海蓬子营养成分分析及其生理活性研究
|
摘要
本文首次对种植于广东省汕头南澳岛的海水蔬菜海蓬子进行了研究,分析了海蓬子嫩茎和种子的营养成分,优化了嫩茎多糖提取工艺,并对提取的多糖进行了分离纯化和红外光谱分析,研究了嫩茎的体外抗氧化作用、减肥降血脂作用等生理活性及其食用安全性。
营养成分分析结果表明:新鲜海蓬子嫩茎粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗纤维、总糖、多糖、灰分含量(%)分别为:1.34、0.28、0.76、1.28、0.39、3.42,维生素C、β-胡萝卜素和矿物元素等含量高于普通蔬菜,且富含人体八种必需氨基酸和鲜味氨基酸,叶绿素含量高达44.29mg/100g,其营养价值高且味道鲜美;海蓬子种子蛋白质(34.01%)和油脂(23.79%)含量都很高;种子蛋白质氨基酸种类齐全,含有八种必需氨基酸,籽油富含不饱和脂肪酸,尤其是亚油酸含量高达70.62%,并含有丰富的维生素E,其营养价值相当高。
海蓬子嫩茎重金属镉、汞、铅和砷的含量分别为:0.072、<0.01、0.0279、0.0099(mg/kg),均低于国家相关标准,符合食品卫生要求。急性毒性试验结果表明:海蓬子嫩茎LD50>464g/kg,属实际无毒类(LD50>10g/kg)蔬菜,其食用安全。
海蓬子嫩茎多糖提取工艺条件优化结果为:水料比48:1,提取时间4.0h,提取温度90℃,在该条件下最大提取得率预测值为2.01%。采用DEAE-52阴离子交换层析和Sephadex G-25柱层析对多糖进行分离纯化得到两个单一的多糖组分apex-Ⅰ与apex-Ⅱ,apex-Ⅰ为双蒸水洗脱组分,apex-Ⅱ为1mol/L NaCl溶液梯度洗脱组分。经红外光谱图分析,初步推测apex-Ⅰ是具有β-D-吡喃葡萄糖与α-D-吡喃木糖结构的中性多糖,apex-Ⅱ是含有硫酸基与α-D-吡喃半乳糖结构的酸性多糖。
海蓬子嫩茎提取物体外抗氧化实验结果显示:海蓬子水提物、醇提物及水提多糖都具有一定的还原能力和抗氧化作用,作用效果均低于对照物维生素C,其中水提物的还原能力和清除·OH能力都比醇提物强,但未显示清除O_2~(-·)的活性;海蓬子粗多糖和精多糖均有清除·OH的作用,一定浓度范围内,粗多糖活性比精多糖强,但均无清除O_2~(-·)的活性。
以营养肥胖模型小鼠进行减肥实验,结果显示:海蓬子嫩茎能显著抑制肥胖小鼠体重的增加,减轻体内脂肪质量,减小脂肪细胞的体积,具有较好的减肥效果。分别采用海蓬子茎汁、茎渣和全茎对高脂血症肥胖模型大鼠进行减肥降脂实验,结果表明:与模型组相比,全茎的减肥作用最强,能极显著地抑制大鼠体重增长(p<0.01)、降低肥胖指数(p<0.01)、降低脂肪指数(p<0.01)和减小脂肪细胞体积;此外,全茎的降血脂效果也是最好,可显著降低TG (p<0.05)、TC(p<0.01)含量和升高HDL-C的水平(p<0.01)。可见,海蓬子嫩茎具有较好的减肥和降血脂功效,以全茎作用效果最好。
In this paper, sea vegetable Salicornia cultivated in Nanao Island, Shantou, Guangdong Province, was studied for the first time。The main nutritional composition of the stem and seeds from Salicornia was analyzed, the extraction technology of polysaccharides from Salicornia stem was optimized, the polysaccharide was purified, and the purified polysaccharides were analysed preliminarily with FTIR, the function on in-vitro anti-oxidative, anti-obesity and reducing blood lipid were also investigated.
Nutritional analysis showed that: the content of the crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, total sugar, polysaccharides and ash from fresh Salicornia stem were 1.34, 0.28, 0.76, 1.28, 0.39, 3.42% respectively, the fresh stem was also rich in vitamin C,β-carotene, minerals and other nutrients, and was rich in eight essential amino acids and delicious amino acids, the content of Chlorophyll was up to 44.29mg/100g; the protein (34.01%) and oil (23.79%) contents from the seeds were rich, the protein was included kinds of amino acids, containing eight essential amino acids, the oil was rich in unsaturated fatty acids(UFA), especially in linoleic acid (70.62%), and was rich in vitamin E, the nutritional value was rather high.
