基于GIS组件的农田空间信息管理系统的开发研究
|
摘要
本研究是在“现代精细农业系统集成研究教育部重点实验室(中国农业大学)精细农业研究中心”和“中国农业大学信息与电气工程学院农业电气化与自动化国家级重点学科”所提供的研究环境与物质保障下完成的。国家发展计划委员会与北京市政府批准立项的“高技术产业化示范工程项目北京精准农业示范工程(编号A00300100584)”为课题研究提供了经费支持和田间试验条件。
在精细农业的研究、试验与实施过程中涉及到大量关于农田环境与作物生长情况的数据。由于这些数据一般都具有空间分布上的特性，要分析与处理这些数据，普通的关系型数据库已不能满足需要，因此需要开发一种田间信息系统，或者称之为农田地理信息系统，来对田间数据进行分析与处理，并对农田信息进行管理。本课题根据我国发展精细农业的需要，在对空间信息处理技术研究的基础上，进行了农田地理信息系统的设计与开发等方面的研究工作，其中主要包括：
1．按照现代软件工程的管理方法，分析和研究了农田地理信息系统的开发模型与开发方式，提出了采用螺旋式模型，以通用高级编程语言结合地理信息系统组件的系统开发方案。
2．比较分析了农田电子地图的主要测绘技术，设计了GPS测绘中单点重复定位——求平均，以及连续定位——移动平均等定位数据的处理方法。
3．选用了7参数布尔莎模型进行WGS-1984空间直角坐标系与北京1954空间直角坐标系之间的转换；使用了高斯-克里格投影进行大地坐标系与平面直角坐标系之间的转换。
4．研究了应用遥感图像作为参考底图进行电子地图更新的方法。遥感图像的几何校正采用一个二次多项式模型实现，来消除平移、缩放、旋转、仿射与弯曲等图像变形；遥感图像的坐标配准采用参数文件的方法进行。
5．在对田间土壤采样方法研究与分析的基础上，设计了一种参考已有的农田土壤信息，来分析土壤参数的分布变化规律，并在农田中的关键位置设置采样点的指导采样方法。此方法通过空间搜索与判断，来了解土壤参数在农田中变化的剧烈程度，并以此作为确定指导采样点位置的依据。
6．在田间信息分布图生成与插值方法的研究方面，设计了用于生成产量分布图具有数据过滤功能的局部平均法；并选用了一种带有平滑参数IDW插值方法；该方法可以有效的防止插值结果中出现数值突然变化的奇异点。
7．研究了模糊综合评价方法与分层聚类分析在农田管理区划分中的应用。两种方法的分类结果虽然有些局部差别，但是从整体来看其结果基本一致。
8．提出了一种确定目标产量的方法。该方法首先分析作物产量的限制因素；然后确定在这一因素的制约下，田间不同小区的最大可能产量，并以此作为目标产量，绘制出目标产量分布图。
9．在冬小麦变量施肥处方的确定过程中，根据作物的生长特点与需肥规律，选用了一种平衡施肥模型。该模型考虑了目标产量、土壤养分含量、肥料的有效含量以及肥料的利用率，并且还能够根据耕地的不同产量水平与具体情况对施肥量进行调整。
在北京精准农业示范区，对设计开发的农田地理信息、系统进行了GPS测绘、坐标系转换、电
中国农业大学博士学位论文 摘要
一
子地图更新、土壤采样规划、田间信息分布图与作物产量分布图生成、农田管理区划分、目标产
量图生成、变量施肥处方图生成以及基本信息管理等方面的测试与实际工作。结果表明系统运行
稳定，能够作为田间数据处理与农田信息管理的一种工具，为精细农业的研究与实践提供支持。
This research was carried out at the Key Laboratory for Modern Precision Agriculture System Integration Research of Ministry of Education, the Research Centre for Precision Agriculture of China Agricultural University, and supported by the National Development Project Committee and Beijing Government Project - Hi-tech Industrialization Demonstration, Beijing Precision Agriculture Demonstration Project (Project No.A00300100584).
For site-specific crop management of precision agriculture, it is needed to manipulate mass and various data gathered from different data sources. Since common management information systems are not suitable to deal with these spatial distributed data, it is needed to develop a field level geographic information system (FIS), in order to meet the needs of field data processing and field information management. Driven by the needs for carrying out precision agriculture research, a field-level geographic information system was designed and developed, based on the study of spatial information processing techniques. The main results are listed as the following:
1. According to the modern software engineering technology, the system develop models and fashions were analyzed and compared. It was designed using a high-level programming language (VB6) and a geographic information system component (MO2) to develop the system, in accordance with spiral model.
2. In order to obtain the digital base map of the field, different mapping techniques were compared. Single point repeat positioning - average and continuously positioning - moving average methods were designed for GPS mapping.
3. For geographic coordinates and Cartesian coordinates transformation a model that include 7 parameters and the Guess-Kruger projection were used. The difference of calculation between the above method and Trimble TGO software is less than 1cm.
4. In order to keep the digital base map up to date, methods of using remote sensing images as the reference for map refreshment were studied. A 2-D multinomial geometric correction quadratic model was used to correct the geometric distortion of images, and a file contents 6 parameters was used for images coordinates register.
5. For lower the soil sample cost, a directed soil sample method was designed. This method could set sample points only at key locations in the field, according to the analysis result of the referenced field information.
6. For yield map generating, a local-averaging interpolation method with a random error yield data filter was designed; And for field information distribution map generating, an IDW interpolation method with a smoothing parameter was used.
7. Fuzzy integrative evaluation and cluster analysis was used for field management zoning. The results of these two methods were similar.
8. A method for calculating the yield goal was developed. The method takes the maximum possible yield of each location that limited by the yield-restricting factor as the yield goal, and generates the yield goal map accordingly.
9. For calculating the variable fertilizing dose, a mathematics model was selected. The model takes account of the yield goal, soil fertility, fertilizer available ingredient
content, and the fertilizer using efficient.
In the Beijing Precision Agriculture Demo Farm, the system was used for base map mapping, field boundary map update, soil nutrition map generating, yield map generating, and field basic information management. The result shows that the system is steady and effective to do these jobs, and could be a tool for field data processing and field information management.
