厌氧—缺氧生物脱氮除磷系统的稳定性及反硝化聚磷的强化研究
|
摘要
生物反硝化聚磷技术是目前污水处理研究领域的重点和热点。近年来,不断有研究发现,在实际的A~2/O工艺运行中,缺氧池中的硝酸盐在进行反硝化的同时磷酸盐浓度也降低。即存在所谓的反硝化聚磷菌(DPB),从而使聚磷和反硝化这2个独立的过程在DPB的参与下仅在缺氧环境下就可同时进行.反硝化除磷脱氮工艺与传统A~2/O等工艺相比,不仅节省了对碳源的需要,使产生的剩余污泥量大幅度减少,且聚磷在缺氧条件下完成可节省曝气所需要的能源。
基于反硝化聚磷理论,先后提出了A_2N和Dephanox等采用侧流硝化/厌氧/缺氧的新型生物脱氮除磷工艺,来实现污水氮磷的高效低耗去除。但是从现有的实践以及研究成果看,单纯的反硝化除磷速率都远较好氧除磷慢、除磷效率低,而且污泥在经历长期的厌氧/缺氧环境交替后,除磷效率都会下降,出现反硝化聚磷难以持久的现象,从而制约了反硝化聚磷在生物脱氮除磷工程的应用。在厌氧/缺氧交替的系统中,如何长久实现反硝化聚磷,维持反硝化聚磷的活性、保持反硝化聚磷菌的优势等问题值得研究。
笔者利用2组厌氧/缺氧(A/A)SBR反应器,研究了系统中反硝化聚磷菌活性的变化,探讨了反硝化聚磷菌选择和富集的条件以及影响反硝化聚磷系统稳定运行的因素。为反硝化聚磷脱氮工艺设计以及厌氧/缺氧(A/A)环境下如何长久实现反硝化聚磷、维持反硝化聚磷菌的活性、保持反硝化聚磷菌的优势提供理论依据。
试验结果表明:
(1)采用2#反应器的两段进水方式运行对系统的反硝化除磷效果可以起到很好的强化作用,可达到快速富集DPB的目的。
(2)优化系统运行条件有助于A/A(2#)系统快速富集DPB,系统pH值控制在7.0左右,COD:N:P为300:50:20时,反硝化除磷效果最佳,所用碳源最少,C、N、P的去除率均在95%以上。
(3)在厌氧段供给高浓度磷、一段方式进水的A/A(1#)系统中,不能有效地富集DPB,系统的反硝化作用很强而反硝化聚磷效果较差。
(4)在厌氧阶段,初始磷浓度越大对厌氧释磷的抑制也越大,使厌氧释磷量和厌氧释磷速率减小,而较低的初始磷浓度将有利于厌氧释磷。
(5)厌氧段释磷受到抑制会使得系统中的COD的吸收也受到抑制,厌氧段释磷充分,COD才能充分吸收,有利于系统在缺氧段对磷的吸收。
(6)对于1#系统,缺氧段COD浓度较高时,分批次投加硝酸盐可以获得比一次性投加硝酸盐更高的反硝化聚磷效率。
(7)缺氧段COD浓度高会造成系统反硝化菌和反硝化聚磷菌的竞争,导致反硝化菌在有外碳源时抢先利用硝酸盐进行反硝化作用从而影响聚磷效果。缺氧段COD浓度低则有利于反硝化聚磷的效果。
(8)经驯化富集DPB的A/A系统以一段进水方式(传统A/A运行方式)运行后,具有良好的反硝化除磷功能。提高系统的磷负荷有利于缺氧段聚磷。缺氧加磷运行方式要比厌氧加磷运行方式更好。
(9)对于A_2N、Dephanox等反硝化聚磷工艺,在其初期运行时,可利用碳源与电子受体分开的两段进水的方法,以含硝酸盐含量较高的废水对其污泥进行预培养,待活性污泥中DPB得到富集后,再将其投入实践,可取得比较理想的反硝化聚磷效果。
Biological denitrifying dephosphatation treatment was one of the focuses in the wastewater treatment area in recent years.It was found that nitrate was denitrifying with uptaking of phosphorus in anoxic tank of some practical A~2/O processes.Denitrification and Dephosphatation that were mutually independent could perform simultaneously because of the participation of DPB in anoxic environment.Denitrifying dephosphatation process not only saved supply of carbon source,reduced surplus sludge volume to a large extent,but also save oxygen supply because of accomplishment of dephosphatation in anoxic environment.
Lateral flow nitrifying/anaerobic/anoxic biological denitrifying phosphorus removal process,such as A_2N process and Dephanox process,was expected to realize the high efficient biological nutrient and phosphorus removal whichwas developed based on denitrifying dephosphatation.However,compared with conventional processes,process of denitrifying dephosphatation had slower rate of phosphorus removal and lower efficiency of phosphorus removal,Especially fact that phosphorus removal efficiency of sludge would become lower in A/A alternative environment had these bad influence on the application of this new process.How to realize denitrifying dephosphatation effectively for a long time,how to keep activity of DPB and to make DPB become dominant populations in the system of A/A alternative environment were worth to study.