The content of cadmium, mercury, lead and arsenic of Salicornia stem were: 0.072, <0.01, 0.0279, 0.0099 (mg/kg) respectively, which were lower than national standards, complied with food hygiene requirements. Acute toxicity test results showed that: Salicornia stem (LD50>464g/kg) was one kind of nontoxic (LD50>10g/kg) vegetable, it is safe to eat.
The optimum extraction conditions were obtained as ratio of water to material of 48:1, extraction time of 4.0h, extraction temperature of 90℃, under which the theoretically predicted yield of polysaccharides was 2.01%. Two single polysaccharides apex-Ⅰand apex-Ⅱwere isolated and purified by DEAE-52 and Sephadex G-25 column chromatography, apex-Ⅰwere double-distilled water washed fractions, apex-Ⅱwere NaCl gradient washed fractions. By Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), apex-Ⅰwere speculated one kind of neutral polysaccharides withβ-D-glucopyranose andα-D-xylopyranosyl, apex-Ⅱwere speculated one kind of acidic polysaccharides contained sulfate andα-D-Galactosidase.
The In-vitro anti-oxidative function of the extracts from Salicornia stem were showed that: the water extract, ethanol extract and water extracted polysaccharide had a certain reducing capacity and anti-oxidative effect, which were lower than the capacity of the control, vitamin C, the reducing power and the ability to Scavenging hydroxyl free radical (?OH) of the aqueous extract were stronger than the alcohol extract, but the aqueous extract did not show Scavenging superoxide anion free radical (O_2~(-·)) activity; The crude polysaccharides and purified polysaccharide also showed reducing capacity and the ability to Scavenging ?OH to some extent, while the activity of the crude polysaccharides was stronger than the purified polysaccharides, but both of them didn’t show some scavenging O_2~(-·) activity.
The result of the salicornia stem’s anti-obesity function on the nutritive obses mice experiment showed that: Salicornia stem significantly inhibited the increase in obses mice body weight, reduced body fat mass, reduced fat cell size, had a good anti-obesity function. The stem juice, stem residue and the whole stem were used for anti-obesity and lipid-lowering experiments on obese rats, the results showed that: Compared with model group,the whole stem group had the best anti-obesity activity, could significantly inhibit body weight gain (p<0.01), lowering body mass index (BMI) (p<0.01), lowering body mass index (p<0.01) and decreased the fat cell volume; In addition, compared with the model group, the lipid-lowering effect of the whole stem was the best, it could significantly reduce the TG (p<0.05), TC (p<0.01) levels and increased HDL-C levels (p<0.01). These results indicated that Salicornia stem had a good anti-obesity and lipid-lowering effect, the whole stem could gat a best effect.
营养成分分析结果表明:新鲜海蓬子嫩茎粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗纤维、总糖、多糖、灰分含量(%)分别为:1.34、0.28、0.76、1.28、0.39、3.42,维生素C、β-胡萝卜素和矿物元素等含量高于普通蔬菜,且富含人体八种必需氨基酸和鲜味氨基酸,叶绿素含量高达44.29mg/100g,其营养价值高且味道鲜美;海蓬子种子蛋白质(34.01%)和油脂(23.79%)含量都很高;种子蛋白质氨基酸种类齐全,含有八种必需氨基酸,籽油富含不饱和脂肪酸,尤其是亚油酸含量高达70.62%,并含有丰富的维生素E,其营养价值相当高。
海蓬子嫩茎重金属镉、汞、铅和砷的含量分别为:0.072、<0.01、0.0279、0.0099(mg/kg),均低于国家相关标准,符合食品卫生要求。急性毒性试验结果表明:海蓬子嫩茎LD50>464g/kg,属实际无毒类(LD50>10g/kg)蔬菜,其食用安全。
海蓬子嫩茎多糖提取工艺条件优化结果为:水料比48:1,提取时间4.0h,提取温度90℃,在该条件下最大提取得率预测值为2.01%。采用DEAE-52阴离子交换层析和Sephadex G-25柱层析对多糖进行分离纯化得到两个单一的多糖组分apex-Ⅰ与apex-Ⅱ,apex-Ⅰ为双蒸水洗脱组分,apex-Ⅱ为1mol/L NaCl溶液梯度洗脱组分。经红外光谱图分析,初步推测apex-Ⅰ是具有β-D-吡喃葡萄糖与α-D-吡喃木糖结构的中性多糖,apex-Ⅱ是含有硫酸基与α-D-吡喃半乳糖结构的酸性多糖。
