基于线损分析的电能计量装置误差研究
摘要
线损分析,是电力企业为降低供电过程中电能所采取的各种组织措施和技术措施的总称。当前,在能源短缺的情况下,努力降低线损,提高能源利用效率,以向用户提供更多的电力,对促进工农业生产,节约动力资源,降低供电成本,具有不可低估的经济价值和现实意义。
线损主要包括可变损耗、固定损耗和其他损耗。目前很多专家学者对可变损耗和固定损耗的研究比较多,本课题主要研究属于其他损耗的电能计量装置误差对线损的影响。
本文采用理论联系实际的方式,从线损率概念入手,介绍线损分析的原理方法以及相关的线损专业知识,通过查找设备技术参数计算理论线损,利用电量报表计算统计线损,然后将两者进行比较,找出线损异常的线路,对电能计量回路的二次负载、二次压降、电压切换装置、互感器容量及准确度、电缆长度及截面积、电能表的准确度分别进行了细致地分析研究。
利用测试电能表误差、电压互感器二次压降、互感器二次负载等一系列先进技术,研究发现二次压降和二次负载是影响电能计量装置误差的最主要原因。研究发现隔离刀闸辅助接点、端子柜内二次空气开关均存在不同程度的二次压降,这在日常工作中极易被忽视。
结合油田热电厂110kV系统升级改造对影响线损的因素提出了有针对性的改进措施,采用计量专用的电压互感器绕组和电流互感器绕组,使用高精度电子表替代高能耗感应表,有效地降低了二次压降和二次负载,从而减少了电能损耗,有效地降低了线损,最终让企业达到节能增效的目的。
最后,通过张铁匠变电所和油田热电厂两个实例,利用理论线损计算和电量平衡等方法,结合先进测试技术,在实际研究中归纳总结出影响电能计量装置误差的诸多原因,并对其采取了相应措施,取得了良好的节能效果。
Line loss analysis is the power companies which have taken the various organizational and technical measures collectively to reduce electricity supply. At present, the energy shortage in the circumstances, efforts to reduce line losses, improve the efficiency of energy use in order to provide more electricity, the promotion of industrial and agricultural production, to save power resources, lower cost of electricity, with the economic value should not be underestimated and practical significance.
Line losses include variable loss and fixed loss and other loss. At present, many experts and scholars study on the variable and fixed-loss much more, the subject research during the energy metering device error on the impact of line losses.
The use of test power meter error, the second drop voltage transformer, transformer secondary load a series of advanced technologies, the study found that the second drop and the second load are the most important impact cause of energy metering devices error. The study found the isolation switch auxiliary contact, terminal secondary air switch inside there are varying degrees of secondary voltage drop, which in daily work can easily be ignored.
Combination of oil thermal power plant of 110 kV system, upgrading of the impact of line loss factors put forward specific measures for improvement, using the measurement dedicated voltage transformer windings and the current transformer windings, the use of high-precision electronic forms of alternative energy sensors meter, effective reducing the secondary and secondary load voltage drop, thereby reducing power loss, effectively reduces the line losses, and ultimately allow enterprises to achieve the purpose of energy efficiency.
Finally, by two examples of Zhang blacksmith transformer station and oil thermal power plant, using calculation of theoretical line loss and power balance method, combined with advanced testing technology, in the actual study summarized the impact of energy metering device error for many reasons, then took corresponding measures, and achieved a good energy saving effect.