Two anaerobic/anoxic sequencing batch reactors(A/A SBR)were conducted to investigate the changes for the activity of DPB,the conditions for screening and enrichment of DPB and the factors which had influences on the stability of the system.Some useful theories had attained,such as how to design the process of denitrifying dephosphatation better,realize denitrifying dephosphatation effectively for a long time,keep activities of DPB and make DPB become dominant populations.
The results showed that:
(1) DPB could become dominant populations quickly in the 2# system in tow-time feeding mode which had important significance to enhancement of DPB.
(2) It was helpful to make DPB become dominant populations quickly in the 2# A/A SBR when the conditions were optimized as that concentration of COD in influential of anaerobic stage,NO_3~--N and PO_4~(3-)-P in influent of anoxic stage and pH value were 300 mg·L~(-1),50 mg·L~(-1),20 mg·L~(-1) and 7.0 respectively.The reactor performed good denitrifying phosphorus removal.Carbon source needed was the lowest.The removal efficiency of C,N,P were all above 95%.
(3) The enrichment of DPB couldn't realize in the 1# system in one-time feeding mode with high PO_4~(3-)-P concentration in influential in anaerobic stage.Denitrification performed well but denitrifying dephosphatation performed worse in the system.
(4) The higher PO_4~(3-)-P concentration in influential it was,the smaller amount of phosphorus released in anaerobic stage.Both phosphorus release and its release vilocity was reduced.It was implied that low concentration PO_4~(3-)-P in influential was helpful for phosphorus release.
(5) The suppression of phosphorus release in anaerobic stage would suppress the uptaking of COD at same time.The more amount of phosphorus released it was in anaerobic stage,the more amount of COD uptake had been gotten that was helpful for phosphorus uptake in anoxic stage.
(6) Batch feed of nitrate got a better efficiency of denitrifying dephosphatation than one-time when COD concentration was high in anoxic stage in the 1# Reactor.
(7) The high COD concentration in anoxic stage would lead to the competition between denitrifying bacteria and DPB.Nitrate would be reduced by denitrifying bacteria first when there existed carbon source.It was favorable for denitrifying dephosphatation that COD concentration was low in anoxic stage.
(8) The SBR in which DPB was dominant in populations,still performed well in one-time feeding mode.It was favorable for phosphorus uptake when phosphorus load was increased.With the same concentration of phosphate,the phosphorus removal with adding the phosphate just before the beginning of anoxic stage proved to be better than that of directly increasing the phosphate concentration in the influent.
(9) Activated sludge could be cultured and acclimated by feeding wastewater which had high concentration of nitrate in tow-time feeding mode in the initial operating stage of A_2N and Dephanox process.It would be put into practical operation after successful enrichment of DPB,and thereafter the efficiency of denitrifying dephosphatation would be better.
基于反硝化聚磷理论,先后提出了A_2N和Dephanox等采用侧流硝化/厌氧/缺氧的新型生物脱氮除磷工艺,来实现污水氮磷的高效低耗去除。但是从现有的实践以及研究成果看,单纯的反硝化除磷速率都远较好氧除磷慢、除磷效率低,而且污泥在经历长期的厌氧/缺氧环境交替后,除磷效率都会下降,出现反硝化聚磷难以持久的现象,从而制约了反硝化聚磷在生物脱氮除磷工程的应用。在厌氧/缺氧交替的系统中,如何长久实现反硝化聚磷,维持反硝化聚磷的活性、保持反硝化聚磷菌的优势等问题值得研究。
笔者利用2组厌氧/缺氧(A/A)SBR反应器,研究了系统中反硝化聚磷菌活性的变化,探讨了反硝化聚磷菌选择和富集的条件以及影响反硝化聚磷系统稳定运行的因素。为反硝化聚磷脱氮工艺设计以及厌氧/缺氧(A/A)环境下如何长久实现反硝化聚磷、维持反硝化聚磷菌的活性、保持反硝化聚磷菌的优势提供理论依据。
试验结果表明:
(1)采用2#反应器的两段进水方式运行对系统的反硝化除磷效果可以起到很好的强化作用,可达到快速富集DPB的目的。
(2)优化系统运行条件有助于A/A(2#)系统快速富集DPB,系统pH值控制在7.0左右,COD:N:P为300:50:20时,反硝化除磷效果最佳,所用碳源最少,C、N、P的去除率均在95%以上。
(3)在厌氧段供给高浓度磷、一段方式进水的A/A(1#)系统中,不能有效地富集DPB,系统的反硝化作用很强而反硝化聚磷效果较差。
(4)在厌氧阶段,初始磷浓度越大对厌氧释磷的抑制也越大,使厌氧释磷量和厌氧释磷速率减小,而较低的初始磷浓度将有利于厌氧释磷。
(5)厌氧段释磷受到抑制会使得系统中的COD的吸收也受到抑制,厌氧段释磷充分,COD才能充分吸收,有利于系统在缺氧段对磷的吸收。
(6)对于1#系统,缺氧段COD浓度较高时,分批次投加硝酸盐可以获得比一次性投加硝酸盐更高的反硝化聚磷效率。
(7)缺氧段COD浓度高会造成系统反硝化菌和反硝化聚磷菌的竞争,导致反硝化菌在有外碳源时抢先利用硝酸盐进行反硝化作用从而影响聚磷效果。缺氧段COD浓度低则有利于反硝化聚磷的效果。
(8)经驯化富集DPB的A/A系统以一段进水方式(传统A/A运行方式)运行后,具有良好的反硝化除磷功能。提高系统的磷负荷有利于缺氧段聚磷。缺氧加磷运行方式要比厌氧加磷运行方式更好。
(9)对于A_2N、Dephanox等反硝化聚磷工艺,在其初期运行时,可利用碳源与电子受体分开的两段进水的方法,以含硝酸盐含量较高的废水对其污泥进行预培养,待活性污泥中DPB得到富集后,再将其投入实践,可取得比较理想的反硝化聚磷效果。
Biological denitrifying dephosphatation treatment was one of the focuses in the wastewater treatment area in recent years.It was found that nitrate was denitrifying with uptaking of phosphorus in anoxic tank of some practical A~2/O processes.Denitrification and Dephosphatation that were mutually independent could perform simultaneously because of the participation of DPB in anoxic environment.Denitrifying dephosphatation process not only saved supply of carbon source,reduced surplus sludge volume to a large extent,but also save oxygen supply because of accomplishment of dephosphatation in anoxic environment.
