普适计算环境下基于场景的可配置服务研究
摘要
从主机时代,到个人计算机时代,再到今天移动计算时代,计算机已经不再只是一种人们在桌面上看到的庞然大物,越来越多的传感器、嵌入设备出现在我们生活环境当中,它们体积很小,拥有很强的计算能力,经常在我们意想不到或者难以进入的地方为我们提供信息服务。嵌入式设备、传感器技术、RFID技术以及各种无线连接方案的日益成熟为越来越多的设备之间直接的交互提供了技术支撑,这些基础技术的进步逐步将信息技术的发展引向威瑟提出的普适计算。普适计算描绘了未来以人为中心的智能计算环境,计算设备与物理环境有机的集成在一起,在这样一个环境中,人们能够像用笔写字一样使用计算服务,人们只需要把注意力集中在他们要做的事情本身,而不是作为工具的计算机。这样一个崭新的计算模式受到各界的广泛关注。麻省理工、卡耐基梅隆、伊利诺伊斯大学、加州理工伯克里分校、微软、惠普、IBM等著名高校与企业,纷纷开展了普适计算相关的研究工作,建立了Oxygen、Aura、One.World、Whale等各种试验系统。但是目前的试验系统主要还是集中在普适性方面的研究,一方面,他们多数仅仅重复威瑟提出的智能办公这样一个简单的场景,另一方面,现有的试验系统研究重点在于围绕单个用户实现背景感知、多通道信息获取与呈现等相对流程固定的应用。
为了实现系统的动态适应性,Oxygen、Aura、One.World等采用任务抽象等方法,通过反射机制实现普适环境下系统的可配置服务。无论是Aura采用的LuaOrb语言,还是Whale中采用的XML语言,都只是集中在程序集层次上的可配置,很少把研究的重点放在如何从规范说明书开始就实现系统的可配置性。程序集层级的可配置通过运行前的动态组合与配置实现应用扩展,不能满足普适计算环境下以用户为中心,面向任务的需要。普适计算以用户为中心、面向任务、背景感知的特点决定了我们无法为整个系统设计完整的需要规范,从而进行系统开发。尤其对于世界杯、奥运会、世博等大型社会活动来说,大量的人机交互和需求各异性存在。在这样一个环境中设计系统具有非常大的挑战性,一方面,人们并不是很清楚地知道需要提供怎样的系统服务,我们还很难想象普适计算的“任何地方、任何时间、任何设备”都能获取服务意味着给我们的生活带来怎样的巨大变化。另一方面,设计系统与运行系统往往有很大的差异,因为在设计系统的时候,人们无法确知有多少人、多少设备、多少服务将会参与到这个系统中来。
场景作为一种有效的表达人们对于系统功能需求的非形式化描述手段,可以通过头脑风暴、角色游戏等各种参与方法让人们勾勒出系统的轮廓。场景具有的面向任务特性使得其适合在普适计算环境下用于描述用户需求。针对普适计算环境的特点,我们寻求采用场景作为从需求层实现系统配置的解决方法,以期通过动态组合不同的场景满足不同用户的需求。
本文提出一个基于场景的可配置系统架构,通过使用场景来建立任务的片断描述,并以之作为功能实现基础,通过动态组合的方式满足普适环境下动态的需求变化。作为这个架构的基础,我们提出了一个参与式设计方法,通过统一设计接口,让专家、用户与运营商等系统干系人(Stakeholder)共同参与到系统设计中去。在整个研究中,我们关注于系统如何满足个性需求的动态变化和在大量人机交互的情况下,如何通过智能代理减少直接交互。在介绍设计方法之前,我们首先介绍了一个人与代理交互的描述语言,通过标准化语法,将人们的需求通过行为描述、说明、形式化等步骤转化为标准的描述脚本,克服场景非形式化的弱点。这些脚本可以作为独立的服务内容存在,也可以将不同的脚本组合起来,实现不同的系统功能。而且,由于脚本与脚本中的功能实现代码分开,可以实现需求层级开始的系统配置。
基于场景的设计方法中,将系统模型拆分为专业模型和设计模型。专业模型是由具有专业知识和经验的领域专家、系统使用者、系统运营者通过标准的人机交互设计接口,在场景设计人员的帮助下完成创建场景的过程。专业模型与实现代码分开,与实现语言无关,很好的抽象了人们的功能需求、协作协议等等。而计算机专家与程序设计人员,则根据技术需要,设计系统的架构、软件模块之间的通讯协议等等。场景作为具有背景感知功能的独立单元存在。场景与场景之间可以通过形式化方法进行验证后组合在一起,满足不同的应用需求。在pi演算的基础上引入互连接(bilink)和兼容性关系,我们定义了场景组合的形式化描述。
为了完成设计与实现之间的衔接,我们设计实现了一个与FIPA标准兼容的多代理开发平台describer。它除了具有FIPA标准的AMS、DF、MTS之外,还具有解析场景与功能代码绑定机制的模块,保证其在动态、分布式环境中使用。
奥运会、世博上海等大型的社会活动中强大而丰富的网络和硬件条件为在一个室外的广域范围内建立普适计算环境提供了保障。我们将提出的模型和框架应用在Demand Bus实验平台基础上,设计实现了一个上海地区的Demand Bus服务原型模拟系统,通过与Noda等人试验的比较来验证我们方法的正确性。在对比试验中,我们通过改变场景文件实现协议修改,在不改变代码情况下考察不同的行为模型。同时通过场景文件的组合,可以实现demand bus服务与其他服务的组合。
In 1991, the great scientist Mark Weiser figured out a blandly new computing future-Pervasive Computing in his article The Computer for the 21st Century in Scientific American. The key idea behind pervasive computing is that information and communication technology will be an integrated part of our environments: from toys, milk cartons and desktops to cars, factories and whole city areas - with integrated processors, sensors, and actuators connected via high-speed networks and combined with new visualization devices ranging from projections directly into the eye to large panorama displays. Thus it marks a major shift in focus away from the actual computing technology and towards people and their needs. Pervasive computing is seen as the next generation computing environments with information and communication technology everywhere, for everyone, at all times.
