⑦加快资源性农业废弃物转化利用的科技创新,加强资源性农业废弃物转化利用技术的推广,加快资源性农业废弃物转化利用的科技成果转化。
主要的创新点为：
(1)对资源性农业废弃物进行了概念界定,丰富和发展了农业废弃物方面的相关理论,厘清了目前农业废弃物资源化研究中概念模糊的问题,具有理论创新性。
(2)研究方法应用上具有创新性。笔者首次利用投入产出分析方法和CVM方法对资源性农业废弃物循环利用的经济价值进行了测度与分析。采用投入产出法对资源性农业废弃物循环利用前后的产业关联度和产业波及效应等经济指标进行了测度与对比分析,比较客观地反映了资源性农业废弃物循环利用的经济价值；使用CVM方法,对我国农户对资源性农业废弃物经济价值的认知和支付意愿进行了实地调查,估算出了资源性农业废弃物的总经济价值。
(3)研究内容有所创新,并获得了一些有价值的结论。系统地就资源性农业废弃物循环利用的经济价值进行了综合研究及评价,一是采用科学方法对我国资源性农业废弃物的存量及时空差异特征进行了研究,用数据支撑了我国资源性农业废弃物存量巨大,利用潜力巨大的现实；二是从资源性农业废弃物循环利用的直接经济价值、间接经济价值以及潜在经济价值三个方面对其进行了实证测度与分析,结果表明：资源性农业废弃物循环利用的经济价值潜力巨大,其经济价值的实现需要微观主体素质的提升；三是明晰了资源性农业废弃物循环利用过程存在的主要问题,这是制约资源性农业废弃物经济价值实现的重要因素。
A large number of resource agro—waste have been produced each year in recent years around the world. According to the statistics of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the annual amount of various crop stalks produced by planting was up to17million tons. For instance, a total of700million tons resource agro—waste were produced in Western Europe from1998to2001. And in1995-2006, the annual increment was about365million tons in France. Besides, in Germany, the amount produced only in2000was more than175million tons. In last years, about700million tons of crop straw and100million tons of vegetable waste have been annually produced (Sun Zhenjun et al,2004). And the amount of animal manure is about17.3×108t, which by2020will annually increase to4.244billion ton. As Experts predict, with the development of production and population, agricultural waste will annually increase at an average rate of5%-10%. Most of the agricultural residues, under the current technology, capital and labor level, could be used as raw materials of byproducts in agriculture or agricultural products processing industry. Therefore, agricultural waste is a huge resource library.
However, not only fail to achieve efficient conversion and utilization, current extensive agricultural waste disposal methods even cause serious environmental pollution. For example, the burning of manure and straw will generate a lot of N2O, SO2, CH4, and smoke and dust, seriously polluting our air environment. Except organic matters, animal manure also contains many pathogens, parasite eggs, heavy metals and so on. Not properly handled, a large number of agricultural residues have been directly discharged into water, leading to serious contamination of groundwater and surface water systems. Incorrect handling is also a waste of resource agro—waste. For example, burning straw in the field can make only one-third of its potassium be reused, while other nutrients rich in straw all lost, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, organic matter, and heat. As a fuel, only1/10of the energy can be used, and most of the energy, mineral salts, fats and crude protein, etc. are wasted.
Facing the waste of resources and ecological environment destruction caused by agricultural residues, effective utilization of agricultural residues will become a major change in agricultural development concepts and patterns, which is also the inherent need of sustainable development of agriculture and rural economy, having raised great attention in government departments at all levels. This year, in the12th Five-Year Plan of China's national economy and social development, agricultural waste generation and emissions was required to be controlled from the source and in the whole process.
The object of our research is resource agro—waste, and is based on theories and definitions related to agricultural waste recycling. Through the empirical research and analysis on spatial and temporal variation of its value, we further clarified the time variation, spatial distribution characteristics, as well as the temporal and spatial characteristic of its potential value. And we further confirmed the huge resource potential and explored the factors influencing the value in the empirical exploration of its direct, indirect and potential value in use. Besides, we analyzed agricultural waste management behavior in developed countries, and summarized their successful experiences of conversion and utilization of agricultural waste, making it clear the possible policy trends of conversion and utilization in our country. The main research work and conclusions are as follows:
Using macro-statistics and micro-survey data, we estimated the stock of agricultural wastes resources and its temporal and spatial characteristic, getting the following new cognitive:
(1) In1978-2011, the resource stock and increment presented volatile growth trends. In view of the stage characteristics, the stock and increment of agricultural waste based on crop straw and animal manure grew with weak fluctuations in1978-2002, increased rapidly in2002-2004, showed a'downward-stabilized-downward'trend in2004-2008, and steadily increased in2008-2011. On the whole, there is a large resource stock in China's agricultural wastes and is unbalanced and relative concentrated in distribution.