Lateral flow nitrifying/anaerobic/anoxic biological denitrifying phosphorus removal process,such as A_2N process and Dephanox process,was expected to realize the high efficient biological nutrient and phosphorus removal whichwas developed based on denitrifying dephosphatation.However,compared with conventional processes,process of denitrifying dephosphatation had slower rate of phosphorus removal and lower efficiency of phosphorus removal,Especially fact that phosphorus removal efficiency of sludge would become lower in A/A alternative environment had these bad influence on the application of this new process.How to realize denitrifying dephosphatation effectively for a long time,how to keep activity of DPB and to make DPB become dominant populations in the system of A/A alternative environment were worth to study.
Two anaerobic/anoxic sequencing batch reactors(A/A SBR)were conducted to investigate the changes for the activity of DPB,the conditions for screening and enrichment of DPB and the factors which had influences on the stability of the system.Some useful theories had attained,such as how to design the process of denitrifying dephosphatation better,realize denitrifying dephosphatation effectively for a long time,keep activities of DPB and make DPB become dominant populations.
The results showed that:
(1) DPB could become dominant populations quickly in the 2# system in tow-time feeding mode which had important significance to enhancement of DPB.
(2) It was helpful to make DPB become dominant populations quickly in the 2# A/A SBR when the conditions were optimized as that concentration of COD in influential of anaerobic stage,NO_3~--N and PO_4~(3-)-P in influent of anoxic stage and pH value were 300 mg·L~(-1),50 mg·L~(-1),20 mg·L~(-1) and 7.0 respectively.The reactor performed good denitrifying phosphorus removal.Carbon source needed was the lowest.The removal efficiency of C,N,P were all above 95%.
(3) The enrichment of DPB couldn't realize in the 1# system in one-time feeding mode with high PO_4~(3-)-P concentration in influential in anaerobic stage.Denitrification performed well but denitrifying dephosphatation performed worse in the system.
(4) The higher PO_4~(3-)-P concentration in influential it was,the smaller amount of phosphorus released in anaerobic stage.Both phosphorus release and its release vilocity was reduced.It was implied that low concentration PO_4~(3-)-P in influential was helpful for phosphorus release.
(5) The suppression of phosphorus release in anaerobic stage would suppress the uptaking of COD at same time.The more amount of phosphorus released it was in anaerobic stage,the more amount of COD uptake had been gotten that was helpful for phosphorus uptake in anoxic stage.
(6) Batch feed of nitrate got a better efficiency of denitrifying dephosphatation than one-time when COD concentration was high in anoxic stage in the 1# Reactor.
(7) The high COD concentration in anoxic stage would lead to the competition between denitrifying bacteria and DPB.Nitrate would be reduced by denitrifying bacteria first when there existed carbon source.It was favorable for denitrifying dephosphatation that COD concentration was low in anoxic stage.
(8) The SBR in which DPB was dominant in populations,still performed well in one-time feeding mode.It was favorable for phosphorus uptake when phosphorus load was increased.With the same concentration of phosphate,the phosphorus removal with adding the phosphate just before the beginning of anoxic stage proved to be better than that of directly increasing the phosphate concentration in the influent.
(9) Activated sludge could be cultured and acclimated by feeding wastewater which had high concentration of nitrate in tow-time feeding mode in the initial operating stage of A_2N and Dephanox process.It would be put into practical operation after successful enrichment of DPB,and thereafter the efficiency of denitrifying dephosphatation would be better.
引文
[1]郑兴灿等,污水除磷脱氮技术,中国建筑工业出版社,1998.11.
[2]董镇,唐俊芳.营养化水体的生态危害及防治措施与修复技术.江西化工,2005,2,22-25.
[3]王建龙,生物脱氮新工艺及其技术原理,中国给水排水,2000,16(2),25-28.
[4]Henze M,Gujer W,Mino T,et al.Activated Sludge Models ASM1,ASM2,ASM2d and ASM3[M].London:IWA Publishing,2000.
[5]Wentzel M C,Ekama GA,Loewenthal R E,et al.Enhanced polyphosphate organisms in activated sludge systems.Part Ⅱ:experimental behavior[J].Water S A,1989,15:71-81.