海蓬子嫩茎提取物体外抗氧化实验结果显示:海蓬子水提物、醇提物及水提多糖都具有一定的还原能力和抗氧化作用,作用效果均低于对照物维生素C,其中水提物的还原能力和清除·OH能力都比醇提物强,但未显示清除O_2~(-·)的活性;海蓬子粗多糖和精多糖均有清除·OH的作用,一定浓度范围内,粗多糖活性比精多糖强,但均无清除O_2~(-·)的活性。
以营养肥胖模型小鼠进行减肥实验,结果显示:海蓬子嫩茎能显著抑制肥胖小鼠体重的增加,减轻体内脂肪质量,减小脂肪细胞的体积,具有较好的减肥效果。分别采用海蓬子茎汁、茎渣和全茎对高脂血症肥胖模型大鼠进行减肥降脂实验,结果表明:与模型组相比,全茎的减肥作用最强,能极显著地抑制大鼠体重增长(p<0.01)、降低肥胖指数(p<0.01)、降低脂肪指数(p<0.01)和减小脂肪细胞体积;此外,全茎的降血脂效果也是最好,可显著降低TG (p<0.05)、TC(p<0.01)含量和升高HDL-C的水平(p<0.01)。可见,海蓬子嫩茎具有较好的减肥和降血脂功效,以全茎作用效果最好。
In this paper, sea vegetable Salicornia cultivated in Nanao Island, Shantou, Guangdong Province, was studied for the first time。The main nutritional composition of the stem and seeds from Salicornia was analyzed, the extraction technology of polysaccharides from Salicornia stem was optimized, the polysaccharide was purified, and the purified polysaccharides were analysed preliminarily with FTIR, the function on in-vitro anti-oxidative, anti-obesity and reducing blood lipid were also investigated.
Nutritional analysis showed that: the content of the crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, total sugar, polysaccharides and ash from fresh Salicornia stem were 1.34, 0.28, 0.76, 1.28, 0.39, 3.42% respectively, the fresh stem was also rich in vitamin C,β-carotene, minerals and other nutrients, and was rich in eight essential amino acids and delicious amino acids, the content of Chlorophyll was up to 44.29mg/100g; the protein (34.01%) and oil (23.79%) contents from the seeds were rich, the protein was included kinds of amino acids, containing eight essential amino acids, the oil was rich in unsaturated fatty acids(UFA), especially in linoleic acid (70.62%), and was rich in vitamin E, the nutritional value was rather high.
The content of cadmium, mercury, lead and arsenic of Salicornia stem were: 0.072, <0.01, 0.0279, 0.0099 (mg/kg) respectively, which were lower than national standards, complied with food hygiene requirements. Acute toxicity test results showed that: Salicornia stem (LD50>464g/kg) was one kind of nontoxic (LD50>10g/kg) vegetable, it is safe to eat.
The optimum extraction conditions were obtained as ratio of water to material of 48:1, extraction time of 4.0h, extraction temperature of 90℃, under which the theoretically predicted yield of polysaccharides was 2.01%. Two single polysaccharides apex-Ⅰand apex-Ⅱwere isolated and purified by DEAE-52 and Sephadex G-25 column chromatography, apex-Ⅰwere double-distilled water washed fractions, apex-Ⅱwere NaCl gradient washed fractions. By Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), apex-Ⅰwere speculated one kind of neutral polysaccharides withβ-D-glucopyranose andα-D-xylopyranosyl, apex-Ⅱwere speculated one kind of acidic polysaccharides contained sulfate andα-D-Galactosidase.
The In-vitro anti-oxidative function of the extracts from Salicornia stem were showed that: the water extract, ethanol extract and water extracted polysaccharide had a certain reducing capacity and anti-oxidative effect, which were lower than the capacity of the control, vitamin C, the reducing power and the ability to Scavenging hydroxyl free radical (?OH) of the aqueous extract were stronger than the alcohol extract, but the aqueous extract did not show Scavenging superoxide anion free radical (O_2~(-·)) activity; The crude polysaccharides and purified polysaccharide also showed reducing capacity and the ability to Scavenging ?OH to some extent, while the activity of the crude polysaccharides was stronger than the purified polysaccharides, but both of them didn’t show some scavenging O_2~(-·) activity.