在精细农业的研究、试验与实施过程中涉及到大量关于农田环境与作物生长情况的数据。由于这些数据一般都具有空间分布上的特性，要分析与处理这些数据，普通的关系型数据库已不能满足需要，因此需要开发一种田间信息系统，或者称之为农田地理信息系统，来对田间数据进行分析与处理，并对农田信息进行管理。本课题根据我国发展精细农业的需要，在对空间信息处理技术研究的基础上，进行了农田地理信息系统的设计与开发等方面的研究工作，其中主要包括：
1．按照现代软件工程的管理方法，分析和研究了农田地理信息系统的开发模型与开发方式，提出了采用螺旋式模型，以通用高级编程语言结合地理信息系统组件的系统开发方案。
2．比较分析了农田电子地图的主要测绘技术，设计了GPS测绘中单点重复定位——求平均，以及连续定位——移动平均等定位数据的处理方法。
3．选用了7参数布尔莎模型进行WGS-1984空间直角坐标系与北京1954空间直角坐标系之间的转换；使用了高斯-克里格投影进行大地坐标系与平面直角坐标系之间的转换。
4．研究了应用遥感图像作为参考底图进行电子地图更新的方法。遥感图像的几何校正采用一个二次多项式模型实现，来消除平移、缩放、旋转、仿射与弯曲等图像变形；遥感图像的坐标配准采用参数文件的方法进行。
5．在对田间土壤采样方法研究与分析的基础上，设计了一种参考已有的农田土壤信息，来分析土壤参数的分布变化规律，并在农田中的关键位置设置采样点的指导采样方法。此方法通过空间搜索与判断，来了解土壤参数在农田中变化的剧烈程度，并以此作为确定指导采样点位置的依据。
6．在田间信息分布图生成与插值方法的研究方面，设计了用于生成产量分布图具有数据过滤功能的局部平均法；并选用了一种带有平滑参数IDW插值方法；该方法可以有效的防止插值结果中出现数值突然变化的奇异点。
7．研究了模糊综合评价方法与分层聚类分析在农田管理区划分中的应用。两种方法的分类结果虽然有些局部差别，但是从整体来看其结果基本一致。
8．提出了一种确定目标产量的方法。该方法首先分析作物产量的限制因素；然后确定在这一因素的制约下，田间不同小区的最大可能产量，并以此作为目标产量，绘制出目标产量分布图。
9．在冬小麦变量施肥处方的确定过程中，根据作物的生长特点与需肥规律，选用了一种平衡施肥模型。该模型考虑了目标产量、土壤养分含量、肥料的有效含量以及肥料的利用率，并且还能够根据耕地的不同产量水平与具体情况对施肥量进行调整。
在北京精准农业示范区，对设计开发的农田地理信息、系统进行了GPS测绘、坐标系转换、电
中国农业大学博士学位论文 摘要
一
子地图更新、土壤采样规划、田间信息分布图与作物产量分布图生成、农田管理区划分、目标产
量图生成、变量施肥处方图生成以及基本信息管理等方面的测试与实际工作。结果表明系统运行
稳定，能够作为田间数据处理与农田信息管理的一种工具，为精细农业的研究与实践提供支持。
This research was carried out at the Key Laboratory for Modern Precision Agriculture System Integration Research of Ministry of Education, the Research Centre for Precision Agriculture of China Agricultural University, and supported by the National Development Project Committee and Beijing Government Project - Hi-tech Industrialization Demonstration, Beijing Precision Agriculture Demonstration Project (Project No.A00300100584).
For site-specific crop management of precision agriculture, it is needed to manipulate mass and various data gathered from different data sources. Since common management information systems are not suitable to deal with these spatial distributed data, it is needed to develop a field level geographic information system (FIS), in order to meet the needs of field data processing and field information management. Driven by the needs for carrying out precision agriculture research, a field-level geographic information system was designed and developed, based on the study of spatial information processing techniques. The main results are listed as the following:
1. According to the modern software engineering technology, the system develop models and fashions were analyzed and compared. It was designed using a high-level programming language (VB6) and a geographic information system component (MO2) to develop the system, in accordance with spiral model.
2. In order to obtain the digital base map of the field, different mapping techniques were compared. Single point repeat positioning - average and continuously positioning - moving average methods were designed for GPS mapping.
3. For geographic coordinates and Cartesian coordinates transformation a model that include 7 parameters and the Guess-Kruger projection were used. The difference of calculation between the above method and Trimble TGO software is less than 1cm.
4. In order to keep the digital base map up to date, methods of using remote sensing images as the reference for map refreshment were studied. A 2-D multinomial geometric correction quadratic model was used to correct the geometric distortion of images, and a file contents 6 parameters was used for images coordinates register.
5. For lower the soil sample cost, a directed soil sample method was designed. This method could set sample points only at key locations in the field, according to the analysis result of the referenced field information.
6. For yield map generating, a local-averaging interpolation method with a random error yield data filter was designed; And for field information distribution map generating, an IDW interpolation method with a smoothing parameter was used.
7. Fuzzy integrative evaluation and cluster analysis was used for field management zoning. The results of these two methods were similar.
8. A method for calculating the yield goal was developed. The method takes the maximum possible yield of each location that limited by the yield-restricting factor as the yield goal, and generates the yield goal map accordingly.
9. For calculating the variable fertilizing dose, a mathematics model was selected. The model takes account of the yield goal, soil fertility, fertilizer available ingredient
content, and the fertilizer using efficient.
In the Beijing Precision Agriculture Demo Farm, the system was used for base map mapping, field boundary map update, soil nutrition map generating, yield map generating, and field basic information management. The result shows that the system is steady and effective to do these jobs, and could be a tool for field data processing and field information management.
引文
[1] 中国农业年鉴编辑委员会．中国农业年鉴．北京：中国农业出版社，2000
[2] 李忻，黄丽华，贾敬敦．食物．农业．环境2020年展望．挑战与行动建议．北京：科学技术出版社，1999
[3] 李庆逵，朱兆良，于天仁．中国农业持续发展中的肥料问题．江西：江西科学技术出版社，1997
[4] 唐正平，世界农业问题研究．北京：中国农业出版社，1999
[5] 国家科学技术委员会．中国农业科学技术政策背景资料．北京：中国农业出版社，1997
[6] 汪懋华．“精细农作” ，知识经济时代的农田精耕细作技术，纪念中国科协成立40周年“科学技术面向新世纪”学术年会，“科技进步与学科发展”论文集上册，周光召主编．中国科学技术出版社出版，1998：296～299
[7] 李存东，曹卫星，李旭等．论作物信息技术及其发展战略．农业现代化研究，1998，19(1)：17～20．
[8] 徐可英．21世纪农业现代化的发展趋势—农业信息化．农业现代化研究，1999，20(4)：215～217．
[9] 朱文元．2000中国可持续发展战略报告．北京：科学技术出版社，2000
[10] 陈万金．21世纪中国农业．江西科学技术出版社，1998
[11] Lawrence D. Gaultney, Raymond D. Forney ,Monte Weller. Integrating Precision Farming Tools to Achieve Sustainability. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Precision Agriculture, 19-22 July 1998·St. Paul, MN. pp829～838.
[12] Liangshu Lu, Fangquan Mei. Food Security and Sustainable Development in China. Proceeding of International Conference on Engineering and Technological Sciences 2000, October 11,2000 Beijing, China. pp1～5.
[13] Wenhua Li. Integrated Farming System — An Important Approach toward Sustainable Agriculture in China. Proceeding of International Conference on Engineering and Technological Sciences 2000, October 11,2000 Beijing, China. pp6～14.
[14] Leiva F.R.,Morris J.,Blackmore S.B.. Precision Farming Techniques for Sustainable Agriculture. Proceedings of the First European Conference on Precision Agriculture, Warwick University, UK. 7～10,September 1997, pp957～966.
[15] 张伟．农业发展的新课题—精确农业．农业工程学报，1997，(3)：249～252．
[16] John V. Stafford. Implementing Precision Agriculture in the 21st Century, J. Agric. Eng Res. (2000)76, pp267-275.
[17] 王克林，李文祥．精确农业发展与农业生态工程创新．农业工程学报，2000，16(1)：5～8
[18] 刘爱民，封志明，徐丽明，现代精准农业及我国精准农业的发展方向．中国农业大学学报，2000，5(2)：20～25．
[19] Chunjiang Zhao,Maohua Wang. Progress of Beijing Demonstration Project on Precision Farming. Proceeding of International Conference on Engineering and Technological Sciences 2000, October 11,2000 Beijing, China. pp142～146.
[20] Xingwei Yang,Xiangsuo Duan. The Primary Design for Demonstration Base of Precision Farming in Shanghai. Proceeding of International Conference on Engineering and Technological Sciences 2000, October 11,2000 Beijing, China. pp 154～157.
