生境破碎化条件下太行山区蜘蛛群落结构研究
摘要
太行山耸立于北京、河北、山西、河南4省、市间。北起北京西山,南达豫北黄河北崖,西接山西高原,东临河北平原,绵延800余里,为山西东部、东南部与河北、河南两省的天然界山。属于暖温带大陆性季风气候,植被以针叶林、天然落叶阔叶林、落叶灌木丛、山地干旱性草丛以及人工栽培果树林为主。太行山位居海河流域上游,对河北省的水利建设具有重要作用；同时太行山又是河北平原天然的屏障,可以阻挡来自西北黄土高原的风沙,减少其对河北省的影响。因此,太行山对河北省的气候调节、生态建设起着举足轻重的作用,保护好太行山区的生态系统也就显得尤为重要。
本研究选取涞源白石山森林公园的典型地段,对不同类型生境斑块进行了测量和分析,在此基础上初步评价了太行山区生境破碎化的现状。并于2006—2007两年间,在太行山区按纬度选取蔚县小五台山、唐县大茂山、阜平和平山交界的驼梁、赞皇嶂石岩、邢台紫金山、涉县韩王山、林州林虑山和新乡关山等8处样地进行调查,采用取样法与随机扫网法相结合,共采集蜘蛛标本4638号,隶属于32科112属214种。对各个采样地分别运用群落特征指数进行分析,得到太行山区蜘蛛群落结构的现状：基本搞清了太行山区不同地段的蜘蛛种类组成,以及各个地区的优势种类和稀有种类,为太行山区害虫天敌资源调查和开展生物防治奠定了基础；同时为太行山区蜘蛛的稀有种类保护提供了依据。搞清了太行山区不同地段的蜘蛛种群密度和单位面积的蜘蛛数量,为将来开发利用蜘蛛资源提供了基础资料。运用群落特征指数对太行山区不同地段的蜘蛛群落结构进行分析,得到了有关太行山区不同地段典型生境的蜘蛛群落的多样性、均匀性和集中性的具体数据,并对不同地段的指数进行了对比,得出的结论为：太行山区蜘蛛物种多样性中部高两端较低,均匀度随着纬度的降低而增加,而优势集中性则无明显变化。通过运用Jaccard相似性指数对不同生境的蜘蛛种类进行比较,得到不同生境蜘蛛种类的差异程度,产生这种差异的主要原因是植被类型不同。对太行山区各个地段蜘蛛群落的影响因素进行了分析,就保护蜘蛛生境应注意的问题提出若干建议,并结合蜘蛛群落结构的现状对太行山区的生态系统的现状进行科学评价。选取植被条件较好地段的驼梁风景区和生境破碎化后植被较差地段的韩王山旅游区的蜘蛛群落的物种数目和个体密度进行对比,得出生境破碎化后的生境中蜘蛛的种类和个体数量均下降。
当今世界面临严重的生态危机,使人们认识到必须从生态系统整体出发,进行综合治理,维持生态平衡。蜘蛛群落结构状况与植被的组成状况两者间显现出动态的紧密相关,通过研究太行山区蜘蛛群落结构与生境的相互关系,为建立生态系统的保护和综合治理提供理论依据,以期获得经济、生态和社会三方面的效益,为河北省的发展提供一个良好的生态环境。
The Taihang Mountains are located mostly in the west of Hebei Province but also reach west into Shanxi Province and southwest to Henan Province. To the east of the mountain range is the Hebei Plain and to the north is the Basin of Hebei. The length of the Taihang Mountain range is 400 km and the climate is continental monsoon. The main vegetation types include conifers, deciduous trees, various shrubs, herbs, grasses and cultivated fruit orchards. The Taihang Mountains are the headwaters of the Hai River and have an important function for water conservancy in Hebei Province. At the same time, the Taihang Mountains are a geo-physical western barrier for Hebei Province to countercheck the winds from the Loess Plateau of northwestern Shanxi Province. The altitude ranges from 2 882 m to 800 m and is generally higher in the north. Thus, the Taihang Mountains have many important functions for the climate and environment of Hebei Province.
In this study, we have chosen different type habitats to analyze influential factors of habitat fragmentation in Baishishan Mountain, Laiyuan County, and estimate the results to the entire Taihang Mountain Area. In years 2006 and 2007, we sampled eight mountainous places (Xiaowutai, Damaoshan, Tuoliang, Zhangshiyan, Zijinshan, Kinghanshan, Linlvshan, Guanshan) to investigate the spider communities. With ground collection and sweep-net sampling we collected 4638 spiders, belonging to 32 families,112 genera and 214 species. Analysis by the community diversity index resulted in the following:the composition of spider species, including preponderant and infrequent species; the number and density of spiders in different habitats and regions; the species diversity, evenness and concentricity of the spider community in different regions. The results show that the species diversity is higher in the midlands than endlands, the evenness increases as the latitude declines, but the concentricity does not vary. After comparing spider species of different habitats by the‘Jaccard Index’, we found the dominant factor controlling spider species distribution was type of vegetation. In a separate investigation we compared Tuoliang and Kinghan Mountains to study the effect of habitat fragmention on spider communities. The results there indicate that the number of species and individuals declines after habitat fragmentation.
Finally, we propose some suggestions about how to protect the habitat of spiders and we also evaluate the actuality of the ecosystem of Taihang Mountain Area.
