海上大型溢油遥感监测研究
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摘要
海上大型溢油事故具有污染面积大、持续时间长、清理难度大的特点,这就导致对环境造成的破坏更加严重。如果能够快速地发现溢油区域、确定溢油面积并对溢油漂移趋势进行预测和跟踪,将会对溢油的清理工作带来很大帮助。目前常用遥感监测方式对溢油事件进行监测,其中光学遥感因其良好的视觉效果而被广泛应用。对于溢油清理来说,能否以最快的速度获得油污信息将直接影响清理工作的速度与效果,因此作为油污信息获取常用手段的遥感监测,如何在溢油发生后确定适合的遥感数据,并快速获取所需的遥感数据,成为一个关键性问题。
欧空局ENVISAT卫星的MERIS数据、美国NOAA卫星的AVHRR数据和NASA的Terra/Aqua卫星的MODIS数据是目前溢油监测中应用较多的光学传感器数据。在以往的溢油事件监测中,这三种数据都曾成功地对油污进行识别和监测,但由于数据特性的差异,每种数据又会有不同的适用环境。本文在研究利用三种数据对两起溢油事件进行监测的基础上,对三种数据在溢油监测方面的优劣势进行比较,并提出每种数据的最佳适用情况。另外,‘本文还综合利用AVHRR数据和MODIS数据对发生在墨西哥湾的原油泄漏事故进行了动态分析。
通过比较分析发现,AVHRR数据更适合于海上大型非持久性油的溢油事件的动态分析,可对油污在较短时间内的动态情况进行监测,并且对大面积较厚油污的监测效果良好;MODIS数据因其较短的重访周期在海上持久性油污染事件的动态监测方面具有一定优势；MERIS数据在光照条件良好的情况下,能够发现较小斑块的油污,能够反映更多的油污染细节信息,并且其高光谱数据更有利于区别油污与假目标。另通过对溢油覆盖范围的动态分析,验证了利用遥感数据综合监测溢油方案的可行性。
Large oil spills has the characteristics of large polluted area, long duration, difficult to clean up, which lead to more serious destroy to the environment. If the waters covered by oil spill could be found and the area of oil and the drift trends of oil spill could be known quickly, it will be a great help for us to clean-up work. At present, remote sensing monitoring methods is used to monitor the oil spill events, especially optical remote sensing, because of its good visual effects, is widely used. For oil spill clean-up, weather we can get the oil information as quickly as possible will affect the speed and efficiency of clean-up work directly. Therefore, how to determine and quickly obtain the needed remote sensing data when the oil spill happened become a key problem.
At present, MERIS data of ESA's ENVISAT satellite, AVHRR data of U.S.'s NOAA satellite and MODIS data of NASA's Terra/Aqua satellite are widely applicated optical sensor data in oil spill monitoring. In the past, this three types data have been successfully used to identify and monitor the oil pollution. But because of differences in data characteristics, each data has different suitable environment for its application. Based on making use of this three type data to monitor two oil spill events, this paper compared the advantages and disadvantages of the three data in the aspect of oil spill monitoring and propose the best application of each data. In addition, the paper also makes use of Multi-temporal MODIS and AVHRR data to dynamically analyze the oil spill which happened in the Gulf of Mexico.
By comparing and analyzing, it was found that AVHRR data is more suitable to dynamically analyze the oil spill with the characteristics of large and non-persistent oil at sea, especially the large thick oil. MODIS data have some advantages in dynamic monitoring for the persistent oil pollution which lasted a long time at sea. In the condition of good sun light, MERIS data can reflect more detailed information about oil pollution. At the same time, the hyperspectral data can help distinguishing the oil pollution and false target better. By the oil spill's dynamic analysis, we found that the composed use of different remote sensors'data to monitor oil spills is feasible, what's more, the drift trends of oil spill at sea depends largely on the local environment of surface currents.