The result of the salicornia stem’s anti-obesity function on the nutritive obses mice experiment showed that: Salicornia stem significantly inhibited the increase in obses mice body weight, reduced body fat mass, reduced fat cell size, had a good anti-obesity function. The stem juice, stem residue and the whole stem were used for anti-obesity and lipid-lowering experiments on obese rats, the results showed that: Compared with model group,the whole stem group had the best anti-obesity activity, could significantly inhibit body weight gain (p<0.01), lowering body mass index (BMI) (p<0.01), lowering body mass index (p<0.01) and decreased the fat cell volume; In addition, compared with the model group, the lipid-lowering effect of the whole stem was the best, it could significantly reduce the TG (p<0.05), TC (p<0.01) levels and increased HDL-C levels (p<0.01). These results indicated that Salicornia stem had a good anti-obesity and lipid-lowering effect, the whole stem could gat a best effect.
引文
[1]吕忠进, Edward P. Glenn, Roy M. Hodges, et al.全海水灌溉的作物———北美海蓬子(上).世界农业, 2001(2): 14-16.
[2]蔡金龙,骆江兰,周祥,等.海芦笋的开发应用初探.现代农业科技, 2007, (20): 66.
[3]吴雅静.盐生植物海蓬子的利用价值与开发前景.安徽农业科学, 2007, 35(24): 7459-7460.
[4] Attia F.M., Alsobayel A.A., Kriadees M.S., et al. Nutrient composition and feeding value of Salicornia bigelovii Torr. Mealin broiler diets. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 1997, 65(1-4): 257-263.
[5] Glenn E.P., O’Leary J.W., Watson M.C., et al. Salicornia bigelovii Torr.: an oil seed halophyte for seawater irrigation. Science, 1991, 251(1): 1065-1067.
[6]叶颜春.海蓬子的开发利用及栽培.特种经济动植物, 2004, (7): 26-27.
[7]叶妙水,钟克亚,张桂和,等.盐生经济作物北美海莲子与盐渍地生态环境改造[J].草业科学, 2006, 23(6): 6-14.
[8]洪立洲,丁海荣,杨智青,等.盐生植物海蓬子的研究进展与前景展望.江西农业学报, 2008, 20(7): 46-48.
[9]周祥,骆江兰,蔡金龙,等.海芦笋的高效栽培技术.长江蔬菜, 2008, 27-28.
[10]张美霞,刘兴宽.北美海蓬子引种盐城滩涂后生长条件和营养组成比较.食品科技, 2007, (5): 104-106.
[11]阮其惠,劳同盛,蔡慧,等.超低温与航天育种方法改良引种海蓬子.广东科技, 50-51.
[12]唐文忠,李华林,李莉,等.北美海蓬予在广西引种试验.广西热带农业, 2003, (3):7-9.
[13]冯德庆,颜台银.福建沿海海蓬子栽培技术.福建农业科技, 2007, (6): 37.
[14]卢安根,张兴龙,鞠馨,等.冷冻干燥海蓬子的品质分析.食品研究与开发, 2008, 29(1): 120-124.
[15]唐文忠,刘泽平,朱建华,等.两个北美海蓬子新品种组分含量研究.广西农学报, 2003, 5: 33-35.
[16]张爱军,沈继红,王能飞,等.海蓬子叶绿素成分的分析测定.中国食品添加剂, 2006, 59-161.
[17]欧继昌.海蓬子海水农业生态工程的构建.热带农业工程, 2001, 3: 23-25.
[18]吕忠进, Edward P. Glenn, Roy M. Hodges, et al.全海水灌溉的作物———北美海蓬子(下).世界农业, 2001, (2): 14-16.
[19]张爱军,刘发义,沈继红,等.海蓬子种子营养成分分析及制备共轭亚油酸的研究.海洋科学进展, 2003, 21(1): 89-92.
[20]刘晓庚.海蓬子种子中脂肪酸组成成分分析.食品科学, 2005, 26(2): 182-185.
[21] Han S.K., Kim G.W.. Antioxidative effect of Salicornia herbacea L. grown in closed sea beach[J]. Korean Food Sci. Nutr., 2003, 32: 207-210.