[21] Chenglin Ma, Xianshu Piao,Chuncheng Zuo. Discussion on Developing Precision Farming in Jinlin Province of China by Steps. Proceeding of International Conference on Engineering and Technological Sciences 2000, October 11,2000 Beijing, China. pp150～153.
[22] 汪懋华．精细农业的实践与农业科技创新．中国软科学，1999，4：21～25．
[23] Simon Blackmore,Godwin R.J.,Taylor J.C. etc. Understanding Variability in Four Fields in the United Kingdom. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Precision Agriculture, 19-22 July 1998·St. Paul, MN.
pp3～18．
[24] 严泰来，朱德海，杨永侠．精确农业的由来与发展及其在我国的应用策略．计算机与农业，2000，1：3～5
[25] Stall G. Daberkow, William D. McBride. Adoption of Precision Agriculture Technology by U.S. Corn Producers. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Precision Agriculture, 19-22 July 1998'St. Paul, MN. pp1821～1832.
[26] Zhang M., Nyborg M., Solberg E.D.. The Factor of time: A New Consideration in Precision Farming. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference, Robert, P.C., R.H. Rust, W.E. Larson etc. Minneapolis,Minnesota, June 23-26, 1996. pp181-188.
[27] 邝朴生，蒋文科，刘刚，等．精确农业基础．北京：中国农业大学出版社，1999
[28] 田魁祥，王建江，陈素英．精确农业研究．北京：气象出版社，1999
[29] 伍尚忠．现代农业发展的战略与对策．暨南大学出版社，1997
[30] Baker J.,Colvin T.S.,Jaynes D.B..Potential Environmental Benefits of Adopting Precision Agriculture. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference. Minneapolis,Minnesota, June 23-26, 1996. Pp 1051-1052.
[31] Clay S. A.,Lems G.J.,Clay D.E. etc. Targeting Precision Agrichemical Application to Increase Productivity. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Precision Agriculture, 19-22 July 1998·St. Paul, MN. pp 1699～1708.
[32] Bouma J. Precision Agriculture: A Unique Tool to Unify Production and Environmental Requirement in Agriculture. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Precision Agriculture, 19-22 July 1998·St. Paul, MN. pp595～602.
[33] Oyarzabal, E.S., A.P. Mallarino, P.N. Hinz. Using Precision Farming Technologies for Improving Applied On-Farm Research. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference. Minneapolis,Minnesota, June 23-26, 1996. pp379-388
[34] 汪懋华．实现现代集约持续农业的工程科学技术-以色列．荷兰科技考察观感．农业工程学报，1998，14(3)：1～8
[35] 金继运．“精准农业”及其在我国的应用前景．植物营养与肥料学报，1998，4(1)：1～7．
[36] 吴连喜．精确农业的思考．计算机与农业，2000，3：1～3
[37] Ancha Srinivasan. Precision Farming in Asia: Progress and Prospects. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Precision Agriculture, 19-22 July 1998·St. Paul, MN. pp623-640.
[38] Dampney P.M.R., Moore M. Precision Agriculture in England: Current Practice and Research-Based Advice to Farmers. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Precision Agriculture, 19-22 July 1998·St Paul, MN. pp661～674.
[39] 刘刚．支持精细农业实践的农田空间分布信息处理的方法与试验研究[博士论文]．中国农业大学，2001
[40] 汪懋华．精细农业发展与工程技术创新．农业工程学报，1999，56(1)：1～8．
[41] Schueller J.K. Technology for precision agriculture. Proceedings of the First European Conference on Precision Agriculture, Warwick University, UK. 7～10,September 1997,pp33-44.
[42] Naiqian Zhang, Maohua Wang,Ning Wang. Precision Agriculture - a worldwide overview. Proceeding of International Conference on Engineering and Technological Sciences 2000, October 11,2000 Beijing, China. pp121～132.
[43] Schmerler J., Jurschik P.. Technological and Economic Results of Precision Farming from a 7200Hectares Farm in East Germany. Proceedings of the First European Conference on Precision Agriculture, Warwick University, UK. 7～10,September 1997,pp991～998.
[44] Stafford J.V.. Essential Technology for Precison Agriculture. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference. Minneapolis,Minnesota, June 23-26, 1996. Pp595-604.
[45] 刘世胜，刘世洪．1999．精确农业中的信息技术．计算机与农业．(3)：7-10
[46] 刘金铜，田魁祥，张广录等．信息农业初论．信息农业研究．北京：气象出版社，1998：1-8
[47] Jaynes, D.B. 1996. Improbed soil Sampling Using Electromagnetic Induction Surveys. Precision Agriculture: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference, Robert, P.C., R.H. Rust, W.E. Larson, (Eds.), Madison, Wisconsin, ASA, CSSSA, SSSA, June 23-26, 1996. pp169-180
[48] 李德仁．空间信息技术与农业发展，大自然探索，1999，18(1)：1～6．
[49] Fangquan Mci. Analysis of the Development of Agricultural Information Technology in China. Proceeding of International Conference on Engineering and Technological Sciences 2000, October 11,2000 Beijing, China. pp34～40.
[50] 丁志林．全球定位系统综述．无线电工程．1989(4)：10-20
[51] 张博．GPS在农业中的应用技术研究：[学位论文]．北京：中国农业大学，2000
[52] 邬伦，刘瑜，张晶等．地理信息系统一原理、方法和应用，北京．科学出版社，2001：346～396
[53] 仇肇悦，李军等．遥感应用技术[M]．武汉：武汉测绘大学出版社，1995：73
[54] Schepers J.S., T.M. Blackmer, T. Shah, N. Christensen. 1996. Remote Sensing Tools for Site-Specific Management. Precision Agriculture: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference, Robert, P.C., R.H. Rust, W.E. Larson, (Eds.), Madison, Wisconsin, ASA, CSSSA, SSSA, June 23-26, 1996. pp315-320
[55] 高洪深．决策支持系统(DSS)理论．方法．案例．清华大学出版社，广西科学技术出版社，1996
[56] Kim L. Fleming,Dwayne G. Westfall,Dale F. Heermann etc. Precision Farming: From Technology to Decisions A Case Study. Proceedings of the 4th Intemational Conference on Precision Agriculture, 19-22 July 1998·St. Paul, MN. pp1777～1784.
[57] 邝继双．冬小麦变量施肥智能空间决策支持系统(VRF-ISDSS)的研究与实现．[硕士学位论文]，河北：河北农业大学，1999．
[58] Rawlins S.L. Moving from Precision to Prescription Farming: The Next Plateau. Precision Agriculture. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference. Minneapolis,Minnesota, June 23-26, 1996. pp283-294.
[59] Crookston R.K.. Using Decision Cases to Enhance Technology Transfer in Precision Agriculture. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference. Minneapolis,Minnesota, June 23-26, 1996. Pp 1117-1122.
[60] 赵春江，杨宝祝．智能技术与农业-国家863计划306主题重点资助项目：北京地区智能化农业信息技术应用示范工程论文集．计算机与农业，增刊，1998
[61] Stuart Birrell, Kenneth Sudduth, Steven Borgelt. Comparison of sensors and techniques for crop yield mapping. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 1999. 23(2): 215-233
[62] Hermann Speckmann, Gerhard Jahns. Development and application of an agricultural BUS for data transfer. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 1999. 23(1): 219-237
[63] G. Pelletier, Shrini K. Upadhyaya. Development of a tomato load/yield monitor. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 1999.23 (2): 103-117
[64] K.R. DeHaan, G. T. Vessey, D. A. Holmstrom. Relating potato yield to the level of soil degradation using a bulk yield monitor and differential global positioning systems. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 1999. 23 (2): 133-143
[65] Karl Wild, Hermann Auernhammer. 1999. A weighing system for local yield monitoring of forage crops in round balers. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 23 (2): 119-132
[66] Simon Blackmore. Developing the Principles of Precision Farming. Proceeding of International Conference on Engineering and Technological Sciences 2000, October 11,2000 Beijing, China. pp 133～136.
