面阵CCD成像驱动及外围电路的设计与实现
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摘要
电荷耦合器件(CCD)以其光谱响应宽、动态范围大、灵敏度高等优点广泛应用于图像传感和非接触测量领域。CCD应用的关键问题之一就是驱动电路的设计。驱动面阵CCD往往比线阵CCD复杂,面阵CCD所需的驱动信号数量多,相位要求严格,且需要多种电压的驱动。因此,设计出高精度的面阵CCD驱动电路具有一定的难度。本文采用两种方式驱动行间转移型面阵CCD,并设计了外围电路。
本文首先介绍常见面阵CCD的工作原理及性能指标,本着低成本、高性能的原则,选择具有可变电子快门的行间转移型彩色面阵CCD ICX098AK作为要研究的图像传感器,并给出驱动及外围电路的设计方案。
其次,按照面阵CCD芯片的驱动时序关系,选用复杂可编程逻辑器件(CPLD)作为硬件平台,使用VHDL语言编写驱动程序,设计基于CPLD的时序发生器;同时本文还采用专用驱动芯片驱动面阵CCD,编写串口配置程序,通过单片机完成驱动芯片的功能模式配置。设计了两种驱动方式的硬件电路,并对生成的驱动时序进行比较。
再次,本文完成了CCD视频信号预处理电路与电源设计。在分析CCD输出信号特点及相关双采样去噪技术的基础上,采用专用视频信号处理芯片进行CCD信号的放大、去噪与量化;设计了能够提供稳定的多电压,且各电压上电顺序可控的智能电源模块。
最后,制作PCB印刷电路板,通过硬件调试,使驱动电路产生的驱动信号能够满足面阵CCD正常工作的时序要求,并实现了CCD模拟视频信号的数字化。总结了调试过程中所遇到的问题和解决方法,分析不足,为进一步开发提供了可靠依据。
Because of the advantages of wide spectral response, large dynamic range, high sensitivity and so on, the charge coupled device (CCD) has been widely applied to the fields of image sensing and non-contact measurement. One of the key issues of CCD application is the design of CCD timing-driven circuit. Driving area array CCD is more complex than linear CCD. Area array CCD needs more driving pulses with rigid phase and multi-level voltage. So there are some difficulties to design an area array CCD driving circuit with hign precision. The paper takes two ways to drive interline-transfer CCD and designs the periphery circuit.
Firstly, working principles and performance indexs of familiar area array CCD is introduced. Considering the principle of low cost and high performance, an interline-transfer colour CCD ICX098AK is selected as studying image sensor, then overall design project of the driving and periphery circuit is given in this paper.
Secondly, according to the driving timing of ICX098AK, corresponding driving timing generator based on CPLD is designed. Complex Programmable Logic Device is chosen as the hardware platform, and driving timing generator is described with VHDL language. At the same time, special driving chip is used to drive CCD, and its serial interface configuration program is written to configure the fuction modes of driving chip via singlechip. Then the two driving hardware circuits are designed and their output driving pulses are contrasted in the paper.
Thirdly, CCD video signal processing circuit and power supply design are accomplished. On the basis of analyzing characteristics of CCD output signal and denoising technology of correlated double sampling, special video signal processor is used to fulfill amplification, denoising and quantification of CCD signals. Then intelligent electrical source module which supplied steady multi-level voltage and controllable power-on order is designed.
Finally, printed circuit boards are produced. Driving pulses can meet the timing requirement of CCD regular work and analog video signals are put into digital form by hardware circuit debugging. Then problems and resolvents in debugging process are summarized, and the shortages of system are analyzed, which provide credible gist of development in the future.