Today, we are confronted with many ecosystem problems, which make us to think about how to improve the condition of our environment. So, to protect the ecosystem, we must consider these questions comprehensively. There are many relationships between the spider community and vegetation types. According to this spider community study, we hope to find a new method of protecting and reconstructing the ecosystem, which will promote the development of the economy, environment and human society in Hebei Province.
本研究选取涞源白石山森林公园的典型地段,对不同类型生境斑块进行了测量和分析,在此基础上初步评价了太行山区生境破碎化的现状。并于2006—2007两年间,在太行山区按纬度选取蔚县小五台山、唐县大茂山、阜平和平山交界的驼梁、赞皇嶂石岩、邢台紫金山、涉县韩王山、林州林虑山和新乡关山等8处样地进行调查,采用取样法与随机扫网法相结合,共采集蜘蛛标本4638号,隶属于32科112属214种。对各个采样地分别运用群落特征指数进行分析,得到太行山区蜘蛛群落结构的现状：基本搞清了太行山区不同地段的蜘蛛种类组成,以及各个地区的优势种类和稀有种类,为太行山区害虫天敌资源调查和开展生物防治奠定了基础；同时为太行山区蜘蛛的稀有种类保护提供了依据。搞清了太行山区不同地段的蜘蛛种群密度和单位面积的蜘蛛数量,为将来开发利用蜘蛛资源提供了基础资料。运用群落特征指数对太行山区不同地段的蜘蛛群落结构进行分析,得到了有关太行山区不同地段典型生境的蜘蛛群落的多样性、均匀性和集中性的具体数据,并对不同地段的指数进行了对比,得出的结论为：太行山区蜘蛛物种多样性中部高两端较低,均匀度随着纬度的降低而增加,而优势集中性则无明显变化。通过运用Jaccard相似性指数对不同生境的蜘蛛种类进行比较,得到不同生境蜘蛛种类的差异程度,产生这种差异的主要原因是植被类型不同。对太行山区各个地段蜘蛛群落的影响因素进行了分析,就保护蜘蛛生境应注意的问题提出若干建议,并结合蜘蛛群落结构的现状对太行山区的生态系统的现状进行科学评价。选取植被条件较好地段的驼梁风景区和生境破碎化后植被较差地段的韩王山旅游区的蜘蛛群落的物种数目和个体密度进行对比,得出生境破碎化后的生境中蜘蛛的种类和个体数量均下降。
当今世界面临严重的生态危机,使人们认识到必须从生态系统整体出发,进行综合治理,维持生态平衡。蜘蛛群落结构状况与植被的组成状况两者间显现出动态的紧密相关,通过研究太行山区蜘蛛群落结构与生境的相互关系,为建立生态系统的保护和综合治理提供理论依据,以期获得经济、生态和社会三方面的效益,为河北省的发展提供一个良好的生态环境。
The Taihang Mountains are located mostly in the west of Hebei Province but also reach west into Shanxi Province and southwest to Henan Province. To the east of the mountain range is the Hebei Plain and to the north is the Basin of Hebei. The length of the Taihang Mountain range is 400 km and the climate is continental monsoon. The main vegetation types include conifers, deciduous trees, various shrubs, herbs, grasses and cultivated fruit orchards. The Taihang Mountains are the headwaters of the Hai River and have an important function for water conservancy in Hebei Province. At the same time, the Taihang Mountains are a geo-physical western barrier for Hebei Province to countercheck the winds from the Loess Plateau of northwestern Shanxi Province. The altitude ranges from 2 882 m to 800 m and is generally higher in the north. Thus, the Taihang Mountains have many important functions for the climate and environment of Hebei Province.
In this study, we have chosen different type habitats to analyze influential factors of habitat fragmentation in Baishishan Mountain, Laiyuan County, and estimate the results to the entire Taihang Mountain Area. In years 2006 and 2007, we sampled eight mountainous places (Xiaowutai, Damaoshan, Tuoliang, Zhangshiyan, Zijinshan, Kinghanshan, Linlvshan, Guanshan) to investigate the spider communities. With ground collection and sweep-net sampling we collected 4638 spiders, belonging to 32 families,112 genera and 214 species. Analysis by the community diversity index resulted in the following:the composition of spider species, including preponderant and infrequent species; the number and density of spiders in different habitats and regions; the species diversity, evenness and concentricity of the spider community in different regions. The results show that the species diversity is higher in the midlands than endlands, the evenness increases as the latitude declines, but the concentricity does not vary. After comparing spider species of different habitats by the‘Jaccard Index’, we found the dominant factor controlling spider species distribution was type of vegetation. In a separate investigation we compared Tuoliang and Kinghan Mountains to study the effect of habitat fragmention on spider communities. The results there indicate that the number of species and individuals declines after habitat fragmentation.
Finally, we propose some suggestions about how to protect the habitat of spiders and we also evaluate the actuality of the ecosystem of Taihang Mountain Area.
Today, we are confronted with many ecosystem problems, which make us to think about how to improve the condition of our environment. So, to protect the ecosystem, we must consider these questions comprehensively. There are many relationships between the spider community and vegetation types. According to this spider community study, we hope to find a new method of protecting and reconstructing the ecosystem, which will promote the development of the economy, environment and human society in Hebei Province.
引文
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