[67] 齐文虎，石玉林．计算机控制农业．资源科学，1998，20(2)：34～38．
[68] Jutta Rogasik, Dirk Schoeder, Ewald Schnug etc. Operational Precision Agriculture on a Large Scale Farm in Eastern Germany. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Precision Agriculture, 19-22 July 1998·St. Paul, MN. pp885～896.
[69] Sidney Cox. Information Technology: the Global Key to Precision Agriculture and Sustainability. Proceeding of International Conference on Engineering and Technological Sciences 2000, October 11,2000 Beijing, China. pp 15～27.
[70] 李继扬，洪立波．GIS与农业．北京：中国农业科技出版社，1998
[71] Steffe Jerome, Grenier Gilbert. Information System for Farms Using Precision Agriculture Techniques: Compatibility with EDI Standards. Proceedings of the 4th Intemational Conference on Precision Agriculture, 19-22 July 1998·St. Paul, MN. pp1833～1842.
[72] 刘林旺，徐茂，王绪奎，等．基本农田信息系统的建立及其应用．土壤学报，1999，36(4)：510～521．
[73] Massey Ferguson公司产品介绍．AGCO Ltd．1997
[74] CASE IH Corporation (2000): AFS Universal Display and Display Plus. 2000 User's Manual
[75] N. Zhang, R. Taylor. Applications of A Field-Level Geographic Information System (FIS) In Precision Agriculture [A]. Proc. of the 5rd Int. Conf. on Precision Agriculture CDROM [C], Minnesota, American, 2000 File No.214
[76] Zhang Naiqian, Randy Taylor, Shane Ruquistn. Development of a Field-level Geographic Information System (FIS). ASAE Paper, 1998 Paper No. 1120
[77] N. Zhang, E. Runquist et al. Making GIS a versatile analytical tool for research in precision farming [J]. Computers And Electronics In Agriculture, Vol. (22) 2-3, 1999:221～231
[78] 邝继双．变量施肥智能空间决策支持系统VRF-ISDSS—地理信息系统ArcView GIS在精细农业中的应用．保定．河北农业大学学报，1999，22(3)：79～81
[79] 用户手册，Using Arc View GIS．ESRI公司，1998
[80] 用户手册，Using the Arc view Spatial Analyst. ESRI公司，1998)
[81] www. trimble.com
[82] Environmental Systems Research Institute. ESRI Shapefile Technical Description - An ESRI White Paper [Z]. Redlands, CA, USA, 1997
[83] www. soilteq.com
[84] FieldStar Application Mapping System User's Guide. Dronningborg Industries, UK, 1998
[85] FieldStar Precision Farming System User's Guide. Dronningborg Industries, UK, 1998
[86] FieldStar Yield Mapping System User's Guide. Dronningborg Industries, UK, 1998
[87] www.johndeer. com
[88] www. agco.com
[89] www. casecorporation.com
[90] 郭达志，盛业华等．地理信息系统基础与应用．煤炭工业出版社，1997
[91] 毋河海，龚健雅．地理信息系统(GIS)空间数据结构与处理技术．测绘出版社，1997
[92] 朱光，季晓燕等．地理信息系统基本原理及应用．测绘出版社，1997
[93] 边馥苓．GIS地理信息系统原理和方法．测绘出版社，1996
[94] 张海藩，软件工程导论(第三版)，清华大学出版社，1998
[95] 林锐，软件工程思想，http://202.119.253.67/crystal/Lab/list.asp,2000
[96] www. rational.com.cn
[97] Kuang Jishuang, Wang Maohua. Study on a Field-level Geographic Information System for Precision Agriculture. Proceedings of the 31. International Symposium on Agriculture Engineering, 24-28 Feb, 2003, Opatija, Crotia, pp93-102
[98] ESRI technical white paper-the ESRI Shape file Technical Description http://www. esri.com/library/whitepapers/addl_lit.html
[99] Environmental Systems Research Institute, 1999
[100] 北京超图地理信息技术有限公司．理解Super Map GIS．Super Map 2000组件式地理信息系统用户手册2000：
7～15
[101] ESRI, Building Applications with MapObjects [M]. Redlands, CA, USA, 1999
[102] 何勇，方慧等．基于GPS和GIS的精细农业信息处理系统研究，农业工程学报，2002，18(1)：pp145-149
[103] Eric White and Roz Buick, Comparing GPS and Foam Marker Guidance, Trimble User Conference, 1998
[104] Lange, Arthur F. Differential GPS for Precision Agriculture Applications [A]. Proc. Trimble User Conference 1998 CDROM [C], USA, 1998:48～53
[105] 周乐群，杨岚．基于“3S”技术的国土资源与生态环境动态监测[J]．华南地质与矿产，2000 (04)：40-46
[106] 张显峰，崔伟宏，运用差分GPS动态获取高精度土地资源变化数据的新技术[J]．地球科学进展，2000(05)：609-613
[107] Arthur F. Lange, Differential GPS for Precision Agriculture Applications Differentioal GPS for Precision Agriculture Applications, Trimble User Conference 1998
[108] 李德仁，数据、软件及产品模式——讨论发展我国地理信息产业的若干问题，中国地理信息系统协会第三届年会论文集，1997，中国地理信息系统协会，北京，pp1-4
[109] Arellano, Brian, (1998) GPS Mapping Solutions at PNM [A]. Proc. Trimble User Conference 1998 CDROM [C], USA, 1998:446-451
[110] Arellano, Brian, (1998) GPS Mapping Solutions at PNM [A]. Proc. Trimble User Conference 1998 CDROM [C], USA, 1998:446-451
[111] 周清波，唐华俊等．GPS技术在土地资源动态监测中的应用—以四川省乐至县仙鹤乡为例[J]．中国农业资源与区划，1998(05)：49-51
[112] 严泰来等．基于分形理论与数字滤波的面插值．中国土壤学报，1999．1
[113] Arellano, Brian, (1998) GPS Mapping Solutions at PNM [A]. Proc. Trimble User Conference 1998 CDROM [C], USA, 1998:446-451
[114] 李崇贵，斯林等．以“3S”为基础的森林蓄积动态监测系统研究[J]．林业科学研究，2001(02)：223-226
[115] 张显峰，崔伟宏，运用RS、GPS和GIS技术进行大比例尺土地利用动态监测的实验研究[J]．地理科学进展，1999(02)：137-146
[116] Lange, Arthur F. Differential GPS for Precision Agriculture Applications [A]. Proc. Trimble User Conference 1998 CDROM [C], USA, 1998:48～53
[117] 李军．GPS动态技术在公路测设中的应用研究[J]．中南公路工程，2002，(02)：84-86
[118] 王晓栋，崔伟宏，GPS技术在县级土地利用动态监测中的应用[J]．遥感学报，1999(04)：318-323
[119] 薛鸿印，王广运．GPS高精度动态测量[J]．舰船科学技术，1998(02)：54-59
[120] 李军．GPS 动态技术在公路测设中的应用研究[J]．中南公路工程，2002，(02)：84-86
[121] 孙要夺．基于掌上电脑的农田空间信息采集器与应用软件开发研究：[硕士学位论文]．中国农业大学，2003
[122] 盛骤，谢式千，潘承毅，概率论与数理统计(第二版)，高等教育出版社，1989，p1
[123] 卢纹岱，朱一力，沙捷，等．SPSS for Windows从入门到精通．电子工业出版社，1997
[124] 彭昭英．世界统计与分析全才SAS系统应用开发指南．北京希望电子出版社，2000
[125] 边肇棋，张学工等．模式识别(第二版)．清华大学出版社，2000
[126] [美]Richard A．Johnson，Dean W．Wichern，实用多元统计分析(第四版)，陆璇译．北京：清华大学出版社，2001
[127] 赵新，GPS和GIS技术在草地资源调查中的应用，博士学位论文，华南农业大学，2002，p63
[128] McBratney, A.B., B.M. Wbelan, R.A. Viscarra Rossel. 1996. Spatial Predicition for Precision Agriculture. Precision Agriculture: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference, Robert, P. C., R.H. Rust, W.E, Larson, (Eds.), Madision, Wisconsin, ASA, CSSSA, SSSA, June 23-26, 1996, pp331-342
[129] Golden Software Inc. Surfer for Windows Version 6 User's Guide [Z]. Golden, CO, USA, 1997:530～531
[130] McBratney, A.B., and Pringle, M.J., 1997, Spatial variability in soil - implications for precision agriculture, Papers
of the First European Conference on Precision Agriculture, Vol.I, Warwick Uni. Conference Centre, UK, 7-10 Sep., 1997, pp18-21
[131] 汤国安，赵牡丹．地理信息系统．北京：科学出版社 2001
[132] 张漫，李相平等．CASE 2366谷物联合收割机AFS系统的使用及数据处理研究[A]．浙江省第二届青年学术论坛文集[C]．北京：中国科学技术出版社，2001．
[133] Blackmoore, S. and Moore, M. Remedial correction of Yield Map Data [J]. Precision Agriculture 1, 1999: 53～66.