本文首先介绍常见面阵CCD的工作原理及性能指标,本着低成本、高性能的原则,选择具有可变电子快门的行间转移型彩色面阵CCD ICX098AK作为要研究的图像传感器,并给出驱动及外围电路的设计方案。
其次,按照面阵CCD芯片的驱动时序关系,选用复杂可编程逻辑器件(CPLD)作为硬件平台,使用VHDL语言编写驱动程序,设计基于CPLD的时序发生器;同时本文还采用专用驱动芯片驱动面阵CCD,编写串口配置程序,通过单片机完成驱动芯片的功能模式配置。设计了两种驱动方式的硬件电路,并对生成的驱动时序进行比较。
再次,本文完成了CCD视频信号预处理电路与电源设计。在分析CCD输出信号特点及相关双采样去噪技术的基础上,采用专用视频信号处理芯片进行CCD信号的放大、去噪与量化;设计了能够提供稳定的多电压,且各电压上电顺序可控的智能电源模块。
最后,制作PCB印刷电路板,通过硬件调试,使驱动电路产生的驱动信号能够满足面阵CCD正常工作的时序要求,并实现了CCD模拟视频信号的数字化。总结了调试过程中所遇到的问题和解决方法,分析不足,为进一步开发提供了可靠依据。
Because of the advantages of wide spectral response, large dynamic range, high sensitivity and so on, the charge coupled device (CCD) has been widely applied to the fields of image sensing and non-contact measurement. One of the key issues of CCD application is the design of CCD timing-driven circuit. Driving area array CCD is more complex than linear CCD. Area array CCD needs more driving pulses with rigid phase and multi-level voltage. So there are some difficulties to design an area array CCD driving circuit with hign precision. The paper takes two ways to drive interline-transfer CCD and designs the periphery circuit.
Firstly, working principles and performance indexs of familiar area array CCD is introduced. Considering the principle of low cost and high performance, an interline-transfer colour CCD ICX098AK is selected as studying image sensor, then overall design project of the driving and periphery circuit is given in this paper.
Secondly, according to the driving timing of ICX098AK, corresponding driving timing generator based on CPLD is designed. Complex Programmable Logic Device is chosen as the hardware platform, and driving timing generator is described with VHDL language. At the same time, special driving chip is used to drive CCD, and its serial interface configuration program is written to configure the fuction modes of driving chip via singlechip. Then the two driving hardware circuits are designed and their output driving pulses are contrasted in the paper.
Thirdly, CCD video signal processing circuit and power supply design are accomplished. On the basis of analyzing characteristics of CCD output signal and denoising technology of correlated double sampling, special video signal processor is used to fulfill amplification, denoising and quantification of CCD signals. Then intelligent electrical source module which supplied steady multi-level voltage and controllable power-on order is designed.
Finally, printed circuit boards are produced. Driving pulses can meet the timing requirement of CCD regular work and analog video signals are put into digital form by hardware circuit debugging. Then problems and resolvents in debugging process are summarized, and the shortages of system are analyzed, which provide credible gist of development in the future.
引文
1王庆有. CCD应用技术.天津:天津大学出版社, 2000:30-40
2 Paul P.Suni. CCD Wafer Scale Integration. Wafer Scale Integration, 1995. Proceedings, Seventh Annual IEEE International conference on. San Francisco, CA, 1995:123-133