欧空局ENVISAT卫星的MERIS数据、美国NOAA卫星的AVHRR数据和NASA的Terra/Aqua卫星的MODIS数据是目前溢油监测中应用较多的光学传感器数据。在以往的溢油事件监测中,这三种数据都曾成功地对油污进行识别和监测,但由于数据特性的差异,每种数据又会有不同的适用环境。本文在研究利用三种数据对两起溢油事件进行监测的基础上,对三种数据在溢油监测方面的优劣势进行比较,并提出每种数据的最佳适用情况。另外,‘本文还综合利用AVHRR数据和MODIS数据对发生在墨西哥湾的原油泄漏事故进行了动态分析。
通过比较分析发现,AVHRR数据更适合于海上大型非持久性油的溢油事件的动态分析,可对油污在较短时间内的动态情况进行监测,并且对大面积较厚油污的监测效果良好;MODIS数据因其较短的重访周期在海上持久性油污染事件的动态监测方面具有一定优势；MERIS数据在光照条件良好的情况下,能够发现较小斑块的油污,能够反映更多的油污染细节信息,并且其高光谱数据更有利于区别油污与假目标。另通过对溢油覆盖范围的动态分析,验证了利用遥感数据综合监测溢油方案的可行性。
Large oil spills has the characteristics of large polluted area, long duration, difficult to clean up, which lead to more serious destroy to the environment. If the waters covered by oil spill could be found and the area of oil and the drift trends of oil spill could be known quickly, it will be a great help for us to clean-up work. At present, remote sensing monitoring methods is used to monitor the oil spill events, especially optical remote sensing, because of its good visual effects, is widely used. For oil spill clean-up, weather we can get the oil information as quickly as possible will affect the speed and efficiency of clean-up work directly. Therefore, how to determine and quickly obtain the needed remote sensing data when the oil spill happened become a key problem.
At present, MERIS data of ESA's ENVISAT satellite, AVHRR data of U.S.'s NOAA satellite and MODIS data of NASA's Terra/Aqua satellite are widely applicated optical sensor data in oil spill monitoring. In the past, this three types data have been successfully used to identify and monitor the oil pollution. But because of differences in data characteristics, each data has different suitable environment for its application. Based on making use of this three type data to monitor two oil spill events, this paper compared the advantages and disadvantages of the three data in the aspect of oil spill monitoring and propose the best application of each data. In addition, the paper also makes use of Multi-temporal MODIS and AVHRR data to dynamically analyze the oil spill which happened in the Gulf of Mexico.
By comparing and analyzing, it was found that AVHRR data is more suitable to dynamically analyze the oil spill with the characteristics of large and non-persistent oil at sea, especially the large thick oil. MODIS data have some advantages in dynamic monitoring for the persistent oil pollution which lasted a long time at sea. In the condition of good sun light, MERIS data can reflect more detailed information about oil pollution. At the same time, the hyperspectral data can help distinguishing the oil pollution and false target better. By the oil spill's dynamic analysis, we found that the composed use of different remote sensors'data to monitor oil spills is feasible, what's more, the drift trends of oil spill at sea depends largely on the local environment of surface currents.
引文
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[2]http://www. itopf. com/information-services/data-and-statistics/statistics/
[3]Guillem C, Yolanda S. The multi-angle view of MISR detects oil slicks under sun glitter conditions. Remote Sensing of Environment,107(2007):232-239.
[4]周斌.溢油对鸟类的影像.交通环保,1996,17(03)：7-10.
[5]NOAA, USA website(National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration). http://response.restoration.noaa.gov/. See Topic:Emergency Response, Responding to Oil Spills. Last accessed on Dec 20,2007.
[6]Gruner K, Reuter R, Smid H. A New Sensor System for Airborne Measurements of Maritime Pollution and of Hydrographic Parameters. Geojournal,1991,24(1):103-117.
[7]Fingas M. The Basics of Oil Spill Cleanup 2nd ed. Florida:Lewis Publishers,2001.
[8]李四海.海上溢油遥感探测技术及其应用进展.遥感信息,2004,(2)：53-57.
[9]Fingas M, Brown C. An undate on oil spill remote sensors. In Proc.28th Arctic and Marine Oil Spill Program(AMOP) Tech. Seminar Calgary, Canada,2005:825-860.
[10]马里.渤海海域溢油卫星遥感监测研究：(硕士学位论文).大连：大连海事大学,2006.
[11]李颖,马龙,付玉慧等.海上溢油卫星影像处理和分析.2007环境遥感学术年会---自然灾害专题研讨会,辽宁大连,2007：250-255.