[134] Kuang Jishuang, Zhang Man et al. Yield Mapping Using Case 2366 Harvester with AFS2000[A]. Proc. Int. Conf. on Agricultural Science and Technology, Session 6 [C]. November 7-9, 2001, Beijing, China, 2001: 342～344.
[135] Bausch, W.C., Duke, H.R., and lremonger C.J. 1996. Assessment of Plant Nitrogen in Irrigated Corn. Precision Agriculture: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference, Robert, P.C., R.H. Rust, W.E. Larson, (Eds.), Madison, Wisconsin, ASA, CSSSA, SSSA, June 23-26, 1996. pp23-32
[136] Gotway C.A., R.B. Ferguson, G.W. Hergert. 1996. The Effects of Mapping and Scale on Variable Rate Fertilizer Recommendations. Precision Agriculture: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference, Robert, P.C., R.H. Rust, W.E. Larson, (Eds.), Madison, Wisconsin, ASA, CSSSA, SSSA, June 23-26, 1996. pp321-330
[137] Ferguson, Richard B., Gotway, C.A., Hergert, G.W., and Peterson T.A. 1996. Soil Sampling for Site-Specific Nitrogen Management. Precision Agriculture: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference, Robert, P.C., R.H. Rust, W.E. Larson, (Eds.), Madison, Wisconsin, ASA, CSSSA, SSSA, June 23-26, 1996. pp13-22
[138] Rehm, G.W., J.A. Lamb, J.G. Davis, G.L. Malzer. 1996. P and K Grid Sampling: What Does It Yield Us?. Precision Agriculture: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference, Robert, P.C., R.H. Rust, W.E. Larson, (Eds.), Madison, Wisconsin, ASA, CSSSA, SSSA, June 23-26, 1996. pp949-956
[139] Hollands, K.R. 1996. Relationship of Nitrogen and Topography. Precision Agriculture: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference, Robert, P.C., R.H. Rust, W.E. Larson, (Eds.), Madison, Wisconsin, ASA, CSSSA, SSSA, June 23-26, 1996. pp3-12
[140] Mohamed, S.B., E.J. Evans, R.S. Shiel. 1996. Mapping Techniques and Intensity of Soil Sampling for Precision Farming. Precision Agriculture: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference, Robert, RC., R.H. Rust, W.E. Larson, (Eds.), Madison, Wisconsin, ASA, CSSSA, SSSA, June 23-26, 1996. pp217-226
[141] 哲盟水利处，内蒙水科所．内蒙古西辽河灌区土壤商情及灌水微机预报模型研究与应用成果报告，1991，12
[142] 单玉珊．小麦高产栽培技术原理．北京：科学出版社，2001
[143] 陕西省农林学校．土壤肥料学．农业出版社，1987
[144] 陈伦寿，李仁岗．农田施肥原理及实践．农业出版社，1984
[145] ReduUa, C.A., 1998, Variable-Rate Nitrogen Management for Irrigated Com, A Dissertation of The Doctor of Philosophy Degree, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University.
[146] 宋连启等．小麦栽培技术．中国农业出版社，1998．6
[147] Mallarino, A.P., P.N. Hinz, E.S. Oyarzabal. 1996. Multivariate Analysis as a Tool for Interpreting Relationships Between Site Variables and Crop Yidlds. Precision Agriculture: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference, Robert, P.C., R.H. Rust, W.E. Larson, (Eds.), Madison, Wisconsin, ASA, CSSSA, SSSA, June 23-26, 1996. pp151-158
[148] Sudduth, K.A., Drummond, S.T., Birrell, S.J., Kitchen, N.R., Analysis of spatioal Factors Influencing Crop Yield. Precision Agriculture: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference, Robert, EC., R.H. Rust, W.E. Larson, (Eds.), Madison, Wisconsin, ASA, CSSSA, SSSA, June 23-26, 1996. pp129-140
[149] J. Kuang, M. Wang. (2003). Study on a field-level geographic information system for precision agriculture. Proc. of 31 Int. Symposium on Agriculture Engineering, 24-28 Feb. 2003, Opatija, Croatia: pp93-102
[2] 李忻，黄丽华，贾敬敦．食物．农业．环境2020年展望．挑战与行动建议．北京：科学技术出版社，1999
[3] 李庆逵，朱兆良，于天仁．中国农业持续发展中的肥料问题．江西：江西科学技术出版社，1997
[4] 唐正平，世界农业问题研究．北京：中国农业出版社，1999
[5] 国家科学技术委员会．中国农业科学技术政策背景资料．北京：中国农业出版社，1997
[6] 汪懋华．“精细农作” ，知识经济时代的农田精耕细作技术，纪念中国科协成立40周年“科学技术面向新世纪”学术年会，“科技进步与学科发展”论文集上册，周光召主编．中国科学技术出版社出版，1998：296～299
[7] 李存东，曹卫星，李旭等．论作物信息技术及其发展战略．农业现代化研究，1998，19(1)：17～20．
[8] 徐可英．21世纪农业现代化的发展趋势—农业信息化．农业现代化研究，1999，20(4)：215～217．
[9] 朱文元．2000中国可持续发展战略报告．北京：科学技术出版社，2000
[10] 陈万金．21世纪中国农业．江西科学技术出版社，1998
[11] Lawrence D. Gaultney, Raymond D. Forney ,Monte Weller. Integrating Precision Farming Tools to Achieve Sustainability. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Precision Agriculture, 19-22 July 1998·St. Paul, MN. pp829～838.
[12] Liangshu Lu, Fangquan Mei. Food Security and Sustainable Development in China. Proceeding of International Conference on Engineering and Technological Sciences 2000, October 11,2000 Beijing, China. pp1～5.
