基于绕组温升控制的变压器经济运行研究
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摘要
变压器是电力系统中重要的一次设备，在供电部门和用电单位、用户之间起着桥梁的作用。变压器在能量传输过程中会消耗掉一部分电能，变成自身损耗并转化成热能、声能以及光能，引起变压器温度升高。变压器的损耗大小和自身技术参数、负载大小以及运行环境等密切相关。随着全球经济的飞速发展，对能源的渴求越来越迫切，能源问题越来越为人们所关注，实现变压器经济运行是供电部门及重要用户节能降损、解决能源问题的有效手段之一。
本文简要介绍了变压器运行中损耗的计算，讨论了其与变压器结构工艺、技术参数、负载大小以及运行环境之间的关系，讨论了如何实现变压器经济运行的一些基本问题。分析了变压器内部热源的产生、分布及其向外界进行热传递的过程，讨论了变压器内部有关介质热特性参数、介质组合及辅助冷却装置对变压器热传递过程以及绕组温升产生的影响，由此在不同情况下对变压器的负载损耗进行了相应修正。
本文的一个重点是在变压器绕组温升变化的基础上，分析并计算得出变压器绕组负载损耗的变化，同时把投入运行的冷却器功率纳入变压器经济运行考量的范畴，得到了基于绕组温升控制的变压器经济运行计算方法。
本文的另一个重点是依据基于绕组温升控制的变压器经济运行计算方法，结合可编程控制器智能控制技术，设计了开发了一套基于绕组温升控制与投入冷却器功率比较的强油循环风冷系统，用以实现淄博供电公司博山变电站220kV变压器基于绕组温升控制的经济运行。最后通过基于绕组温升智能控制的强油循环风冷系统的实际应用，对实际节能效果进行了分析、计算、比较，节能降损效果明显，并总结了系统不足及可完善提高的地方，展望了基于绕组温升智能控制的强油循环风冷系统的应用趋势。
Transformer is one of the most comprehensive application equipments in power system, itconnects power supply bureaus and enterprises and consumers. Transformer has some reactiveloss and active loss in process of power's transferring, and the loss transforms to the energy ofheat and sound and light, then the temperature of the transformer rises. The loss of thetransformer relates to the characters of the transformer, the load and some parameters of theenvironment. With the growth of industry, more and more energy sources are needed, andpeople is paying much attention to save them. The economic operation of power transformer isan important and feasible method to save energy for power supply bureaus and enterprises.
This paper introduces the value of the loss of the transformer in the process of power'stransferring, concludes that the value of the loss is changing with the different technicalcharacteristics among the transformers and environment, discusses the various economicoperation modes of transformers in brief. We analyze the producing and the distribution of theheat in the transformer, discuss the influence of the thermal character and place of the materialsand the radiator in the transformer to the temperature rise of winding, then modify the value ofthe loss of the transformer.
One of the emphases of this paper is to analyze and calculate the change of the loss in thewindings based on the temperature rise, the power of the radiator in the transformer should beconsidered and studied in the economic operation of the power transformer, then we find amethod to calculate the value of the loss based on the temperature rise of the transformer.
Another is to design a set of the cooling control system of the power transformer with theoil-direct and air-force (ODAF) cooling style based on the temperature rise and the power ofthe radiator, moreover, the system has intelligent Control method owe to PLC, and the coolingcontrol system is applied to the power transformer of Bo Shan transformer substation. Duringthe cooling control system's working, we have calculated the value of the loss based on thetemperature rise and the power of the radiator in the locale of Bo Shan transformer substation,the result shows that the cooling control system helps the power transformer reduce its loss inpower's transferring. But we point out some shortages of the system, and offer many methodsto get rid of them, the system has a comprehensive foreground of application in all probability.
本文简要介绍了变压器运行中损耗的计算，讨论了其与变压器结构工艺、技术参数、负载大小以及运行环境之间的关系，讨论了如何实现变压器经济运行的一些基本问题。分析了变压器内部热源的产生、分布及其向外界进行热传递的过程，讨论了变压器内部有关介质热特性参数、介质组合及辅助冷却装置对变压器热传递过程以及绕组温升产生的影响，由此在不同情况下对变压器的负载损耗进行了相应修正。
本文的一个重点是在变压器绕组温升变化的基础上，分析并计算得出变压器绕组负载损耗的变化，同时把投入运行的冷却器功率纳入变压器经济运行考量的范畴，得到了基于绕组温升控制的变压器经济运行计算方法。
本文的另一个重点是依据基于绕组温升控制的变压器经济运行计算方法，结合可编程控制器智能控制技术，设计了开发了一套基于绕组温升控制与投入冷却器功率比较的强油循环风冷系统，用以实现淄博供电公司博山变电站220kV变压器基于绕组温升控制的经济运行。最后通过基于绕组温升智能控制的强油循环风冷系统的实际应用，对实际节能效果进行了分析、计算、比较，节能降损效果明显，并总结了系统不足及可完善提高的地方，展望了基于绕组温升智能控制的强油循环风冷系统的应用趋势。
Transformer is one of the most comprehensive application equipments in power system, itconnects power supply bureaus and enterprises and consumers. Transformer has some reactiveloss and active loss in process of power's transferring, and the loss transforms to the energy ofheat and sound and light, then the temperature of the transformer rises. The loss of thetransformer relates to the characters of the transformer, the load and some parameters of theenvironment. With the growth of industry, more and more energy sources are needed, andpeople is paying much attention to save them. The economic operation of power transformer isan important and feasible method to save energy for power supply bureaus and enterprises.