3 Lecon Woo, Craig Sandford, Henk Blom, etc. Use of a CCD imager for simultaneous DSC-chemiluminescence and multiple sample polymer degradation studies. Thermochimica Acta, 2002,392:23-27
4王跃科,杨华勇. CCD图像传感技术的现状与应用前景.光学仪器, 1996,18(5):32-36
5 Magnan P. Detection of visible Photon in CCD and CMOS. A comparative view. Nucl Instr and Methods A, 2003,504:1999-2212
6刘征,彭小奇,丁剑.国外CCD检测技术在工业中的应用与发展.工业仪表与自动化装置, 2005,12(4):65-69
7 G L Dixon. Visible imaging focuses on consumer market. Laser focus world, 1998,6(1):117-124
8林家明,杨隆荣. CCD摄像机技术的发展趋势及应用前景.光学技术, 1999,6(12):43-47
9 T.Nomoto, A.Hosokais. 4M-pixel CCD Image Sensor with Block and Skip AccessCapability. IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, 1997,44(10):1738-1746
10 D.Sheffer. Random Addressable 2048×2048 Active Pixel Image Sensor. IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, 1997,44(10):1716-1720
11 Helmers H, Schellenberg M. CMOS vs. CCD sensors in speckle interferometry. OPT. Laser Tech, 2003,35(9):587-595
12刘蕾,江洁,张广军.基于CPLD的线阵CCD驱动及数据采集.电子测量与仪器学报, 2006,20(4):107-110
13 N.Nakano, R.Nisluniura, H.Sai, etc. Digital Still Camem System for Mega-pixel CCD. IEEE Trans on Consumer Electronics, 1998,44(3):58l-586
14鲍海明,阮锦.一种驱动面阵CCD特殊时钟信号实现方法.仪器仪表学报, 2006,27(6):2630-2631
15 Theuwissen, H.Peek, P.Centen. A 2.2 M Pixel FT-CCD Imager. According to the Eureka HDTV-Standard, 2001:167-170
16 H.Kim, M.Blouke. Effect Soft Transistor Geometryon CCD Output Sensitivity. Proc. of SPIE, 1990,1242:195-203
17 K.D.Stefanov. CCD vertex detector for the future linear collider. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A, 2003,501(1):245-250
18 Ron kimme. Image Reconstruction form Color CCD Sample, IEEE Transaction on image processing, 1999,8(9):1221-1228
19程开富.新颖CMOS摄像器件的发展现状.集成电路通讯, 2000,8(2):32-37
20贾政根.摄像机发展新动态.光电子技术与信息, 1999,9(2):173-176
21王琳,商周,王学伟.数据采集系统的发展与应用.电测与仪表, 2004,41(6):4-8
22 K.Omata, Y.Fujita, N.Yoshikawa, etc. A Data Acquisition System based on a Personal Computer. IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, 1992,39(2):143-147
23魏华,李荐民. CPLD在图像采集系统中的应用.计算机工程与应用, 2003,1(7):220-222
24吕菱,谢庆胜,陈文艺.低成本视频监控系统.微电子学与计算机, 2004,21(2):63-69
25李庆珍,毛纪文.微小零件测量的显微检测系统.应用能源技术, 2008,7(5):19-21
26 A.Keay, A.D.Holland, D.J.Burt, etc. Development of MOS CCDs for the next gene- ration of X-ray observatories. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A, 1999,435(1):16-23
27孔渊,王世勇,崔洪洲.基于CPLD的高速面阵CCD驱动电路设计.半导体光电, 2003,24(5):363-366
28常丹华.基于CPLD技术的CCD驱动时序产生方法.仪表技术与传感器, 2001,3:26-28
29何炜,郑黎明. CPLD在CCD图像采集系统中的应用.新器件新技术, 2006,6:47-50
30王华伟,刘波,曹剑中. CCD信号处理电路设计研究.科学技术与工程, 2007,7(16):4153-4156
31 Takemura.Y and K.Ooi. New Frequency Interleaving CCD color Television Camera IEEE Trans.on Cons.Elec. 1982(4):618-623
32 Oda, E. A 1920(H)×1035(V) pixel high-definition CCD image sensor. IEEE Solid-State Circuits, 1989,20(3):711-717
33 J.Solhusvik, F.Dosiere, J.Farre. Low-Noise CCD Signal Acquisition Techniques. Proc. SPIE, Infrared Readout Electronics II, 1994,1226:227-236