[6]Wentzel M C,Dold P L,Ekama G A,et al.Enhanced polyphosphate organism culture in activated sludge systems.Part Ⅲ:Kinetic model[J].Water SA,1989,15(2):89-102.
[7]Rittmann B,McCarty PL.Environmental Biotechnology:Principles and Applications[M].New York:McGraw-Hill Companies Inc.,2001.
[8]Ahn J.Daidou T,Tsuneda S,et a/.Selection and dominance mechanism of denitrifying phosphate-accumulation organism in biological phosphate removal process[J].BiotechnolLett,2001,23:2005-2008.
[9]李春鞠,顾国维,杨海真.城市污水除磷脱氮 MSBR 工艺试验研究[J].环境工程,2000,18(6):19-23.
[10]Ahn J.Daidou T,Tsuneda S,et al.Characterization of denitrifying phosphate-accumulating organisms cultivated under different electron acceptor conditions using polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis assay[J].Water Res.,2002,36:403-412.
[11]徐亚同.废水的生物除磷[J].环境科学研究,1994,7(5):1-6.
[12]Gieseke A,Arnz P,Amman R,et al.Simultaneous P and N removal in a sequencing batch biofilm reactor:insights from reactor and microscale investigations[J].Water Res.,2002,36:501-509.
[13]Lee D S,Jeon C O,Park J M.Biological nitrogen removal with enhanced phosphate uptake in a sequencing batch reactor using single sludge system[J].Water Res.,2001,35:3968-3976.
[14]T Saito,et al.Effect of nitrite on phosphate uptake by phosphate accumulating organisms[J].Water Res.,2004,38:3760-3768.
[15]Luz Erie-Bashan,Yoav Bashan.Recent advances in removing phosphorus from wastewater and its future use as fertilizer(1997-2003)[J].Water Res.,2004,38:4222-4246.
[16]Brdjanovic D,Van Loosdrecht M C M,Hooijmans C M,et al.Influence of temperature on biological phosphorus removal:process and molecular ecological studies[J].Water Res.,1998,32(4):1035-1048.
[17]Meihold J,Arnnold E,Isaacs S.Effect of nitrite on anoxic phosphate uptake in biological phosphorus removal activated sludge[J].Water Res.,1999,33:1871-1883.
[18]McGrath J W,Cleary S,Mullan A,et al.Acid-stimulated phosphate uptake by activated sludge microorganisms under aerobic laboratory conditions[J].Water Res.,2001,35:4317-4322.
[19]Peter J K K and Henze M.Biological phosphorus uptake under anoxic and aerobic conditions.Water Research,1993,Vol.27,No.4,617-624.
[20]Copp J B,Dold P L,Comparing sludge production under aerobic and anoxic conditions[A].In:WQI IAWQ 19~(th) Biennial International Conference.Prerints 1[C].1998,268-275.
[21]Bortone G,Marsili Libelli S,Tilche A,et al.Anoxic phosphate uptake in the dephanox process[J].Wat.Sci.Tech.,1999,411(4-5):177-183.
[22]Gerber A,Mostert E S,Winter C T,et al.The effect of acetate and other short-chain carbon compounds on the kinetics of biological nutrient removal[J].Wat.S.A,1986,12:7-12.
[23]曹家顺,杨雪冬,Mark van Loosdrecht.BCFS-生物除磷新工艺[J].中国给水排水,2002,18(3):23-26.
[24]郝晓地,汪慧贞,Mark van Loosdrecht.可持续除磷脱氮工艺[J].给水排水,2002,28(9):7-9.
[25]Bortone G,Saltarelli R,Alonso V,et al.Biological anoxic phosphorus removal-the Dephanox process[J].Water Science and Technology,1996,34(1-2):119-128.
[26]Sorm R,Wanner J,Saltarelli R,er al.Verification of anoxic phosphate uptake as the main biological mechanism of the "Dephanox" process[J].Water Science and Technology,1997,35(10):87-94.
[27]黄翔峰,李春鞠,陈树斌.城市污水脱氮除磷技术的发展[J].中国沼气,2000,18(4):9-15.
[28]罗固源,罗宁,吉芳英,等.新型双泥生物反硝化除磷脱氮工艺[J].中国给水排 水,2002,18(9):4-7.
[29]Barker P S,Dold P L.Denitrification behavior in biological phosphorous removal activated sludge systems-review paper[J].Water Res.,1996,30(4):769-780.
[30]王亚宜,彭永臻,王淑莹,等.反硝化除磷理论、工艺及影响因素[J].中国给水排水,2003,19(1):33-36.
[31]GRADY J C P L.废水生物处理[M].第2版.张锡辉,刘勇弟,译.北京:化学工业出版社,2003.
[32]张小玲,王磊,王志盈.NO_2~-作为缺氧聚磷电子受体的试验研究[J].环境科学,2006,27(5):930-934.
[33]Georg Schon,Susanne Geywitz,Frank Mertens.Infuence of Dissolved Oxygen and oxidation-reduction potential on Phosphorus Release and Uptake by Activated Sludge from Sewage Plants with Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal[J].Wat.Res.,1993,27(3):349-354.
[34]阮文权,邹华,陈坚.乙酸钠为碳源时进水COD和总磷对生物除磷的影响[J].环境科学,2002,3(23):49-52.