This paper introduces the value of the loss of the transformer in the process of power'stransferring, concludes that the value of the loss is changing with the different technicalcharacteristics among the transformers and environment, discusses the various economicoperation modes of transformers in brief. We analyze the producing and the distribution of theheat in the transformer, discuss the influence of the thermal character and place of the materialsand the radiator in the transformer to the temperature rise of winding, then modify the value ofthe loss of the transformer.
One of the emphases of this paper is to analyze and calculate the change of the loss in thewindings based on the temperature rise, the power of the radiator in the transformer should beconsidered and studied in the economic operation of the power transformer, then we find amethod to calculate the value of the loss based on the temperature rise of the transformer.
Another is to design a set of the cooling control system of the power transformer with theoil-direct and air-force (ODAF) cooling style based on the temperature rise and the power ofthe radiator, moreover, the system has intelligent Control method owe to PLC, and the coolingcontrol system is applied to the power transformer of Bo Shan transformer substation. Duringthe cooling control system's working, we have calculated the value of the loss based on thetemperature rise and the power of the radiator in the locale of Bo Shan transformer substation,the result shows that the cooling control system helps the power transformer reduce its loss inpower's transferring. But we point out some shortages of the system, and offer many methodsto get rid of them, the system has a comprehensive foreground of application in all probability.
引文
[1] 毛一之，王秀春，韩鹏．应用绕组测温装置测量变压器绕组温度的必要性和可行性分析，《变压器》2004．9
[2] 李广河，杨忠礼，宋国兵．温度预测法在变压器油温控制中的应用，《华中电力》，2004．2
[3] 从龙飞，冯恩民，郭振岩等．油浸风冷变压器温度场的数值模拟《变压器》，2003．5
[4] 文鸣鑫，咸日常．现场变压器经济运行的实例分析，《山东电力技术》，2003．4
[5] 李东，咸日常．配电变压器的发展趋势与应用情况介绍，《山东电力技术》，2003．4
[6] 咸日常．大型变压器故障的气相色谱分析《变压器》2003．4
[7] 梅田繁树，彭惠民．新的变压器冷却方式《变流技术与电力牵引》2003-2
[8] 赵家礼，张庆达．变压器安全运行与维护．机械工业出版社．2002
[9] 徐建政，王剑，杨君等．变压器经济运行的神经网络控制系统《电网技术》2001．9
[10] 汤焱，刘成远，郝忠言，牟长江．变压器绕组热点温升的计算与实验研究《变压器》2001-2
[11] 曾红．电力变压器的温度动态计算模型及寿命预测和负载能力计算，电力工业部电力工业研究院博士论文．2000．5
[12] 胡景生．变压器经济运行．中国电力出版社，1999：8-68
[13] 咸日常．大型变压器更换的效益分析论证《变压器》1998．
[14] Weiser B, pfutzner H.Relevance of magnetostatic forces for transformer core vibrations [J].Journal De Physique,1998.8(2):591-594
[15] Corkran J L,Mcshane C P A comparative study of transformer cooling performancewith fire-rasistant dielectric uids[J].Elec.Distrib., 1998,(1): 1-5.
[16] Mizokami M.,Yabumoto M. Vibration analysis of a 3-phase model transformer core [J].Electrical Engineering in Japan, 1997,119(1): 1-7
[17] Plarnfr JA,Nelson J K.Intelligent control of a large power transformer cooling pumps[J]. IEE Proc.gen.,Transm.&Distrib., 1996,143(5): 474-478
[18] Nelson J K,Plamfr JA. Intelligent control of a large power transformer cooling system[P].美国专利: 08/502,829,1995-07-14
[19] Girgis R S.Calculation of winding losses in. shell forme transformer for improved accuracy and reliability[J].IEEE PWRD,1987, 2(2): 398-410
[20] Andersen D W, Myles MM. Field of sound radiation by power transformer[J]. ieee Trans Appar. & Syst,1981,100(7):3513-3524
[21] Anderser O W. Transformer leakage flux program based on the finite element method[J]. IEEE PAS., 1973, 92(3); 1021-1028
[22] GB1094.1-1996电力变压器总则
[23] GB／T 15164-1994油浸式电力变压器负载导则
[24] 李永．三绕组变压器经济运行实用计算．节能．2002．(6)：28-33
[25] Kamavas, Yannis L, Papadopoulos, Demetrios P. Maintenance oriented algorithm for economic operation of an autonomous diesel-electric station.Electric Power Systems Research, Vol. 51, NO. 2, August 1999.