34 POWELLK, CHANAD, FISHD. Restoration and frequency analysis of smeared CCD images. 1999,38(8):1343-1347
35米本和也. CCD/CMOS图像传感器基础与应用.北京:科学出版社, 2006:51-65
36张连江,夏军成.用CPLD设计数字滤波器.舰船电子对抗, 2001,7(3):12-14
37邓艳红,肖邦富,乔建社,周旭东.一种多功能数字可见光CCD相机的设计.光电技术应用, 2007,28(3):430-436
38冉晓强,汶德胜,郑培云.基于CPLD的空间面阵CCD相机驱动时序发生器的设计与硬件实现.光子学报, 2007,36(2):364-367
39程鹏飞,顾明剑,王模昌.基于FPGA的帧转移面阵CCD驱动电路设计.红外技术, 2006,28(9):519-522
40李刚,周彦平. CCD视频信号的预处理电路设计与仿真.光电技术应用, 2007,22(2):44-48
41陈智,邱跃洪,张伯珩.基于CPLD的CCD驱动电路的设计.科学技术与工程, 2007,7(12):2964-2971
42甄冒发,方小红,李秀娟.高速CCD数据采集系统的驱动电路设计.安徽大学学报(自然科学版), 2007,31(4):33-35
43黄任. VHDL入门解惑经典实例经验总结.北京:北京航空航天大学出版社, 2005:16-25
44姜雪松等. VHDL设计实例与仿真与仿真.北京:机械工业出版社, 2007:25-32
45薛旭成,曲洪丰,李洪法,郭永飞. CCD相机功率驱动电路设计.微计算机信息(嵌入式与SOC), 2007,23(8):272-274
46易志明,林凌,李刚. SPI总线在51系列单片机系统中的实现.国外电子元器件, 2003,9(5):21-23
47秦龙. MSP430单片机C语言应用程序设计实例精讲.北京:电子工业出版社, 2006:35-47
48程鹏飞,顾明剑,王模昌. CCD视频信号处理电路设计.科学技术与工程, 2006,6(24):3847-3850
49 W.Donaghue. High-Speed Precision Slow-Slow Scan CCD Camers Proc. SPIE, 1993,1901:46-63
50杨博雄,胡新和,傅辉清. CCD工作信号的噪声分析与处理.光学与光电技术, 2004,2(4):51-53
51 G.R.Hopkinson, D.H.Lumb. Noise Reduction Techniques for CCD Image Sensors. J.Phys. E.Sci.Instrum, 2001,15:482-490
52陈丽娟.彩色线阵CCD三通道数据采集系统. [燕山大学硕士学位论文]. 2006:11-12
53郭明安,李斌康,阮林波.高分辨CCD图像采集系统的实现.电视技术, 2003,(6):49-50
54 Douglas Brooks.信号完整性问题和印刷电路板设计.刘雷波.北京:机械工业出版社, 2005:147-161
55 Eric Bogatin. Signal Integrity-Simplified. MIT: Prentice Hall PTR, 2003:74-289
56张海龙.去耦电容在高速PCB中的应用.电子质量, 2004,(9):51-55
2 Paul P.Suni. CCD Wafer Scale Integration. Wafer Scale Integration, 1995. Proceedings, Seventh Annual IEEE International conference on. San Francisco, CA, 1995:123-133
3 Lecon Woo, Craig Sandford, Henk Blom, etc. Use of a CCD imager for simultaneous DSC-chemiluminescence and multiple sample polymer degradation studies. Thermochimica Acta, 2002,392:23-27
4王跃科,杨华勇. CCD图像传感技术的现状与应用前景.光学仪器, 1996,18(5):32-36
5 Magnan P. Detection of visible Photon in CCD and CMOS. A comparative view. Nucl Instr and Methods A, 2003,504:1999-2212
6刘征,彭小奇,丁剑.国外CCD检测技术在工业中的应用与发展.工业仪表与自动化装置, 2005,12(4):65-69
7 G L Dixon. Visible imaging focuses on consumer market. Laser focus world, 1998,6(1):117-124
8林家明,杨隆荣. CCD摄像机技术的发展趋势及应用前景.光学技术, 1999,6(12):43-47
9 T.Nomoto, A.Hosokais. 4M-pixel CCD Image Sensor with Block and Skip AccessCapability. IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, 1997,44(10):1738-1746
10 D.Sheffer. Random Addressable 2048×2048 Active Pixel Image Sensor. IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, 1997,44(10):1716-1720
11 Helmers H, Schellenberg M. CMOS vs. CCD sensors in speckle interferometry. OPT. Laser Tech, 2003,35(9):587-595
12刘蕾,江洁,张广军.基于CPLD的线阵CCD驱动及数据采集.电子测量与仪器学报, 2006,20(4):107-110
13 N.Nakano, R.Nisluniura, H.Sai, etc. Digital Still Camem System for Mega-pixel CCD. IEEE Trans on Consumer Electronics, 1998,44(3):58l-586
14鲍海明,阮锦.一种驱动面阵CCD特殊时钟信号实现方法.仪器仪表学报, 2006,27(6):2630-2631
15 Theuwissen, H.Peek, P.Centen. A 2.2 M Pixel FT-CCD Imager. According to the Eureka HDTV-Standard, 2001:167-170
16 H.Kim, M.Blouke. Effect Soft Transistor Geometryon CCD Output Sensitivity. Proc. of SPIE, 1990,1242:195-203