[13] Wenhua Li. Integrated Farming System — An Important Approach toward Sustainable Agriculture in China. Proceeding of International Conference on Engineering and Technological Sciences 2000, October 11,2000 Beijing, China. pp6～14.
[14] Leiva F.R.,Morris J.,Blackmore S.B.. Precision Farming Techniques for Sustainable Agriculture. Proceedings of the First European Conference on Precision Agriculture, Warwick University, UK. 7～10,September 1997, pp957～966.
[15] 张伟．农业发展的新课题—精确农业．农业工程学报，1997，(3)：249～252．
[16] John V. Stafford. Implementing Precision Agriculture in the 21st Century, J. Agric. Eng Res. (2000)76, pp267-275.
[17] 王克林，李文祥．精确农业发展与农业生态工程创新．农业工程学报，2000，16(1)：5～8
[18] 刘爱民，封志明，徐丽明，现代精准农业及我国精准农业的发展方向．中国农业大学学报，2000，5(2)：20～25．
[19] Chunjiang Zhao,Maohua Wang. Progress of Beijing Demonstration Project on Precision Farming. Proceeding of International Conference on Engineering and Technological Sciences 2000, October 11,2000 Beijing, China. pp142～146.
[20] Xingwei Yang,Xiangsuo Duan. The Primary Design for Demonstration Base of Precision Farming in Shanghai. Proceeding of International Conference on Engineering and Technological Sciences 2000, October 11,2000 Beijing, China. pp 154～157.
[21] Chenglin Ma, Xianshu Piao,Chuncheng Zuo. Discussion on Developing Precision Farming in Jinlin Province of China by Steps. Proceeding of International Conference on Engineering and Technological Sciences 2000, October 11,2000 Beijing, China. pp150～153.
[22] 汪懋华．精细农业的实践与农业科技创新．中国软科学，1999，4：21～25．
[23] Simon Blackmore,Godwin R.J.,Taylor J.C. etc. Understanding Variability in Four Fields in the United Kingdom. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Precision Agriculture, 19-22 July 1998·St. Paul, MN.
pp3～18．
[24] 严泰来，朱德海，杨永侠．精确农业的由来与发展及其在我国的应用策略．计算机与农业，2000，1：3～5
[25] Stall G. Daberkow, William D. McBride. Adoption of Precision Agriculture Technology by U.S. Corn Producers. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Precision Agriculture, 19-22 July 1998'St. Paul, MN. pp1821～1832.
[26] Zhang M., Nyborg M., Solberg E.D.. The Factor of time: A New Consideration in Precision Farming. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference, Robert, P.C., R.H. Rust, W.E. Larson etc. Minneapolis,Minnesota, June 23-26, 1996. pp181-188.
[27] 邝朴生，蒋文科，刘刚，等．精确农业基础．北京：中国农业大学出版社，1999
[28] 田魁祥，王建江，陈素英．精确农业研究．北京：气象出版社，1999
[29] 伍尚忠．现代农业发展的战略与对策．暨南大学出版社，1997
[30] Baker J.,Colvin T.S.,Jaynes D.B..Potential Environmental Benefits of Adopting Precision Agriculture. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference. Minneapolis,Minnesota, June 23-26, 1996. Pp 1051-1052.
[31] Clay S. A.,Lems G.J.,Clay D.E. etc. Targeting Precision Agrichemical Application to Increase Productivity. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Precision Agriculture, 19-22 July 1998·St. Paul, MN. pp 1699～1708.
[32] Bouma J. Precision Agriculture: A Unique Tool to Unify Production and Environmental Requirement in Agriculture. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Precision Agriculture, 19-22 July 1998·St. Paul, MN. pp595～602.
[33] Oyarzabal, E.S., A.P. Mallarino, P.N. Hinz. Using Precision Farming Technologies for Improving Applied On-Farm Research. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference. Minneapolis,Minnesota, June 23-26, 1996. pp379-388
[34] 汪懋华．实现现代集约持续农业的工程科学技术-以色列．荷兰科技考察观感．农业工程学报，1998，14(3)：1～8
[35] 金继运．“精准农业”及其在我国的应用前景．植物营养与肥料学报，1998，4(1)：1～7．
[36] 吴连喜．精确农业的思考．计算机与农业，2000，3：1～3
[37] Ancha Srinivasan. Precision Farming in Asia: Progress and Prospects. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Precision Agriculture, 19-22 July 1998·St. Paul, MN. pp623-640.
[38] Dampney P.M.R., Moore M. Precision Agriculture in England: Current Practice and Research-Based Advice to Farmers. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Precision Agriculture, 19-22 July 1998·St Paul, MN. pp661～674.
[39] 刘刚．支持精细农业实践的农田空间分布信息处理的方法与试验研究[博士论文]．中国农业大学，2001
[40] 汪懋华．精细农业发展与工程技术创新．农业工程学报，1999，56(1)：1～8．
[41] Schueller J.K. Technology for precision agriculture. Proceedings of the First European Conference on Precision Agriculture, Warwick University, UK. 7～10,September 1997,pp33-44.
[42] Naiqian Zhang, Maohua Wang,Ning Wang. Precision Agriculture - a worldwide overview. Proceeding of International Conference on Engineering and Technological Sciences 2000, October 11,2000 Beijing, China. pp121～132.
[43] Schmerler J., Jurschik P.. Technological and Economic Results of Precision Farming from a 7200Hectares Farm in East Germany. Proceedings of the First European Conference on Precision Agriculture, Warwick University, UK. 7～10,September 1997,pp991～998.
[44] Stafford J.V.. Essential Technology for Precison Agriculture. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference. Minneapolis,Minnesota, June 23-26, 1996. Pp595-604.
[45] 刘世胜，刘世洪．1999．精确农业中的信息技术．计算机与农业．(3)：7-10
[46] 刘金铜，田魁祥，张广录等．信息农业初论．信息农业研究．北京：气象出版社，1998：1-8
[47] Jaynes, D.B. 1996. Improbed soil Sampling Using Electromagnetic Induction Surveys. Precision Agriculture: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference, Robert, P.C., R.H. Rust, W.E. Larson, (Eds.), Madison, Wisconsin, ASA, CSSSA, SSSA, June 23-26, 1996. pp169-180
[48] 李德仁．空间信息技术与农业发展，大自然探索，1999，18(1)：1～6．
[49] Fangquan Mci. Analysis of the Development of Agricultural Information Technology in China. Proceeding of International Conference on Engineering and Technological Sciences 2000, October 11,2000 Beijing, China. pp34～40.
[50] 丁志林．全球定位系统综述．无线电工程．1989(4)：10-20
[51] 张博．GPS在农业中的应用技术研究：[学位论文]．北京：中国农业大学，2000
[52] 邬伦，刘瑜，张晶等．地理信息系统一原理、方法和应用，北京．科学出版社，2001：346～396
[53] 仇肇悦，李军等．遥感应用技术[M]．武汉：武汉测绘大学出版社，1995：73
[54] Schepers J.S., T.M. Blackmer, T. Shah, N. Christensen. 1996. Remote Sensing Tools for Site-Specific Management. Precision Agriculture: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference, Robert, P.C., R.H. Rust, W.E. Larson, (Eds.), Madison, Wisconsin, ASA, CSSSA, SSSA, June 23-26, 1996. pp315-320
[55] 高洪深．决策支持系统(DSS)理论．方法．案例．清华大学出版社，广西科学技术出版社，1996
[56] Kim L. Fleming,Dwayne G. Westfall,Dale F. Heermann etc. Precision Farming: From Technology to Decisions A Case Study. Proceedings of the 4th Intemational Conference on Precision Agriculture, 19-22 July 1998·St. Paul, MN. pp1777～1784.