(2) From the view of resource agro—waste spatial and temporal characteristics,there are great potential in agricultural waste, a rapid growth trend, and unbalanced and relative concentrated in spatial distribution. From the view of resource agro—waste regional differences, potential value exist large regional differences on the whole. The potential value of resource agro—waste in Henan Province is the maximum, reaching303.1292tons per square kilometer, while that of Tibet autonomous region is the minimum, only0.676736tons per square kilometer. From the regional distribution of its potential value, it is unbalanced in different provinces, gradually decreasing from east to west overall.
(3) Improving resource agro—waste recycling behavior is effective way to improve farmers' perception of resource agro—waste. Among farmers'personal characteristics factors, participating in agricultural associations or other cooperative organizations significantly influences the farmers'perception of its direct value in use, while factors like age, gender, education level, cadre, owning professional skills have no affect. In the external environmental factors, significant important factors include regional economic level, distance to the nearest agricultural products wholesale market, the road grade near residence. Developed economy, close to agricultural product wholesale markets and higher level of the roads are helpful to improve farmers'perception of it.
(4) Resource agro—waste has enormous indirect use value.Cyclic utilization can effectively improve the anti-risk ability of agriculture. The study found that, agricultural waste recycling can reduce traditional industries rely on agriculture, improving anti-risk capability. Agricultural wastes recycling can reduce waste emissions and improve production efficiency. In traditional industries, most of the resource agro—waste are discarded directly or used as fuel only, which is of low economic value, resulting in not only a waste of resources, but also the environmental pollution. While recycling can make full use of resource agro—waste, not only producing more surplus value and minimizing waste, but also promoting resource conservation and waste reduction. Agricultural waste recycling can help to enhance industrial ripple effect. It can greatly improve its role in the development of the national economy, and better accept the pull of the national economy and other industries
(5) the majority of farmers recognize the potential value in use of resource agro—waste, and is willing to pay for it.Compared with commercialization, the respondents are more willing to recycle their own resources to achieve its economic value. Farmers'payment varies in different species of resource agro—waste. In details, they have higher willingness to buy livestock manure than crop straws and prefer to recycle their own straw than livestock manure. In the total sample, which includes Shandong, Hubei and Shanxi province, the average willingness to pay for straw is186Yuan per person per year, and total economic value of it is9.38x109Yuan per year. Similarly, the average willingness to pay for animal manure is310.8Yuan per person per year, and its total economic value is1.54×1010Yuan per year. Factors such as farmer's age, educational level, family income, cognition on external diseconomy of resource agro—waste all affect farmers' willingness to pay. Younger age, higher educational level, higher family income and more profound cognition can improve farmers' willingness to pay. And gender and whether or concurrent business have no significant effect.
On the above studies, we propose the following suggestions:①We should Coordination Multiparty and definition the functions of main part.It means we should build a "Four in One" development mechanism, which means Farmer-led, government guidance, enterprise participation and NGO assist.②We should speed up the construction of economic policy system by various measures.For example, strengthen the fiscal policy, Improve the tax policy, accelerate to draw up the financial policy inorder to advance resource agro—waste conversion and utilization.③We should build a sound legal system, perfect legal gaps, strict law enforcement about resource agro—waste conversion and utilization.④Market mechanism should full play the role of self-regulation. We should accelerating resource agro—waste "commercialization" and "industrialization" process. And building long-term development mechanism of resource agro—waste⑤We should accelerate the development of Long Term Development Plan of resource agro—Waste.There are plans and steps to improve agricultural production, rural economic development and ecological environment.⑥We should improve farmers' awareness of recycling resources. Raise the participating subjects'awareness of environmental and recycling resources.⑦We should speed up the technology innovation, strengthen technology promotion, accelerate scientific and technological achievements of resource agro—waste conversion and utilization.
The main innovation is reflected as follows:
First, the concept of resource agro—waste was defined, not only enriching and further developing the theory of agricultural wastes, but overcoming the fuzzy concept of agricultural waste, which is a theory innovation.
Second, Research methods application has innovative. By input-output analysis methods and CVM methods, this text analysed the economic value of recycling of resource agro—waste. By input-output analysis methods, this text comparative analysed the industry related degree and industrial ripple effect, reflects the economic value of resource agro—waste. By CVM methods, this text surveyed farmer's acknowledge of resource agro—waste, the willingness to pay of resource agro—waste and estimated the total economic value of resource agro—waste.
Thirdly, research content has innovative. In the first place, by scientific methods this text studied the stocks and temporal-space differences of resource agro—waste. In the second place, this text fom direct economic value, indirect economic value and potential economic value three aspects studied the resource agro—waste economic value.The conclution show that recycling of resource agro—waste has potential economic value. In the third place, this text clear the main problems in the process of resource agro—waste recycling.This is an important factor which restricted the realiz of resource agro—waste economic value.
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