[12]O'Neil R A, Neville R A, Thompson V. The arctic marine oil spill program(AMOP), remote sensing study. Environment Canada Report EPS 4-EC-83-3, Ottawa, Ontario, 1983,257.
[13]Cross A. Monitoring marine oil pollution using AVHRR data:observation off the coast of Kuwait and Saudi Arabia during January 1999. International Journal of Remote Sensing,1992, (13):781-788.
[14]Tseng W Y, Chiu L S. AVHRR Observations of Persian Gulf Oil Spills. In Proc IGARSS'94,1994:779-782.
[15]Tseng W Y. Oil spill detection from NOAA-AVHRR imagery. International Journal of Remote Sensing,1995,16(18):3481-3482.
[16]EOSAT. Prince William Sound Oil Spill. Landsat Data Users Note,1989,4(2):56-60.
[17]Salem F, Kafatos M. Hyperspectral image analysis for oil spill mitigation.22nd Asian Conference on Remote Sensing, Singapore,2001:748-753.
[18]赵冬至,张存智,徐恒振.海洋溢油灾害应急响应技术研究.北京：海洋出版社,2006.
[19]Ma L, Li Y, Liu Y. Oil Spill Monitoring Based on Its Spectral Characteristic. Environmental Forensics,2009,10 (4):317-323.
[20]李颖,刘丙新,兰国新等.有冰海区油膜光谱特征研究.光谱学与光谱分析,2010,30(04)：1018-1021.
[21]LI Y, LIU Y, MA L et al. Oil Spill Monitoring Using MODIS Data. Proc. SPIE,2007, 6795:67955G(2007).
[22]Li Y, Lan G X, Li J J et al. Potential Analysis of Maritime Oil Spill Monitoring Based on MODIS Thermal Infrared Data. Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium,2009 IEEE International, IGARSS 2009.2009,3:373-376.
[23]马龙,李颖,兰国新.多源卫星遥感溢油信息提取方法.大连海事大学学报,2009,35(4),78-80.
[24]张永宁,丁倩,李栖筠.海上溢油污染遥感监测的研究.大连海事大学学报,1999,25(3)：1-5.
[25]赵冬至,丛丕福.海面溢油的可见光波段地物光谱特征研究.遥感技术与应用,2000,15(3)：160-64.
[26]陆应诚,田庆久,王晶晶等.海面油膜光谱响应实验研究.科学通报,2008,53(9)：1085-1088.
[27]周成虎,骆剑承,刘庆生等著.遥感影像地学理解与分析.北京：科学出版社,2001.
[28]石立坚.SAR及MODIS数据海面溢油监测方法研究：(博士学位论文).青岛：中国海洋大学,2008.
[29]Jha M N, Levy J, Gao Y. Advances in remote sensing for oil spill disaster management:state-of-the-art sensors technology for oil spill surveillance, Sensors 2008, (8):236-255.
[30]Huhnerfuss H, Alpers W, Dannhauer H et al. Natural and man-made sea slicks in the North Sea investigated by a helicopter-borne 5 frequency radar scatterometer. International Journal of Remote Sensing,1996,17(8):1567-1582.
[31]Hielm J H. NIFO comparative trials. In:Lodge, A. E. (Ed.), The Remote Sensing of Oil Slicks. UK:John Wiley and Sons,1989.
[32]李栖筠.卫星遥感技术在老铁山水道溢油监测中的应用.中国航海,1994,(34)：28-32.
[33]韩坤.MODIS溢油监测研究：(硕士学位论文).大连：大连海事大学,2008.
[34]http://finance. jrj. com. cn/biz/2010/05/1908447488756.shtml.
[35]刘成林,中国陆地lkm AVHRR数据集开发方法研究.中国科学院遥感应用研究所博士学 位论文,2004年9月.
[36]http://www. oso. noaa. gov/poesstatus/.
[37]http://noaasis. noaa. gov/NOAASIS/ml/avhrr. html.
[38]http://www. nsof. class. noaa. gov/saa/products/search?sub_id=0&datatype_ family =AVHRR&submit.x=26&submit.y=7.
[39]刘玉洁,杨中东等.MODIS遥感信息处理原理与算法.北京：科学出版社,2001.
[40]陈述彭,童庆禧.遥感信息机理研究.北京：科学出版社,1998.
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