[35]王亚宜,彭永臻,王淑莹,宋学起,王少坡.碳源和硝态氮浓度对反硝化聚磷的影响及ORP的变化规律[J].环境科学,2004,25(4):54-58.
[36]郭海娟,马放,沈耀良.C/N比对反硝化除磷效果的影响[J].环境科学学报,2005,25(3):367-371.
[37]Malnou D,Meganck M,Faup GM,et al.Biological phosphorus removal:study of the main parameters[J].Wat Sci Technol,1984,16(10P11):173-185.
[38]Vlekke GJ F M,Comeau Y,Oldham W K.Biological phosphate removal fromwastewater with oxyen or nitrate in sequencing batch re-actors[J].Environ Technol Lett,1998,9:791-796.
[39]张立卿,袁林江,王磊,等.乙酸钠浓度对反硝化聚磷效果的影响试验研究[J].西安建筑科技大学学报,2007,39(3):349-352.
[40]Bortone G,-Marsili Libelli S,Tilche A,et al.Anoxic phosphate uptake in the DEPHANOX process[J].Wat Sci Tech,1999,40(4-5):177-185.
[41]Wachtmeister A,Kuba T,van Looadrecht M C M,et al.A sludge characterization for aerobic and denitrifying phosphorus removing sludge[J].Wat Res,1997,31(3):471-478.
[42]Mino T,Van Loosdrecht M C M,et al.Microbiology and biochemistry of the enhanced biological phosphate removal process[J].Wat Res,1998,32(11):3193-3207.
[43]Ahn J,Daidou T,Tsuneda S,et al.Characterization of denitrifying phosphate-accumulating organisms cultivated under different electron acceptor conditions using polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis assay[J].WatRes,2002,36:403-412.
[44]Kuba T,van Loosdrecht M C M,Heijnen J J.Phosphorus and nitrogen removal with minimal COD requirement by integration of denitrify dephosphatation and denitrification in a two-sludge system[J].Wat Res,1996,30(7):1702-1710.
[45]Kuba T,Smolder G,van Loosdrecht M C M,et al.Biological phosphorus removal from wastewater by anaerobic-anoxic sequencing batch reactor[J].Wat Sci Tech,1993,27(5-6):241-252.
[46]Merzouki M,Bernet N,Delgenes J P,et al.Bioloical denitrifying phosphorus removal in SBR:effect of added nitrate concentration and sludge retention time[J].Wat Sci Tech,2001,43(3):191-194.
[47]Keren-Jespersen J P,Henze M.Biological phosphorus uptake under anoxic and aerobic conditions[J].Water Res.,1993,27(4):617-624.
[48]王亚宜,彭永臻,李探微,等.A_2N连续流双泥系统反硝化除磷脱氮试验研究[J].哈尔滨工业大学学报,2004,36(8):1046-1049.
[49]国家环境保护总局.水和废水监测分析方法(第四版)[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2002:243-248.
[50]HAO Xiao-de,Van Loosdrecht M C M,Meijer S C F,et al.Model-based evaluation of denitrifying P removal in a two-sludge system[J].J Environ Eng,2001,127(2):112-118.
[51]罗宁.双泥生物反石肖化吸磷脱氮系统工艺的试验研究[D].重庆:重庆大学,2003.11-39.
[52]Andrew J S.,David J.Enhanced biological phosphorus removal from wastewater by biomass with different phosphorus content,part I:Experimental results and comparison with metabolic models[J].Wat Environ Res,2003,75(6):485-498.
[53]Hood C R,Randall A A.A biochemical hypothesis explaining the response of enhanced biological phosphorus removed biomass to organic substrates[J].Wat Res,2001,35(11):2758-2766.
[54]周群英,高廷耀.环境工程微生物学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2002.77-87.
[55]李军,杨秀山,彭永臻.微生物与水处理工程[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2002.137-145.
[56]Mino T,Arun V,Tsuzuki Y,et al.Effect of phosphorus accumulation on acetate metabolism in the biological phosphorus removal process[A].In:Ramadori R(eds).Advances in Water Pollution Control 4:Biological Phosphate Removal from Wastewaters[C].Oxford:Pergamon Press,1987.27-38
[57]Comeau Y,Hall K J,Hancock R E M,et al.Biochemical model for enhanced biological phosphorus removal[J].Wat Res,1986,20:1511-1521.
[58]Lim S J,Choi D W,Lee W G,et al.Volatile fatty acids production from food wastes and its application to biological nutrient removal[J].Bioprocess Eng,2000,22:543-545.
[59]杨永哲,王蔚蔚,王磊.反硝化聚磷诱导过程中聚磷速率的变化特性分析[J].西安建筑科技大学学报,2003,35(3):251-253.
[60]Bond P L,Keller J,Blackall L L.Anaerobic phosphorus release from activated sludge with enhanced biological phosphorus removal:a possible mechanism of intracellular pH control[J].Biotech Bioeng,1999,63:507-515.
[61]Filipe C D M,Daigger G T,Grady Jr C P L.Stoichiometry and kinetics of acetate uptake under anaerobic condition by an enriched culture of phosphorus-accumulation organisms at different pH[J].Biotech Bioeng,2001,76:32-43.