线损主要包括可变损耗、固定损耗和其他损耗。目前很多专家学者对可变损耗和固定损耗的研究比较多,本课题主要研究属于其他损耗的电能计量装置误差对线损的影响。
本文采用理论联系实际的方式,从线损率概念入手,介绍线损分析的原理方法以及相关的线损专业知识,通过查找设备技术参数计算理论线损,利用电量报表计算统计线损,然后将两者进行比较,找出线损异常的线路,对电能计量回路的二次负载、二次压降、电压切换装置、互感器容量及准确度、电缆长度及截面积、电能表的准确度分别进行了细致地分析研究。
利用测试电能表误差、电压互感器二次压降、互感器二次负载等一系列先进技术,研究发现二次压降和二次负载是影响电能计量装置误差的最主要原因。研究发现隔离刀闸辅助接点、端子柜内二次空气开关均存在不同程度的二次压降,这在日常工作中极易被忽视。
结合油田热电厂110kV系统升级改造对影响线损的因素提出了有针对性的改进措施,采用计量专用的电压互感器绕组和电流互感器绕组,使用高精度电子表替代高能耗感应表,有效地降低了二次压降和二次负载,从而减少了电能损耗,有效地降低了线损,最终让企业达到节能增效的目的。
最后,通过张铁匠变电所和油田热电厂两个实例,利用理论线损计算和电量平衡等方法,结合先进测试技术,在实际研究中归纳总结出影响电能计量装置误差的诸多原因,并对其采取了相应措施,取得了良好的节能效果。
Line loss analysis is the power companies which have taken the various organizational and technical measures collectively to reduce electricity supply. At present, the energy shortage in the circumstances, efforts to reduce line losses, improve the efficiency of energy use in order to provide more electricity, the promotion of industrial and agricultural production, to save power resources, lower cost of electricity, with the economic value should not be underestimated and practical significance.
Line losses include variable loss and fixed loss and other loss. At present, many experts and scholars study on the variable and fixed-loss much more, the subject research during the energy metering device error on the impact of line losses.
The use of test power meter error, the second drop voltage transformer, transformer secondary load a series of advanced technologies, the study found that the second drop and the second load are the most important impact cause of energy metering devices error. The study found the isolation switch auxiliary contact, terminal secondary air switch inside there are varying degrees of secondary voltage drop, which in daily work can easily be ignored.
Combination of oil thermal power plant of 110 kV system, upgrading of the impact of line loss factors put forward specific measures for improvement, using the measurement dedicated voltage transformer windings and the current transformer windings, the use of high-precision electronic forms of alternative energy sensors meter, effective reducing the secondary and secondary load voltage drop, thereby reducing power loss, effectively reduces the line losses, and ultimately allow enterprises to achieve the purpose of energy efficiency.
Finally, by two examples of Zhang blacksmith transformer station and oil thermal power plant, using calculation of theoretical line loss and power balance method, combined with advanced testing technology, in the actual study summarized the impact of energy metering device error for many reasons, then took corresponding measures, and achieved a good energy saving effect.
引文
[1]中华人民共和国国家经济贸易委员会,DL/T448-2000,电能计量装置技术管理规程[S],北京:中国电力出版社,2001-01-01.
[2]张利生,电力网电能损耗管理及降损技术[M],北京:中国电力出版社,2005.
[3]陈向群,电能计量技能考核培训教材[M],北京:中国电力出版社,2003.
[4]于永源,电力系统分析[M],湖南:湖南师范大学出版社,1992.
[5]杨秀台,电力网线损的理论计算和分析[M],北京:水利电力出版社,1985.
[6]陈怡,蒋平,万秋兰,电力系统分析[M],北京:中国电力出版社, 2005.
[7]王新学,电力网及电力系统[M],北京:中国电力出版社,1998.
[8]赵修民,测量用互感器[M],北京:机械工业出版社,1986.
[9]陈珩,电力系统稳态分析[M]北京:水利电力出版社,1995.
[10]李文娟,电能计量学[M],北京:水利电力出版社,1989.
[11]浙江大学发电教研组,南京供电局编,线损的理论计算和降损的技术措施[M],北京:电力工业出版社,1980.
[12]电力工业部电力规划设计总院编,电力系统设计手册[Z],北京:中国电力出版社,1998.
[13]吴安官,倪保珊,电力系统线损[M],北京:中国电力出版社,1996.
[14]周建生,黄小悦,降低电压互感器二次回路压降的技术措施[J],电测与仪表,2001,38(8):27-28.
[15]郑州大方软件有限公司,电力网理论线损计算与分析[M],2004.