The hardware devices and networking infrastructure necessary to realize this vision are increasingly becoming a reality. Researchers all over the world working on Pervasive Computing contribute to the development of new concepts, technologies, products and services. Lots of research projects are practicing a user-centered, unified, and adaptable human-computer interaction environment. Yet precious few applications run in the infrastructure. This lack of applications is directly related to the fact that it is difficult to design, build, and deploy applications in a pervasive computing environment. For this vision to become a reality, developers must build applications that constantly adapt to a highly dynamic computing environment. The pervasive computing environment has been mapped as a combination of mobile and stationary devices that draw on powerful services embedded in the network to achieve users' tasks. The result is a giant, ad-hoc distributed system, with tens of thousands of devices and services coming and going. Consequently, the key challenge for developers is to build adaptive applications that continue to provide useful services. Meanwhile at the design time, they do not know how many services are available and how many devices would access to the application. As part of our research into pervasive computing, we are building describer, a scenario-based adaptable service architecture for pervasive computing. Based on our experiences with this architecture, we believe that applying the separation of concerns principle would be helpful to cope with adaptability problem.
Task abstraction as the basic of configuration for pervasive application, is the process of transforming peoples' informal notions of what is desired into a precise description. These descriptions may then be suitable for mediating communication with oneself overtime, one's own community, and other communities. During this process people are best able to describe complex systems in a fragmentary and highly contextual manner. Scenarios which are partial description of system and environment behavior scenarios play an important role in envisaging by mediating communication and by describing alternative situations and rationale explored during design. Consider two categories of scenario writers, domain experts and software experts. Domain experts have spent years learning both the complex vocabulary of their domain and how to react in the complicated situations arising in this domain. This is also true for software experts who have spent years learning the formality of programming and formal logic. When domain and software experts communicate with each other during meetings, they predominantly use their own domain-specific vocabularies. While trying to establish connections, they will actually mix their terminology with the terminology from others' outside their area of expertise, and by doing so leave the communication open to misinterpretation. We propose a scenario-based participatory design model which provides them a simple but useful mechanism to share their knowledge to build the customized applications by separating system model into domain model and design model. In this model, domain experts, together with users, stakeholders focus on the logic rules (domain model) and programmers works on the implementation (design model). In order to formalize the requirement, we introduce a Human-Agent interaction language to transform users' goals and domain rules into executable scenarios. We also design and implement a FIPA-compliant agent platform - describer to realize the configuration of applications according to different requirements.