17 K.D.Stefanov. CCD vertex detector for the future linear collider. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A, 2003,501(1):245-250
18 Ron kimme. Image Reconstruction form Color CCD Sample, IEEE Transaction on image processing, 1999,8(9):1221-1228
19程开富.新颖CMOS摄像器件的发展现状.集成电路通讯, 2000,8(2):32-37
20贾政根.摄像机发展新动态.光电子技术与信息, 1999,9(2):173-176
21王琳,商周,王学伟.数据采集系统的发展与应用.电测与仪表, 2004,41(6):4-8
22 K.Omata, Y.Fujita, N.Yoshikawa, etc. A Data Acquisition System based on a Personal Computer. IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, 1992,39(2):143-147
23魏华,李荐民. CPLD在图像采集系统中的应用.计算机工程与应用, 2003,1(7):220-222
24吕菱,谢庆胜,陈文艺.低成本视频监控系统.微电子学与计算机, 2004,21(2):63-69
25李庆珍,毛纪文.微小零件测量的显微检测系统.应用能源技术, 2008,7(5):19-21
26 A.Keay, A.D.Holland, D.J.Burt, etc. Development of MOS CCDs for the next gene- ration of X-ray observatories. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A, 1999,435(1):16-23
27孔渊,王世勇,崔洪洲.基于CPLD的高速面阵CCD驱动电路设计.半导体光电, 2003,24(5):363-366
28常丹华.基于CPLD技术的CCD驱动时序产生方法.仪表技术与传感器, 2001,3:26-28
29何炜,郑黎明. CPLD在CCD图像采集系统中的应用.新器件新技术, 2006,6:47-50
30王华伟,刘波,曹剑中. CCD信号处理电路设计研究.科学技术与工程, 2007,7(16):4153-4156
31 Takemura.Y and K.Ooi. New Frequency Interleaving CCD color Television Camera IEEE Trans.on Cons.Elec. 1982(4):618-623
32 Oda, E. A 1920(H)×1035(V) pixel high-definition CCD image sensor. IEEE Solid-State Circuits, 1989,20(3):711-717
33 J.Solhusvik, F.Dosiere, J.Farre. Low-Noise CCD Signal Acquisition Techniques. Proc. SPIE, Infrared Readout Electronics II, 1994,1226:227-236
34 POWELLK, CHANAD, FISHD. Restoration and frequency analysis of smeared CCD images. 1999,38(8):1343-1347
35米本和也. CCD/CMOS图像传感器基础与应用.北京:科学出版社, 2006:51-65
36张连江,夏军成.用CPLD设计数字滤波器.舰船电子对抗, 2001,7(3):12-14
37邓艳红,肖邦富,乔建社,周旭东.一种多功能数字可见光CCD相机的设计.光电技术应用, 2007,28(3):430-436
38冉晓强,汶德胜,郑培云.基于CPLD的空间面阵CCD相机驱动时序发生器的设计与硬件实现.光子学报, 2007,36(2):364-367
39程鹏飞,顾明剑,王模昌.基于FPGA的帧转移面阵CCD驱动电路设计.红外技术, 2006,28(9):519-522
40李刚,周彦平. CCD视频信号的预处理电路设计与仿真.光电技术应用, 2007,22(2):44-48
41陈智,邱跃洪,张伯珩.基于CPLD的CCD驱动电路的设计.科学技术与工程, 2007,7(12):2964-2971
42甄冒发,方小红,李秀娟.高速CCD数据采集系统的驱动电路设计.安徽大学学报(自然科学版), 2007,31(4):33-35
43黄任. VHDL入门解惑经典实例经验总结.北京:北京航空航天大学出版社, 2005:16-25
44姜雪松等. VHDL设计实例与仿真与仿真.北京:机械工业出版社, 2007:25-32
45薛旭成,曲洪丰,李洪法,郭永飞. CCD相机功率驱动电路设计.微计算机信息(嵌入式与SOC), 2007,23(8):272-274
46易志明,林凌,李刚. SPI总线在51系列单片机系统中的实现.国外电子元器件, 2003,9(5):21-23
47秦龙. MSP430单片机C语言应用程序设计实例精讲.北京:电子工业出版社, 2006:35-47
48程鹏飞,顾明剑,王模昌. CCD视频信号处理电路设计.科学技术与工程, 2006,6(24):3847-3850
49 W.Donaghue. High-Speed Precision Slow-Slow Scan CCD Camers Proc. SPIE, 1993,1901:46-63
50杨博雄,胡新和,傅辉清. CCD工作信号的噪声分析与处理.光学与光电技术, 2004,2(4):51-53
51 G.R.Hopkinson, D.H.Lumb. Noise Reduction Techniques for CCD Image Sensors. J.Phys. E.Sci.Instrum, 2001,15:482-490
52陈丽娟.彩色线阵CCD三通道数据采集系统. [燕山大学硕士学位论文]. 2006:11-12
53郭明安,李斌康,阮林波.高分辨CCD图像采集系统的实现.电视技术, 2003,(6):49-50
54 Douglas Brooks.信号完整性问题和印刷电路板设计.刘雷波.北京:机械工业出版社, 2005:147-161
55 Eric Bogatin. Signal Integrity-Simplified. MIT: Prentice Hall PTR, 2003:74-289
56张海龙.去耦电容在高速PCB中的应用.电子质量, 2004,(9):51-55