[62]Liu W T,Mino T,Matsuo T,et al.Biological phosphorus removal process-effect of pH on anaerobic substrate metabolism[J].Wat Sci Tech,1996,34:5-32.
[63]Smolders G J F,Van Der Meji J,Van Loosdrecht M C M,et al.Model of the anaerobic metabolism of the phosphorus removal process,stiochiometry,kinetics and the effect ofpH[J].Biotech Bioeng,2001,76:17-31.
[64]Oehrnen A,Vives M T,Lu H B,et al.The effect of pH on the competition between polyphosphate-accumulation organisms and glycogen-accumulating organisms [J].WatRes,2005,39(15):3727-3737.
[65]Filipe C D M,Daigger G T,Grady C P L.A metabolic model for acetate uptake under anaerobic conditions by glycogen accumulating organisms:stoichiometry,kinetics and the effect of pH[J].Biotech Bioeng,2001,76:17-31.
[66]Filipe C D M,Daigger G T,Grady C P L.Effects of pH on the rates of aerobic metabolism of phosphorus-accumulating and glycogen-accumulating organisms[J].Wat Environ Res,2001,73:213-222.
[67]Kuba T,Van Loosdrecht M C M,et al.Biological dephosphatation by activated sludge under denitrifying conditions:pH influence and occurrence of denitrifying dephosphatation in a full-scale waste water treatment plant[J].Wat Sci Tech,1999,36(12):75-82.
[68]Ng W J,Ong S L,Hu J Y.Denitrifying phosphorus by anearobic/anoxic sequencing batch reactor[J].Wat Sci Tech,2001,3(43):139-146.
[69] Liu W T, Nakamura K, Matsuo T, et al. Internal energy-based competition between polyphosphate and glycogen- accumulating bacteria in biological phosphorus removal reactors-effect of P/C feeding ratio [J].Wat Res, 1997, 31(6):1430-1438.
[70] Sudiana I M, Mino T, Satoh H, et al. Metabolism of enhanced biological phosphorus removal and non-enhanced biological phosphorus removal sludge with acetate and glucose as carbon source [J].Wat Sci Tech, 1999, 39(6):29-35.
[71] Schuler A J, Jenkins D. Enhanced biological phosphorus removal from wastewater by biomass with different phosphorus contents, partⅠ:experimental results and comparison with metabolic models [J].Wat Environ Res, 2003, 75(6):485-498.
[2]董镇,唐俊芳.营养化水体的生态危害及防治措施与修复技术.江西化工,2005,2,22-25.
[3]王建龙,生物脱氮新工艺及其技术原理,中国给水排水,2000,16(2),25-28.
[4]Henze M,Gujer W,Mino T,et al.Activated Sludge Models ASM1,ASM2,ASM2d and ASM3[M].London:IWA Publishing,2000.
[5]Wentzel M C,Ekama GA,Loewenthal R E,et al.Enhanced polyphosphate organisms in activated sludge systems.Part Ⅱ:experimental behavior[J].Water S A,1989,15:71-81.
[6]Wentzel M C,Dold P L,Ekama G A,et al.Enhanced polyphosphate organism culture in activated sludge systems.Part Ⅲ:Kinetic model[J].Water SA,1989,15(2):89-102.
[7]Rittmann B,McCarty PL.Environmental Biotechnology:Principles and Applications[M].New York:McGraw-Hill Companies Inc.,2001.
[8]Ahn J.Daidou T,Tsuneda S,et a/.Selection and dominance mechanism of denitrifying phosphate-accumulation organism in biological phosphate removal process[J].BiotechnolLett,2001,23:2005-2008.
[9]李春鞠,顾国维,杨海真.城市污水除磷脱氮 MSBR 工艺试验研究[J].环境工程,2000,18(6):19-23.
[10]Ahn J.Daidou T,Tsuneda S,et al.Characterization of denitrifying phosphate-accumulating organisms cultivated under different electron acceptor conditions using polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis assay[J].Water Res.,2002,36:403-412.
[11]徐亚同.废水的生物除磷[J].环境科学研究,1994,7(5):1-6.
[12]Gieseke A,Arnz P,Amman R,et al.Simultaneous P and N removal in a sequencing batch biofilm reactor:insights from reactor and microscale investigations[J].Water Res.,2002,36:501-509.
[13]Lee D S,Jeon C O,Park J M.Biological nitrogen removal with enhanced phosphate uptake in a sequencing batch reactor using single sludge system[J].Water Res.,2001,35:3968-3976.
[14]T Saito,et al.Effect of nitrite on phosphate uptake by phosphate accumulating organisms[J].Water Res.,2004,38:3760-3768.
[15]Luz Erie-Bashan,Yoav Bashan.Recent advances in removing phosphorus from wastewater and its future use as fertilizer(1997-2003)[J].Water Res.,2004,38:4222-4246.
[16]Brdjanovic D,Van Loosdrecht M C M,Hooijmans C M,et al.Influence of temperature on biological phosphorus removal:process and molecular ecological studies[J].Water Res.,1998,32(4):1035-1048.
[17]Meihold J,Arnnold E,Isaacs S.Effect of nitrite on anoxic phosphate uptake in biological phosphorus removal activated sludge[J].Water Res.,1999,33:1871-1883.