[57] 邝继双．冬小麦变量施肥智能空间决策支持系统(VRF-ISDSS)的研究与实现．[硕士学位论文]，河北：河北农业大学，1999．
[58] Rawlins S.L. Moving from Precision to Prescription Farming: The Next Plateau. Precision Agriculture. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference. Minneapolis,Minnesota, June 23-26, 1996. pp283-294.
[59] Crookston R.K.. Using Decision Cases to Enhance Technology Transfer in Precision Agriculture. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference. Minneapolis,Minnesota, June 23-26, 1996. Pp 1117-1122.
[60] 赵春江，杨宝祝．智能技术与农业-国家863计划306主题重点资助项目：北京地区智能化农业信息技术应用示范工程论文集．计算机与农业，增刊，1998
[61] Stuart Birrell, Kenneth Sudduth, Steven Borgelt. Comparison of sensors and techniques for crop yield mapping. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 1999. 23(2): 215-233
[62] Hermann Speckmann, Gerhard Jahns. Development and application of an agricultural BUS for data transfer. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 1999. 23(1): 219-237
[63] G. Pelletier, Shrini K. Upadhyaya. Development of a tomato load/yield monitor. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 1999.23 (2): 103-117
[64] K.R. DeHaan, G. T. Vessey, D. A. Holmstrom. Relating potato yield to the level of soil degradation using a bulk yield monitor and differential global positioning systems. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 1999. 23 (2): 133-143
[65] Karl Wild, Hermann Auernhammer. 1999. A weighing system for local yield monitoring of forage crops in round balers. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 23 (2): 119-132
[66] Simon Blackmore. Developing the Principles of Precision Farming. Proceeding of International Conference on Engineering and Technological Sciences 2000, October 11,2000 Beijing, China. pp 133～136.
[67] 齐文虎，石玉林．计算机控制农业．资源科学，1998，20(2)：34～38．
[68] Jutta Rogasik, Dirk Schoeder, Ewald Schnug etc. Operational Precision Agriculture on a Large Scale Farm in Eastern Germany. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Precision Agriculture, 19-22 July 1998·St. Paul, MN. pp885～896.
[69] Sidney Cox. Information Technology: the Global Key to Precision Agriculture and Sustainability. Proceeding of International Conference on Engineering and Technological Sciences 2000, October 11,2000 Beijing, China. pp 15～27.
[70] 李继扬，洪立波．GIS与农业．北京：中国农业科技出版社，1998
[71] Steffe Jerome, Grenier Gilbert. Information System for Farms Using Precision Agriculture Techniques: Compatibility with EDI Standards. Proceedings of the 4th Intemational Conference on Precision Agriculture, 19-22 July 1998·St. Paul, MN. pp1833～1842.
[72] 刘林旺，徐茂，王绪奎，等．基本农田信息系统的建立及其应用．土壤学报，1999，36(4)：510～521．
[73] Massey Ferguson公司产品介绍．AGCO Ltd．1997
[74] CASE IH Corporation (2000): AFS Universal Display and Display Plus. 2000 User's Manual
[75] N. Zhang, R. Taylor. Applications of A Field-Level Geographic Information System (FIS) In Precision Agriculture [A]. Proc. of the 5rd Int. Conf. on Precision Agriculture CDROM [C], Minnesota, American, 2000 File No.214
[76] Zhang Naiqian, Randy Taylor, Shane Ruquistn. Development of a Field-level Geographic Information System (FIS). ASAE Paper, 1998 Paper No. 1120
[77] N. Zhang, E. Runquist et al. Making GIS a versatile analytical tool for research in precision farming [J]. Computers And Electronics In Agriculture, Vol. (22) 2-3, 1999:221～231
[78] 邝继双．变量施肥智能空间决策支持系统VRF-ISDSS—地理信息系统ArcView GIS在精细农业中的应用．保定．河北农业大学学报，1999，22(3)：79～81
[79] 用户手册，Using Arc View GIS．ESRI公司，1998
[80] 用户手册，Using the Arc view Spatial Analyst. ESRI公司，1998)
[81] www. trimble.com
[82] Environmental Systems Research Institute. ESRI Shapefile Technical Description - An ESRI White Paper [Z]. Redlands, CA, USA, 1997
[83] www. soilteq.com
[84] FieldStar Application Mapping System User's Guide. Dronningborg Industries, UK, 1998
[85] FieldStar Precision Farming System User's Guide. Dronningborg Industries, UK, 1998
[86] FieldStar Yield Mapping System User's Guide. Dronningborg Industries, UK, 1998
[87] www.johndeer. com
[88] www. agco.com
[89] www. casecorporation.com
[90] 郭达志，盛业华等．地理信息系统基础与应用．煤炭工业出版社，1997
[91] 毋河海，龚健雅．地理信息系统(GIS)空间数据结构与处理技术．测绘出版社，1997
[92] 朱光，季晓燕等．地理信息系统基本原理及应用．测绘出版社，1997
[93] 边馥苓．GIS地理信息系统原理和方法．测绘出版社，1996
[94] 张海藩，软件工程导论(第三版)，清华大学出版社，1998
[95] 林锐，软件工程思想，http://202.119.253.67/crystal/Lab/list.asp,2000
[96] www. rational.com.cn
[97] Kuang Jishuang, Wang Maohua. Study on a Field-level Geographic Information System for Precision Agriculture. Proceedings of the 31. International Symposium on Agriculture Engineering, 24-28 Feb, 2003, Opatija, Crotia, pp93-102
[98] ESRI technical white paper-the ESRI Shape file Technical Description http://www. esri.com/library/whitepapers/addl_lit.html
[99] Environmental Systems Research Institute, 1999
[100] 北京超图地理信息技术有限公司．理解Super Map GIS．Super Map 2000组件式地理信息系统用户手册2000：
7～15
[101] ESRI, Building Applications with MapObjects [M]. Redlands, CA, USA, 1999
[102] 何勇，方慧等．基于GPS和GIS的精细农业信息处理系统研究，农业工程学报，2002，18(1)：pp145-149
[103] Eric White and Roz Buick, Comparing GPS and Foam Marker Guidance, Trimble User Conference, 1998
[104] Lange, Arthur F. Differential GPS for Precision Agriculture Applications [A]. Proc. Trimble User Conference 1998 CDROM [C], USA, 1998:48～53
[105] 周乐群，杨岚．基于“3S”技术的国土资源与生态环境动态监测[J]．华南地质与矿产，2000 (04)：40-46
[106] 张显峰，崔伟宏，运用差分GPS动态获取高精度土地资源变化数据的新技术[J]．地球科学进展，2000(05)：609-613
[107] Arthur F. Lange, Differential GPS for Precision Agriculture Applications Differentioal GPS for Precision Agriculture Applications, Trimble User Conference 1998
[108] 李德仁，数据、软件及产品模式——讨论发展我国地理信息产业的若干问题，中国地理信息系统协会第三届年会论文集，1997，中国地理信息系统协会，北京，pp1-4