[26] Ding Yushan Mathematical Model of The Economical Operation of transformers Rural electrification.Chinese Electric Engineering Association. 1993.13 (9)35-39
[27] 尹克宁．电力变压器总则．中国电力出版社．2003：230-252
[28] 孙海雄．变压器经济运行装置的研究与实现．华北电力大学(北京)．硕士论文．2003．01．01
[29] 王丹民．变压器经济运行分析．沈阳工业大学学报．1999．21(1)：38～40
[30] 于艳冬．变压器经济运行研究．华北电力大学(北京)硕士论文．2004．02．01
[31] 任化芝．电力变压器的经济运行．电工技术杂志．1997．3(2)
[32] 张永明．电力变压器的经济运行．浙江电力．1997(4)
[33] 李建新，邵思飞．电力变压器经济运行状态的判定．延安大学学报．2000．3．Vol．19(1)
[34] 王秀春，俞昌铭．强油导向冷却结构变压器中导向油流量和油温升的计算．1991．11(3)：43-50
[35] 王秀春，吴明训．由变压器温升试验结果确定绕组内油平均温升的非线性回归方法．变压器．1994．31(1)：20-24
[36] 姜建松．分体式全自冷变压器温升的一种计算方法．变压器．1998．35(11)：13-16
[37] Wallnig．关于大型油浸变压器的发热和冷却．博士学位论文．
[38] 陆煜，程林．传热原理与分析．北京．科学出版社．1997：212-215
[39] 王补宣．工程传热传质学(下册)．北京．科学出版社．1998．9
[40] 韩鹏．大型自然油循环导向冷却结构变压器温度常计算研究．硕士学位论文．2005．3．
[41] 伊奈照夫等．强油循环饼式变压器线圈内的油流分布和温度分布．三棱电机技报．1973．47．NO．5：554-559
[42] 范建中等．变压器空载工况下铁芯的极限温升．江苏工学院学报．1989．2：86-90
[43] 路长柏，朱英浩．电力变压器计算．黑龙江科学技术出版社．1990
[44] 贾子瑜，姚日琪，王秀莲等，强油导向冷却电力变压器的油流工程计算方法．变压器．1998．35(2)：34-35
[45] 山口雅教等．油浸式变压器绕组内的油流分布．变压器．1984．(6)：32-38
[46] 秦有才．变压器实用改造与修理技术河南科学技术出版社．1992
[47] 曹耀武．朱英浩．变压器结构与工艺．沈阳变压器厂教育处1987
[48] 邸倩倩．变压器冷却方式的发展．开津商学院学报．1999．11．Vol．20．NO．6
[49] 陈鸿茂．常用电子器件简明手册[M]．中国矿业大学出版社．1989．9
[50] 冯悦波．一种变压器绕组温度测量方法[J]．变压器．2001．38(5)：13-15
[51] 杨汶海．强油导向冷却变压器绕组平均温升计算方法探讨．变压器．1992(5)：76-79
[52] 郑岩．大型电力变压器冷却系统的改造．变压器．1997(2)：34-35
[2] 李广河，杨忠礼，宋国兵．温度预测法在变压器油温控制中的应用，《华中电力》，2004．2
[3] 从龙飞，冯恩民，郭振岩等．油浸风冷变压器温度场的数值模拟《变压器》，2003．5
[4] 文鸣鑫，咸日常．现场变压器经济运行的实例分析，《山东电力技术》，2003．4
[5] 李东，咸日常．配电变压器的发展趋势与应用情况介绍，《山东电力技术》，2003．4
[6] 咸日常．大型变压器故障的气相色谱分析《变压器》2003．4
[7] 梅田繁树，彭惠民．新的变压器冷却方式《变流技术与电力牵引》2003-2
[8] 赵家礼，张庆达．变压器安全运行与维护．机械工业出版社．2002
[9] 徐建政，王剑，杨君等．变压器经济运行的神经网络控制系统《电网技术》2001．9
[10] 汤焱，刘成远，郝忠言，牟长江．变压器绕组热点温升的计算与实验研究《变压器》2001-2
[11] 曾红．电力变压器的温度动态计算模型及寿命预测和负载能力计算，电力工业部电力工业研究院博士论文．2000．5
[12] 胡景生．变压器经济运行．中国电力出版社，1999：8-68
[13] 咸日常．大型变压器更换的效益分析论证《变压器》1998．
[14] Weiser B, pfutzner H.Relevance of magnetostatic forces for transformer core vibrations [J].Journal De Physique,1998.8(2):591-594
[15] Corkran J L,Mcshane C P A comparative study of transformer cooling performancewith fire-rasistant dielectric uids[J].Elec.Distrib., 1998,(1): 1-5.