为了实现系统的动态适应性,Oxygen、Aura、One.World等采用任务抽象等方法,通过反射机制实现普适环境下系统的可配置服务。无论是Aura采用的LuaOrb语言,还是Whale中采用的XML语言,都只是集中在程序集层次上的可配置,很少把研究的重点放在如何从规范说明书开始就实现系统的可配置性。程序集层级的可配置通过运行前的动态组合与配置实现应用扩展,不能满足普适计算环境下以用户为中心,面向任务的需要。普适计算以用户为中心、面向任务、背景感知的特点决定了我们无法为整个系统设计完整的需要规范,从而进行系统开发。尤其对于世界杯、奥运会、世博等大型社会活动来说,大量的人机交互和需求各异性存在。在这样一个环境中设计系统具有非常大的挑战性,一方面,人们并不是很清楚地知道需要提供怎样的系统服务,我们还很难想象普适计算的“任何地方、任何时间、任何设备”都能获取服务意味着给我们的生活带来怎样的巨大变化。另一方面,设计系统与运行系统往往有很大的差异,因为在设计系统的时候,人们无法确知有多少人、多少设备、多少服务将会参与到这个系统中来。
场景作为一种有效的表达人们对于系统功能需求的非形式化描述手段,可以通过头脑风暴、角色游戏等各种参与方法让人们勾勒出系统的轮廓。场景具有的面向任务特性使得其适合在普适计算环境下用于描述用户需求。针对普适计算环境的特点,我们寻求采用场景作为从需求层实现系统配置的解决方法,以期通过动态组合不同的场景满足不同用户的需求。
本文提出一个基于场景的可配置系统架构,通过使用场景来建立任务的片断描述,并以之作为功能实现基础,通过动态组合的方式满足普适环境下动态的需求变化。作为这个架构的基础,我们提出了一个参与式设计方法,通过统一设计接口,让专家、用户与运营商等系统干系人(Stakeholder)共同参与到系统设计中去。在整个研究中,我们关注于系统如何满足个性需求的动态变化和在大量人机交互的情况下,如何通过智能代理减少直接交互。在介绍设计方法之前,我们首先介绍了一个人与代理交互的描述语言,通过标准化语法,将人们的需求通过行为描述、说明、形式化等步骤转化为标准的描述脚本,克服场景非形式化的弱点。这些脚本可以作为独立的服务内容存在,也可以将不同的脚本组合起来,实现不同的系统功能。而且,由于脚本与脚本中的功能实现代码分开,可以实现需求层级开始的系统配置。
基于场景的设计方法中,将系统模型拆分为专业模型和设计模型。专业模型是由具有专业知识和经验的领域专家、系统使用者、系统运营者通过标准的人机交互设计接口,在场景设计人员的帮助下完成创建场景的过程。专业模型与实现代码分开,与实现语言无关,很好的抽象了人们的功能需求、协作协议等等。而计算机专家与程序设计人员,则根据技术需要,设计系统的架构、软件模块之间的通讯协议等等。场景作为具有背景感知功能的独立单元存在。场景与场景之间可以通过形式化方法进行验证后组合在一起,满足不同的应用需求。在pi演算的基础上引入互连接(bilink)和兼容性关系,我们定义了场景组合的形式化描述。
为了完成设计与实现之间的衔接,我们设计实现了一个与FIPA标准兼容的多代理开发平台describer。它除了具有FIPA标准的AMS、DF、MTS之外,还具有解析场景与功能代码绑定机制的模块,保证其在动态、分布式环境中使用。
奥运会、世博上海等大型的社会活动中强大而丰富的网络和硬件条件为在一个室外的广域范围内建立普适计算环境提供了保障。我们将提出的模型和框架应用在Demand Bus实验平台基础上,设计实现了一个上海地区的Demand Bus服务原型模拟系统,通过与Noda等人试验的比较来验证我们方法的正确性。在对比试验中,我们通过改变场景文件实现协议修改,在不改变代码情况下考察不同的行为模型。同时通过场景文件的组合,可以实现demand bus服务与其他服务的组合。
In 1991, the great scientist Mark Weiser figured out a blandly new computing future-Pervasive Computing in his article The Computer for the 21st Century in Scientific American. The key idea behind pervasive computing is that information and communication technology will be an integrated part of our environments: from toys, milk cartons and desktops to cars, factories and whole city areas - with integrated processors, sensors, and actuators connected via high-speed networks and combined with new visualization devices ranging from projections directly into the eye to large panorama displays. Thus it marks a major shift in focus away from the actual computing technology and towards people and their needs. Pervasive computing is seen as the next generation computing environments with information and communication technology everywhere, for everyone, at all times.