[109] Arellano, Brian, (1998) GPS Mapping Solutions at PNM [A]. Proc. Trimble User Conference 1998 CDROM [C], USA, 1998:446-451
[110] Arellano, Brian, (1998) GPS Mapping Solutions at PNM [A]. Proc. Trimble User Conference 1998 CDROM [C], USA, 1998:446-451
[111] 周清波，唐华俊等．GPS技术在土地资源动态监测中的应用—以四川省乐至县仙鹤乡为例[J]．中国农业资源与区划，1998(05)：49-51
[112] 严泰来等．基于分形理论与数字滤波的面插值．中国土壤学报，1999．1
[113] Arellano, Brian, (1998) GPS Mapping Solutions at PNM [A]. Proc. Trimble User Conference 1998 CDROM [C], USA, 1998:446-451
[114] 李崇贵，斯林等．以“3S”为基础的森林蓄积动态监测系统研究[J]．林业科学研究，2001(02)：223-226
[115] 张显峰，崔伟宏，运用RS、GPS和GIS技术进行大比例尺土地利用动态监测的实验研究[J]．地理科学进展，1999(02)：137-146
[116] Lange, Arthur F. Differential GPS for Precision Agriculture Applications [A]. Proc. Trimble User Conference 1998 CDROM [C], USA, 1998:48～53
[117] 李军．GPS动态技术在公路测设中的应用研究[J]．中南公路工程，2002，(02)：84-86
[118] 王晓栋，崔伟宏，GPS技术在县级土地利用动态监测中的应用[J]．遥感学报，1999(04)：318-323
[119] 薛鸿印，王广运．GPS高精度动态测量[J]．舰船科学技术，1998(02)：54-59
[120] 李军．GPS 动态技术在公路测设中的应用研究[J]．中南公路工程，2002，(02)：84-86
[121] 孙要夺．基于掌上电脑的农田空间信息采集器与应用软件开发研究：[硕士学位论文]．中国农业大学，2003
[122] 盛骤，谢式千，潘承毅，概率论与数理统计(第二版)，高等教育出版社，1989，p1
[123] 卢纹岱，朱一力，沙捷，等．SPSS for Windows从入门到精通．电子工业出版社，1997
[124] 彭昭英．世界统计与分析全才SAS系统应用开发指南．北京希望电子出版社，2000
[125] 边肇棋，张学工等．模式识别(第二版)．清华大学出版社，2000
[126] [美]Richard A．Johnson，Dean W．Wichern，实用多元统计分析(第四版)，陆璇译．北京：清华大学出版社，2001
[127] 赵新，GPS和GIS技术在草地资源调查中的应用，博士学位论文，华南农业大学，2002，p63
[128] McBratney, A.B., B.M. Wbelan, R.A. Viscarra Rossel. 1996. Spatial Predicition for Precision Agriculture. Precision Agriculture: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference, Robert, P. C., R.H. Rust, W.E, Larson, (Eds.), Madision, Wisconsin, ASA, CSSSA, SSSA, June 23-26, 1996, pp331-342
[129] Golden Software Inc. Surfer for Windows Version 6 User's Guide [Z]. Golden, CO, USA, 1997:530～531
[130] McBratney, A.B., and Pringle, M.J., 1997, Spatial variability in soil - implications for precision agriculture, Papers
of the First European Conference on Precision Agriculture, Vol.I, Warwick Uni. Conference Centre, UK, 7-10 Sep., 1997, pp18-21
[131] 汤国安，赵牡丹．地理信息系统．北京：科学出版社 2001
[132] 张漫，李相平等．CASE 2366谷物联合收割机AFS系统的使用及数据处理研究[A]．浙江省第二届青年学术论坛文集[C]．北京：中国科学技术出版社，2001．
[133] Blackmoore, S. and Moore, M. Remedial correction of Yield Map Data [J]. Precision Agriculture 1, 1999: 53～66.
[134] Kuang Jishuang, Zhang Man et al. Yield Mapping Using Case 2366 Harvester with AFS2000[A]. Proc. Int. Conf. on Agricultural Science and Technology, Session 6 [C]. November 7-9, 2001, Beijing, China, 2001: 342～344.
[135] Bausch, W.C., Duke, H.R., and lremonger C.J. 1996. Assessment of Plant Nitrogen in Irrigated Corn. Precision Agriculture: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference, Robert, P.C., R.H. Rust, W.E. Larson, (Eds.), Madison, Wisconsin, ASA, CSSSA, SSSA, June 23-26, 1996. pp23-32
[136] Gotway C.A., R.B. Ferguson, G.W. Hergert. 1996. The Effects of Mapping and Scale on Variable Rate Fertilizer Recommendations. Precision Agriculture: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference, Robert, P.C., R.H. Rust, W.E. Larson, (Eds.), Madison, Wisconsin, ASA, CSSSA, SSSA, June 23-26, 1996. pp321-330
[137] Ferguson, Richard B., Gotway, C.A., Hergert, G.W., and Peterson T.A. 1996. Soil Sampling for Site-Specific Nitrogen Management. Precision Agriculture: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference, Robert, P.C., R.H. Rust, W.E. Larson, (Eds.), Madison, Wisconsin, ASA, CSSSA, SSSA, June 23-26, 1996. pp13-22
[138] Rehm, G.W., J.A. Lamb, J.G. Davis, G.L. Malzer. 1996. P and K Grid Sampling: What Does It Yield Us?. Precision Agriculture: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference, Robert, P.C., R.H. Rust, W.E. Larson, (Eds.), Madison, Wisconsin, ASA, CSSSA, SSSA, June 23-26, 1996. pp949-956
[139] Hollands, K.R. 1996. Relationship of Nitrogen and Topography. Precision Agriculture: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference, Robert, P.C., R.H. Rust, W.E. Larson, (Eds.), Madison, Wisconsin, ASA, CSSSA, SSSA, June 23-26, 1996. pp3-12
[140] Mohamed, S.B., E.J. Evans, R.S. Shiel. 1996. Mapping Techniques and Intensity of Soil Sampling for Precision Farming. Precision Agriculture: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference, Robert, RC., R.H. Rust, W.E. Larson, (Eds.), Madison, Wisconsin, ASA, CSSSA, SSSA, June 23-26, 1996. pp217-226
[141] 哲盟水利处，内蒙水科所．内蒙古西辽河灌区土壤商情及灌水微机预报模型研究与应用成果报告，1991，12
[142] 单玉珊．小麦高产栽培技术原理．北京：科学出版社，2001
[143] 陕西省农林学校．土壤肥料学．农业出版社，1987
[144] 陈伦寿，李仁岗．农田施肥原理及实践．农业出版社，1984
[145] ReduUa, C.A., 1998, Variable-Rate Nitrogen Management for Irrigated Com, A Dissertation of The Doctor of Philosophy Degree, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University.
[146] 宋连启等．小麦栽培技术．中国农业出版社，1998．6
[147] Mallarino, A.P., P.N. Hinz, E.S. Oyarzabal. 1996. Multivariate Analysis as a Tool for Interpreting Relationships Between Site Variables and Crop Yidlds. Precision Agriculture: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference, Robert, P.C., R.H. Rust, W.E. Larson, (Eds.), Madison, Wisconsin, ASA, CSSSA, SSSA, June 23-26, 1996. pp151-158
[148] Sudduth, K.A., Drummond, S.T., Birrell, S.J., Kitchen, N.R., Analysis of spatioal Factors Influencing Crop Yield. Precision Agriculture: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference, Robert, EC., R.H. Rust, W.E. Larson, (Eds.), Madison, Wisconsin, ASA, CSSSA, SSSA, June 23-26, 1996. pp129-140
[149] J. Kuang, M. Wang. (2003). Study on a field-level geographic information system for precision agriculture. Proc. of 31 Int. Symposium on Agriculture Engineering, 24-28 Feb. 2003, Opatija, Croatia: pp93-102