[16] Mizokami M.,Yabumoto M. Vibration analysis of a 3-phase model transformer core [J].Electrical Engineering in Japan, 1997,119(1): 1-7
[17] Plarnfr JA,Nelson J K.Intelligent control of a large power transformer cooling pumps[J]. IEE Proc.gen.,Transm.&Distrib., 1996,143(5): 474-478
[18] Nelson J K,Plamfr JA. Intelligent control of a large power transformer cooling system[P].美国专利: 08/502,829,1995-07-14
[19] Girgis R S.Calculation of winding losses in. shell forme transformer for improved accuracy and reliability[J].IEEE PWRD,1987, 2(2): 398-410
[20] Andersen D W, Myles MM. Field of sound radiation by power transformer[J]. ieee Trans Appar. & Syst,1981,100(7):3513-3524
[21] Anderser O W. Transformer leakage flux program based on the finite element method[J]. IEEE PAS., 1973, 92(3); 1021-1028
[22] GB1094.1-1996电力变压器总则
[23] GB／T 15164-1994油浸式电力变压器负载导则
[24] 李永．三绕组变压器经济运行实用计算．节能．2002．(6)：28-33
[25] Kamavas, Yannis L, Papadopoulos, Demetrios P. Maintenance oriented algorithm for economic operation of an autonomous diesel-electric station.Electric Power Systems Research, Vol. 51, NO. 2, August 1999.
[26] Ding Yushan Mathematical Model of The Economical Operation of transformers Rural electrification.Chinese Electric Engineering Association. 1993.13 (9)35-39
[27] 尹克宁．电力变压器总则．中国电力出版社．2003：230-252
[28] 孙海雄．变压器经济运行装置的研究与实现．华北电力大学(北京)．硕士论文．2003．01．01
[29] 王丹民．变压器经济运行分析．沈阳工业大学学报．1999．21(1)：38～40
[30] 于艳冬．变压器经济运行研究．华北电力大学(北京)硕士论文．2004．02．01
[31] 任化芝．电力变压器的经济运行．电工技术杂志．1997．3(2)
[32] 张永明．电力变压器的经济运行．浙江电力．1997(4)
[33] 李建新，邵思飞．电力变压器经济运行状态的判定．延安大学学报．2000．3．Vol．19(1)
[34] 王秀春，俞昌铭．强油导向冷却结构变压器中导向油流量和油温升的计算．1991．11(3)：43-50
[35] 王秀春，吴明训．由变压器温升试验结果确定绕组内油平均温升的非线性回归方法．变压器．1994．31(1)：20-24
[36] 姜建松．分体式全自冷变压器温升的一种计算方法．变压器．1998．35(11)：13-16
[37] Wallnig．关于大型油浸变压器的发热和冷却．博士学位论文．
[38] 陆煜，程林．传热原理与分析．北京．科学出版社．1997：212-215
[39] 王补宣．工程传热传质学(下册)．北京．科学出版社．1998．9
[40] 韩鹏．大型自然油循环导向冷却结构变压器温度常计算研究．硕士学位论文．2005．3．
[41] 伊奈照夫等．强油循环饼式变压器线圈内的油流分布和温度分布．三棱电机技报．1973．47．NO．5：554-559
[42] 范建中等．变压器空载工况下铁芯的极限温升．江苏工学院学报．1989．2：86-90
[43] 路长柏，朱英浩．电力变压器计算．黑龙江科学技术出版社．1990
[44] 贾子瑜，姚日琪，王秀莲等，强油导向冷却电力变压器的油流工程计算方法．变压器．1998．35(2)：34-35
[45] 山口雅教等．油浸式变压器绕组内的油流分布．变压器．1984．(6)：32-38
[46] 秦有才．变压器实用改造与修理技术河南科学技术出版社．1992
[47] 曹耀武．朱英浩．变压器结构与工艺．沈阳变压器厂教育处1987
[48] 邸倩倩．变压器冷却方式的发展．开津商学院学报．1999．11．Vol．20．NO．6
[49] 陈鸿茂．常用电子器件简明手册[M]．中国矿业大学出版社．1989．9
[50] 冯悦波．一种变压器绕组温度测量方法[J]．变压器．2001．38(5)：13-15
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