The hardware devices and networking infrastructure necessary to realize this vision are increasingly becoming a reality. Researchers all over the world working on Pervasive Computing contribute to the development of new concepts, technologies, products and services. Lots of research projects are practicing a user-centered, unified, and adaptable human-computer interaction environment. Yet precious few applications run in the infrastructure. This lack of applications is directly related to the fact that it is difficult to design, build, and deploy applications in a pervasive computing environment. For this vision to become a reality, developers must build applications that constantly adapt to a highly dynamic computing environment. The pervasive computing environment has been mapped as a combination of mobile and stationary devices that draw on powerful services embedded in the network to achieve users' tasks. The result is a giant, ad-hoc distributed system, with tens of thousands of devices and services coming and going. Consequently, the key challenge for developers is to build adaptive applications that continue to provide useful services. Meanwhile at the design time, they do not know how many services are available and how many devices would access to the application. As part of our research into pervasive computing, we are building describer, a scenario-based adaptable service architecture for pervasive computing. Based on our experiences with this architecture, we believe that applying the separation of concerns principle would be helpful to cope with adaptability problem.
Task abstraction as the basic of configuration for pervasive application, is the process of transforming peoples' informal notions of what is desired into a precise description. These descriptions may then be suitable for mediating communication with oneself overtime, one's own community, and other communities. During this process people are best able to describe complex systems in a fragmentary and highly contextual manner. Scenarios which are partial description of system and environment behavior scenarios play an important role in envisaging by mediating communication and by describing alternative situations and rationale explored during design. Consider two categories of scenario writers, domain experts and software experts. Domain experts have spent years learning both the complex vocabulary of their domain and how to react in the complicated situations arising in this domain. This is also true for software experts who have spent years learning the formality of programming and formal logic. When domain and software experts communicate with each other during meetings, they predominantly use their own domain-specific vocabularies. While trying to establish connections, they will actually mix their terminology with the terminology from others' outside their area of expertise, and by doing so leave the communication open to misinterpretation. We propose a scenario-based participatory design model which provides them a simple but useful mechanism to share their knowledge to build the customized applications by separating system model into domain model and design model. In this model, domain experts, together with users, stakeholders focus on the logic rules (domain model) and programmers works on the implementation (design model). In order to formalize the requirement, we introduce a Human-Agent interaction language to transform users' goals and domain rules into executable scenarios. We also design and implement a FIPA-compliant agent platform - describer to realize the configuration of applications according to different requirements.
引文
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Garrigou A.,Daniellou F.,Carballeda G.,Ruaud S.(1995):Activity analysis in participatory design and analysis of participatory design activity, International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 15(5): 311-327.
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Gregor Kiczales, John Irwin,et al(1996). Aspect-Oriented Programming. ACM Computing Surveys 28(4es), December 1996
Guruduth Banavar, James Becket, et al (2000) Challenges: An Application Model for Pervasive Computing, Proceedings of the Sixth Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking:266-274.
Hall, J. A. (1990). Seven Myths of Formal Methods. IEEE Software 7(5): 11-19.
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Fuller, M. F. M. (2002). Applying TAM to E-Services Adoption: The Moderating Role of Perceived Risk. Proceedings of the 36th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS 03): 191-202.