[16]俞盛荣,对电压互感器二次压降的研究[J].电测与仪表,1991,28(1):2-3.
[17]彭时雄,电压互感器二次导线压降引起电能计量误差的测试计算及改进技术[M],水利电力出版社,1987:46-47.
[18]宋文军,山东电网关口计量点电能表及计量装置普测情况分析[J],电测与仪表,2000,37(3):9-11.
[19]王燕莉,刘振鹏,丁虹,宋作霞.电子式电度表与感应式电度表的比较[J],电测与仪表,2001,38(10):10-11.
[20]唐佐梁.电能计量手册[Z].河南省科技出版社,1990.
[21]卢江,安锦凤.电能计量二次回路失压、断流、短路的防范措施[J].电测与仪表,2000,37(3):31-32.
[22]韩松林,王学斌,三相电度表的错接线及其对电能计量的影响(上)[J].电测与仪表,1999,36(1):19-22.
[23]南京丹迪克电力有限公司,DK-45K2二次压降及负荷测试仪使用手册[Z],2004.
[24]邱志波,李世斌,李来伟,三相电能计量装置连接方式的分析[J],电测与仪表,1996,33(10):18-20.
[25](美)、CARSONW.TAYLOR著,电力系统电压稳定,王伟胜译,北京:中国电力出版社,2001. .
[2]张利生,电力网电能损耗管理及降损技术[M],北京:中国电力出版社,2005.
[3]陈向群,电能计量技能考核培训教材[M],北京:中国电力出版社,2003.
[4]于永源,电力系统分析[M],湖南:湖南师范大学出版社,1992.
[5]杨秀台,电力网线损的理论计算和分析[M],北京:水利电力出版社,1985.
[6]陈怡,蒋平,万秋兰,电力系统分析[M],北京:中国电力出版社, 2005.
[7]王新学,电力网及电力系统[M],北京:中国电力出版社,1998.
[8]赵修民,测量用互感器[M],北京:机械工业出版社,1986.
[9]陈珩,电力系统稳态分析[M]北京:水利电力出版社,1995.
[10]李文娟,电能计量学[M],北京:水利电力出版社,1989.
[11]浙江大学发电教研组,南京供电局编,线损的理论计算和降损的技术措施[M],北京:电力工业出版社,1980.
[12]电力工业部电力规划设计总院编,电力系统设计手册[Z],北京:中国电力出版社,1998.
[13]吴安官,倪保珊,电力系统线损[M],北京:中国电力出版社,1996.
[14]周建生,黄小悦,降低电压互感器二次回路压降的技术措施[J],电测与仪表,2001,38(8):27-28.
[15]郑州大方软件有限公司,电力网理论线损计算与分析[M],2004.
[16]俞盛荣,对电压互感器二次压降的研究[J].电测与仪表,1991,28(1):2-3.
[17]彭时雄,电压互感器二次导线压降引起电能计量误差的测试计算及改进技术[M],水利电力出版社,1987:46-47.
[18]宋文军,山东电网关口计量点电能表及计量装置普测情况分析[J],电测与仪表,2000,37(3):9-11.
[19]王燕莉,刘振鹏,丁虹,宋作霞.电子式电度表与感应式电度表的比较[J],电测与仪表,2001,38(10):10-11.
[20]唐佐梁.电能计量手册[Z].河南省科技出版社,1990.
[21]卢江,安锦凤.电能计量二次回路失压、断流、短路的防范措施[J].电测与仪表,2000,37(3):31-32.
[22]韩松林,王学斌,三相电度表的错接线及其对电能计量的影响(上)[J].电测与仪表,1999,36(1):19-22.
[23]南京丹迪克电力有限公司,DK-45K2二次压降及负荷测试仪使用手册[Z],2004.
[24]邱志波,李世斌,李来伟,三相电能计量装置连接方式的分析[J],电测与仪表,1996,33(10):18-20.
[25](美)、CARSONW.TAYLOR著,电力系统电压稳定,王伟胜译,北京:中国电力出版社,2001. .