[22] Seo Y., Lee H.J., Kim Y.A., et al. Antioxidative effect of glasswort (Saliconia herbacea) extract from Daebudo. Proc. Curr. Biotech. Bioeng, 2004, 10: 1–7.
[23] Park S.H., Kim K.S.. Isolation and identification of antioxidant ?avonoids from Salicornia herbacea L.[J]. Korean Soc. Appl. Biol. Chem., 2004, 47: 120–123.
[24] Chang Suk Kong, Jung Ae Kim, Zhong Ji Qian, et al. Protective effect of isorhamnetin 3-O-β-D- glucopyranoside from Salicornia herbacea against oxidation-induced cell damage. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2009, 47: 1914-1920.
[25] Chung Y.C., Choi J.H., Oh K.N., et al. Tungtungmadic acid isolated from Salicornia herbacea suppresses the progress of carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic fibrosis in mice, Toxicol. Res., 2006, 22: 267–273.
[26] Hwang Yong Pil, Yun Hyo Jeong, Chun Hyo Kon, et al. Protective mechanisms of 3-caffeoyl,4-dihydrocaffeoyl quinicacid from Salicornia herbacea against tert-butyl hydroperoxide-induced oxidative damage. Chemico-Biological Interactions, 2009, 181: 366–376.
[27] Kong Chang-Suk, Kim You Ah, KimMoon-Moo, et al. Flavonoid glycosides isolated from Salicornia herbacea inhibit matrix metalloproteinase in HT1080 cells. Toxicology in Vitro, 2008, 22: 1742–1748.
[28] Im S.A., Kim K., Lee C.K., Immunomodulatory activity of polysaccharides isolated from Salicornia herbacea, Int. Immunopharmacol., 2006, 6: 1451–1458.
[29] Lee K.Y., Lee M.H., Chang I.Y., et al. Macrophage activation by polysaccharide fraction isolated from Salicornia herbacea[J]. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2006, 103: 372–378.
[30] Im S.A., Lee Y.R., Lee Y.H, et al. Synergistic activation of monocytes by polysaccharides isolated fromSalicornia herbacea and interferon-gamma, J. Ethnopharmacol., 2007, 111: 365–370.
[31] Han Eun Hee, Kim Ji Young, Kim Hyung Gyun, et al. Inhibitory effect of 3-caffeoyl-4-dicaffeoylquinic acid from Salicornia herbacea against phorbol ester-induced cyclooxygenase-2 expression in macrophages. Chemico-Biological Interactions, 2010, 183: 397–404.
[32] Kim, C. S., Song, T. G.. Ecologocal studies on the halophyte communities at western and southern coasts in Korea. Kor. J. Eco., 1983, 6: 167-176.
[33] Lee, Y. N.. Flora of Korea. Kyohak Publishing Co., Seoul, 1997, 144.
[34] Park Sang Hyun, Ko Sung Kwon, Choi Jin Gyu, et al. Salicornia herbacea Prevents High Fat Diet-Induced Hyperglycemia and Hyperlipidemia in ICR Mice. Arch Pharm Res, 2006, 29(3): 256-264.
[35] Im S.A., Kim K., Lee C.K., Immunomodulatory activity of polysaccharides isolated from Salicornia herbacea, Int. Immunopharmacol., 2006, 6: 1451–1458.
[36]崔世友,缪亚梅,谈峰.沿海滩涂耐盐(海水)植物的研究与开发.河北农学院学报, 2002, 12: 555-559.
[37] http://www.foodsnet.cn/trade-leads/423492.htm
[38]张美霞,杨小兰.冻干海蓬子粉加工工艺研究.食品工业科技, 2007, (6): 136-138.
[39]竹文礼,张慜,周祥,等.脱水海芦笋的护色工艺研究.食品与生物技术学报, 2009, 28(2): 182- 187.
[40]阮宏伟,张慜,周祥,等.海芦笋脱盐和真空油炸工艺的优化.食品与生物技术学报, 2009, 28(3): 332-337.
[41]范友丙,张慜,周祥,等.富硒海芦笋的真空油炸工艺研究.食品科学, 2009, 30(12): 82-85.
[42]中国肥胖问题工作组数据汇总分析协作组.我国成年人体重指数和腰围对相关疾病危险因素异常的预测价值:适宜体重指数和腰围切点的研究[J].中华流行病学杂志, 2002, 23(1): 5-10.
[43] Lew EA. Mortality and weight: insured lives and the American cancer study[J]. Annals of Intern Med, 1985, 103: 1024-1029.