Gao, Z. Q., T.Kawasoe, et al. (2002). Meta-Level Architecture for Executing Multi-agent Scenarios. Pacific Rim International Workshop on Multi-Agents(PRIMA 2002), Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence: 163-177.
Garlan, D., D. Siewiorek, et al. (2002). Project Aura: Toward Distraction-Free Pervasive Computing. IEEE Pervasive Computing April-June: 22-31.
Garrigou A.,Daniellou F.,Carballeda G.,Ruaud S.(1995):Activity analysis in participatory design and analysis of participatory design activity, International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 15(5): 311-327.
Gnesi, S., G. Lenzini, et al. (2005). Logical Specification and Analysis of Fault Tolerant Systems Through Partial Model Checking. Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science 118: 57-70.
Green, H. (2003). Sensor revolution: Bugging the world; soon, sensor networks will track everything from weather to inventory. Business Week. August 25.
Gregor Kiczales, John Irwin,et al(1996). Aspect-Oriented Programming. ACM Computing Surveys 28(4es), December 1996
Guruduth Banavar, James Becket, et al (2000) Challenges: An Application Model for Pervasive Computing, Proceedings of the Sixth Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking:266-274.
Hall, J. A. (1990). Seven Myths of Formal Methods. IEEE Software 7(5): 11-19.
Harter, A., A. Hopper, et al. (2001). The Anatomy of a Context-Aware Application. Mobile Computing and Networking 1: 1-16.
Haumer, P., K. Pohl, et al. (1998). Requirements elicitation and validation with real world scenes. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering Techniques 24(12): 1036-1054.
Helal, S., S. Su, et al. (2002). The Internet enterprise. Proceedings of the 2002 Symposium on Applications and the Internet (SAINT02).
Hermann, R., D. Husemann, et al. (2001). DEAPspace - Transient ad hoc networking of pervasive devices. Computer Networks 35: 411-428.
Hoffman, D. M. and D. M. Weiss (2001). Software fundamentals: collected papers by David L.Parnas, Addison-Wesley Longman Publishing Co., Inc.
Hooper, J. W. and P. Hsia (1982). Scenario-based prototyping for requirements identification. ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes 7(5): 88-93.
Hwang, Y.-F. and D. C. Rine (1998). Verifying the reusability of software component specifications Framework and algorithms. Information Sciences.
I.F. Akyildiz, W. S., Y. Sankarasubramaniam, E. Cayirci (2002). "Wireless sensor networks: a survey." Computer Networks 38: 393-422.
Ishida, T. (2002). Q: A Scenario Description Language for Interactive Agents. IEEE Computer 35(11): 42-47.
J.P. Bowen, M. G. H. (1995). Ten Commandments of Formal Methods. IEEE Computer 28(4): 56-63.
Jacobson, I. (1995). The use-case construct in object-oriented software engineering. Scenario-Based Design: Envisioning Work and Technology in System Development. J. M. Carroll. New York, Wiley: 309-336.
Jacobson, I., G. Booch, et al. (1999). The Unified Software Development Process. Reading, MA, Addison-Wesley.
Jarke, M. (1998). Interdisciplinary uses of scenarios (special issue). Requirements Engineering 3(3,4): 153-244.
Jarke, M. and R. Kurki-Suonio (1998). Scenario management (special issue). IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering Techniques 24(12): 1033-1196.
Kaindl, H. (2000). A design process based on a model combining scenarios with goals and functions. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics-Part A: Systems and Humans 30(5): 537-551.
Kaminsky, S. K. (1992). Test early, test often: a formative usability kit for writers. the International Conference on Computer Documentation (SIGDOC'92), New York, ACM Press.
Kiczales., G. (1996). Aspect-oriented programming. ACM Computing Surveys 28A(4). Kuwabara, K., T. Ishida, et al. (1995). AgenTalk: Coordination protocol description for multiagent systems. The First International Conference on Multi-Agent Systems (ICMAS-95), San Francisco, CA.