[18]McGrath J W,Cleary S,Mullan A,et al.Acid-stimulated phosphate uptake by activated sludge microorganisms under aerobic laboratory conditions[J].Water Res.,2001,35:4317-4322.
[19]Peter J K K and Henze M.Biological phosphorus uptake under anoxic and aerobic conditions.Water Research,1993,Vol.27,No.4,617-624.
[20]Copp J B,Dold P L,Comparing sludge production under aerobic and anoxic conditions[A].In:WQI IAWQ 19~(th) Biennial International Conference.Prerints 1[C].1998,268-275.
[21]Bortone G,Marsili Libelli S,Tilche A,et al.Anoxic phosphate uptake in the dephanox process[J].Wat.Sci.Tech.,1999,411(4-5):177-183.
[22]Gerber A,Mostert E S,Winter C T,et al.The effect of acetate and other short-chain carbon compounds on the kinetics of biological nutrient removal[J].Wat.S.A,1986,12:7-12.
[23]曹家顺,杨雪冬,Mark van Loosdrecht.BCFS-生物除磷新工艺[J].中国给水排水,2002,18(3):23-26.
[24]郝晓地,汪慧贞,Mark van Loosdrecht.可持续除磷脱氮工艺[J].给水排水,2002,28(9):7-9.
[25]Bortone G,Saltarelli R,Alonso V,et al.Biological anoxic phosphorus removal-the Dephanox process[J].Water Science and Technology,1996,34(1-2):119-128.
[26]Sorm R,Wanner J,Saltarelli R,er al.Verification of anoxic phosphate uptake as the main biological mechanism of the "Dephanox" process[J].Water Science and Technology,1997,35(10):87-94.
[27]黄翔峰,李春鞠,陈树斌.城市污水脱氮除磷技术的发展[J].中国沼气,2000,18(4):9-15.
[28]罗固源,罗宁,吉芳英,等.新型双泥生物反硝化除磷脱氮工艺[J].中国给水排 水,2002,18(9):4-7.
[29]Barker P S,Dold P L.Denitrification behavior in biological phosphorous removal activated sludge systems-review paper[J].Water Res.,1996,30(4):769-780.
[30]王亚宜,彭永臻,王淑莹,等.反硝化除磷理论、工艺及影响因素[J].中国给水排水,2003,19(1):33-36.
[31]GRADY J C P L.废水生物处理[M].第2版.张锡辉,刘勇弟,译.北京:化学工业出版社,2003.
[32]张小玲,王磊,王志盈.NO_2~-作为缺氧聚磷电子受体的试验研究[J].环境科学,2006,27(5):930-934.
[33]Georg Schon,Susanne Geywitz,Frank Mertens.Infuence of Dissolved Oxygen and oxidation-reduction potential on Phosphorus Release and Uptake by Activated Sludge from Sewage Plants with Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal[J].Wat.Res.,1993,27(3):349-354.
[34]阮文权,邹华,陈坚.乙酸钠为碳源时进水COD和总磷对生物除磷的影响[J].环境科学,2002,3(23):49-52.
[35]王亚宜,彭永臻,王淑莹,宋学起,王少坡.碳源和硝态氮浓度对反硝化聚磷的影响及ORP的变化规律[J].环境科学,2004,25(4):54-58.
[36]郭海娟,马放,沈耀良.C/N比对反硝化除磷效果的影响[J].环境科学学报,2005,25(3):367-371.
[37]Malnou D,Meganck M,Faup GM,et al.Biological phosphorus removal:study of the main parameters[J].Wat Sci Technol,1984,16(10P11):173-185.
[38]Vlekke GJ F M,Comeau Y,Oldham W K.Biological phosphate removal fromwastewater with oxyen or nitrate in sequencing batch re-actors[J].Environ Technol Lett,1998,9:791-796.
[39]张立卿,袁林江,王磊,等.乙酸钠浓度对反硝化聚磷效果的影响试验研究[J].西安建筑科技大学学报,2007,39(3):349-352.
[40]Bortone G,-Marsili Libelli S,Tilche A,et al.Anoxic phosphate uptake in the DEPHANOX process[J].Wat Sci Tech,1999,40(4-5):177-185.
[41]Wachtmeister A,Kuba T,van Looadrecht M C M,et al.A sludge characterization for aerobic and denitrifying phosphorus removing sludge[J].Wat Res,1997,31(3):471-478.
[42]Mino T,Van Loosdrecht M C M,et al.Microbiology and biochemistry of the enhanced biological phosphate removal process[J].Wat Res,1998,32(11):3193-3207.
[43]Ahn J,Daidou T,Tsuneda S,et al.Characterization of denitrifying phosphate-accumulating organisms cultivated under different electron acceptor conditions using polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis assay[J].WatRes,2002,36:403-412.
[44]Kuba T,van Loosdrecht M C M,Heijnen J J.Phosphorus and nitrogen removal with minimal COD requirement by integration of denitrify dephosphatation and denitrification in a two-sludge system[J].Wat Res,1996,30(7):1702-1710.
[45]Kuba T,Smolder G,van Loosdrecht M C M,et al.Biological phosphorus removal from wastewater by anaerobic-anoxic sequencing batch reactor[J].Wat Sci Tech,1993,27(5-6):241-252.