Kyng, M. (1995). Creating contexts for design. Scenario-Based Design: Envisioning Work and Technology in System Development. J. M. Carroll. New York, Wiley: 85-108.
Lieberherr, K. (1996). Adaptive Object-Oriented Software: The Demeter Method with Propagation Patterns. Boston, PWS Publishing Company.
Liszka, K. J. and M. A. Mackin (2004). Keeping a Beat on the Heart. IEEE Pervasive Computing 3(4): 4-12.
Liu, Y. and Esterline A.C.(2000), Prima Facie Obligations and a Deontic Transaction Model For Multiagent Systems, Proc. IEEE SoutheastCon 2000, Nashville, TN,April 2000.
Lucente, M., G.-J. Zwart, et al. (1998). Visualization Space: A Test-bed for Deviceless Multimodal User Interface. Intelligent Environments 98, AAAI's Symposium Series.
M. Weiser and J.S. Brown (1996), The coming age of calm technology, Xerox PARC, Oct. 1996. See http://www.ubiq.com/hypertext/weiser/acmfuture2endnote.htm
M. Weiser (1993), Some Computer Science Problems in Ubiquitous Computing, Communications of the ACM, July 1993.
M.Satyanarayanan (2001), Pervasive Computing: Vision and Challenges, IEEE Personal Communications, Vol. 8, No. 4, August 2001, pp. 10-17.
Maes, P. (1987). Concepts and experiments in computational reflection. OOPSLA, ACM Press. Mark Weiser :The Computer for the 21st Century, Scientific Am., Sept., 1991, pp. 94-104.
Milner, R., J. Parrow, et al. (1992). A calculus of mobile processes. Information and Computation 100(1): 1-77.
Nagamachi, Mitsuo (1995): Requisites and practices of participatory ergonomics, International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 15(5), 371-377.
Nichols, Laura (2002), Participatory program planning: including program participants and evaluators, Evaluation and Program Planning 25(1):1-14.
Nielsen, J. (1995). Scenarios in discount usability engineering. Scenario-Based Design:Envisioning Work and Technology in System Development. J. M. Carroll. New york, Wiley: 59-84.
Nú?ez, M., I. Rodríguez, et al. (2005). Formal specification of multi-agent e-barter systems. Science of Computer Programming 57: 187-216.
Nylander, S. and M. Bylund (2002). Providing Device Independence to Mobile Service. 7th ERCIM Workshop User Interfaces for All.
Nylander, S., M. Bylund, et al. (2004). The Ubiquitous Interactor – Device Independent Access to Mobile Services. Proceeding of CADUI 2004., Island of Madeira, Portugal, Kluwer.
Olsson Eva, Jansson Anders (2005), Participatory design with train drivers a process analysis, Interacting with Computers 17 (2): 147-166
Pahl, Claus (2004), Adaptive development and maintenance of user-centric software systems, Information and Software Technology, 46(14) : 973-986 .
Palshikar, G. K. and P. Bhaduri (2005). Verification of Scenario-based Specifications using Templates. Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science 118: 37-55.
Pascoe, J., S. Ryan, et al. (1999). Issues in developing context-aware computing. Intern. Symposium on Handheld and Ubiquitous Computing. LNCS 1707 : 208-221.
Paul Castro, R. M. (2001). An Adaptive Approach to Indexing Pervasive Data. the 2nd ACM international workshop on Data engineering for wireless and mobile access, Santa Barbara, California, United States, ACM Press.
Pister, K. S. J., J. M. Kahn, et al. (1999). Smart Dust: Wireless Networks of Millimeter-Scale Sensor Nodes, Electronics Research Laboratory Research Summary.
Ponnekanti, S.R. Johanson, B. et al (2003). Portability, extensibility and robustness in iROS. Pervasive Computing and Communications, 2003. (PerCom 2003). Proceedings of the First IEEE International Conference on. March 2003, 11- 19
Potts, C. and L. Catledge (1996). Collaborative conceptual design: a large software project case study. Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) 5(4): 415-445.
Puneet Gupta,Deependra Moitra (2004) , Evolving a pervasive it infrastructure: A technology integration approach, Personal and Ubiquitous Computing 8(1): 31-41.
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