[46]Merzouki M,Bernet N,Delgenes J P,et al.Bioloical denitrifying phosphorus removal in SBR:effect of added nitrate concentration and sludge retention time[J].Wat Sci Tech,2001,43(3):191-194.
[47]Keren-Jespersen J P,Henze M.Biological phosphorus uptake under anoxic and aerobic conditions[J].Water Res.,1993,27(4):617-624.
[48]王亚宜,彭永臻,李探微,等.A_2N连续流双泥系统反硝化除磷脱氮试验研究[J].哈尔滨工业大学学报,2004,36(8):1046-1049.
[49]国家环境保护总局.水和废水监测分析方法(第四版)[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2002:243-248.
[50]HAO Xiao-de,Van Loosdrecht M C M,Meijer S C F,et al.Model-based evaluation of denitrifying P removal in a two-sludge system[J].J Environ Eng,2001,127(2):112-118.
[51]罗宁.双泥生物反石肖化吸磷脱氮系统工艺的试验研究[D].重庆:重庆大学,2003.11-39.
[52]Andrew J S.,David J.Enhanced biological phosphorus removal from wastewater by biomass with different phosphorus content,part I:Experimental results and comparison with metabolic models[J].Wat Environ Res,2003,75(6):485-498.
[53]Hood C R,Randall A A.A biochemical hypothesis explaining the response of enhanced biological phosphorus removed biomass to organic substrates[J].Wat Res,2001,35(11):2758-2766.
[54]周群英,高廷耀.环境工程微生物学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2002.77-87.
[55]李军,杨秀山,彭永臻.微生物与水处理工程[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2002.137-145.
[56]Mino T,Arun V,Tsuzuki Y,et al.Effect of phosphorus accumulation on acetate metabolism in the biological phosphorus removal process[A].In:Ramadori R(eds).Advances in Water Pollution Control 4:Biological Phosphate Removal from Wastewaters[C].Oxford:Pergamon Press,1987.27-38
[57]Comeau Y,Hall K J,Hancock R E M,et al.Biochemical model for enhanced biological phosphorus removal[J].Wat Res,1986,20:1511-1521.
[58]Lim S J,Choi D W,Lee W G,et al.Volatile fatty acids production from food wastes and its application to biological nutrient removal[J].Bioprocess Eng,2000,22:543-545.
[59]杨永哲,王蔚蔚,王磊.反硝化聚磷诱导过程中聚磷速率的变化特性分析[J].西安建筑科技大学学报,2003,35(3):251-253.
[60]Bond P L,Keller J,Blackall L L.Anaerobic phosphorus release from activated sludge with enhanced biological phosphorus removal:a possible mechanism of intracellular pH control[J].Biotech Bioeng,1999,63:507-515.
[61]Filipe C D M,Daigger G T,Grady Jr C P L.Stoichiometry and kinetics of acetate uptake under anaerobic condition by an enriched culture of phosphorus-accumulation organisms at different pH[J].Biotech Bioeng,2001,76:32-43.
[62]Liu W T,Mino T,Matsuo T,et al.Biological phosphorus removal process-effect of pH on anaerobic substrate metabolism[J].Wat Sci Tech,1996,34:5-32.
[63]Smolders G J F,Van Der Meji J,Van Loosdrecht M C M,et al.Model of the anaerobic metabolism of the phosphorus removal process,stiochiometry,kinetics and the effect ofpH[J].Biotech Bioeng,2001,76:17-31.
[64]Oehrnen A,Vives M T,Lu H B,et al.The effect of pH on the competition between polyphosphate-accumulation organisms and glycogen-accumulating organisms [J].WatRes,2005,39(15):3727-3737.
[65]Filipe C D M,Daigger G T,Grady C P L.A metabolic model for acetate uptake under anaerobic conditions by glycogen accumulating organisms:stoichiometry,kinetics and the effect of pH[J].Biotech Bioeng,2001,76:17-31.
[66]Filipe C D M,Daigger G T,Grady C P L.Effects of pH on the rates of aerobic metabolism of phosphorus-accumulating and glycogen-accumulating organisms[J].Wat Environ Res,2001,73:213-222.
[67]Kuba T,Van Loosdrecht M C M,et al.Biological dephosphatation by activated sludge under denitrifying conditions:pH influence and occurrence of denitrifying dephosphatation in a full-scale waste water treatment plant[J].Wat Sci Tech,1999,36(12):75-82.
[68]Ng W J,Ong S L,Hu J Y.Denitrifying phosphorus by anearobic/anoxic sequencing batch reactor[J].Wat Sci Tech,2001,3(43):139-146.
[69] Liu W T, Nakamura K, Matsuo T, et al. Internal energy-based competition between polyphosphate and glycogen- accumulating bacteria in biological phosphorus removal reactors-effect of P/C feeding ratio [J].Wat Res, 1997, 31(6):1430-1438.
[70] Sudiana I M, Mino T, Satoh H, et al. Metabolism of enhanced biological phosphorus removal and non-enhanced biological phosphorus removal sludge with acetate and glucose as carbon source [J].Wat Sci Tech, 1999, 39(6):29-35.
[71] Schuler A J, Jenkins D. Enhanced biological phosphorus removal from wastewater by biomass with different phosphorus contents, partⅠ:experimental results and comparison with metabolic models [J].Wat Environ Res, 2003, 75(6):485-498.