[44] Van Itallie T B. Health implications of overweight and obesity[J]. Am Int Med, 1985(103): 983.
[45] Hubert H B. The importance of obesity in the development of coronary risk factors and disease: the epidemiological evidence[J]. Annu Rev Public Health, 1986, (7): 493-502.
[46] Eckel R, Krauss R. American Heart Association call to action: obesity as a major risk factor for coronary heart disease[J].Circulation, 1998, 97: 2099.
[47] WIRTH A, KRAUSE J. Long-term weight loss with sibutramine: a randomized controlled trial[J]. JAMA, 2001, 286(11): 1331-1339.
[48]王贤才主译.临床药物大典[M].青岛:青岛出版社, 1994: 248-300.
[49]肖正大,高玉琪.肥胖病的药物治疗研究进展[J].国外医学内分泌学分册, 1990,(4): 174.
[50] Anon ML.阿卡波糖治疗糖尿病的机制[J].国外医药(合成药、生化药、制剂分册), 1996, 17(5): 315.
[51]陈希.减肥药物的研究进展及前景.海峡药学, 2004, 16(4): 8-11.
[52] Drent ML, Vander Veen EA. First clinical studies with orlistat[J]. Obes Res, 1995, 3(4): 623.
[53]陈艳清,郭传勇编译.减肥药:奥利司他[J].国外医药合成药生化药制剂分册, 1999, 20(5): 284-286.
[54]郑以漫,项坤三.减肥新药: orlistat的作用机制及临床[J].中国糖尿病杂志, 2001, 9(2): 120-121.
[55]钱磊,向华,尤启冬,等.减肥药物最新研究进展, 2007, 16(6): 437-442.
[56] Zezulak K M, Green H. The generation Of insulin like growth factor sensitive cells by using growth hormone action[J]. Science, 1986, 233:551.
[57] Wabitsch M, Heinze E. Body fat in GH-deficient children and the effect of treatment[J]. Horm Res, 1993, 40: 5.
[58] Joseph MG. Effects of growth hormone on body fat in adults[J]. Horm Res, 1993, (40): 10.
[59] Clore J N. Dchydroepiandrosterone and body fat[J]. Obes Res. 1995, 3(4): 613.
[60] Arch JR, Wilson S. Prospects forβ3-adrenoeeptor agonists in the treatment of obesity and diabetes[J]. Int J Obe Relat Metab Disord, 1996, 20(3): 19.
[61] Sawynok J. Pharmacological rationale for the clinical use of caffeine[J]. Drugs, 1995, 49(l): 37-45.
[62] Finer N. Present and future Pharmacological approaches[J]. Br Med Bull, 1997, 53(2): 409.
[63] Ingalis A M, Dickie M M, Sheu G D. Obese, a new mutation in the house mouse[J]. J Heted, 1950, 41(12): 317-318.
[64] Michael W. Specificity of leptin action on elevated blood glucose levels and hypothalamic neuropeptide Y gene expression in ob/ob mice[J]. Diabetes, 1996, 45: 531.
[65] Halas J L, Gajiwala K S, Maffei M, et al.. Weight-reducing effects of the Plasma Protein encoded by the obese gene[J]. Seience, 1995, 269: 543.
[66] Ryan DH, Kaiser P, Bray GA. Sibutramine: a novel new agent for obesity treatment[J]. Obe Res, 1995, 3(4): 553.
[67] Strock M J. Sbutramine: a review of the Pharmaeology of novel anti-obesity agent[J].Int J Obe RelaMetab Disord, 1997, 21(1): 25.
[68]李明编译.肥胖症治疗药西布曲明[J].国外医药合成药生化药制剂分册, 1998, 19(6): 331.
[69]吴平,胡永狮,杜青云等.减肥药物的分类及其作用机制[J].中国临床药学杂志, 2000, 9(2): 131-134.
[70]王海勇.降血脂药物的研究进展.国外医学药学分册, 2004, 31(3): 160-166.
[71] Davidson MH, Dicklin MR, Maki KC, et al..Colesevelam hydrochloride: a non-absorbed, polymeric cholesterol-lowering agent[J]. Expert Opin Onvestig Drugs, 2000, 9(11): 2663.
[72]施敏,黄绳武.降血脂药物制剂的研究进展.中国药事, 2008, 22(10): 920-923.
[73] Sviridov D, Nestel P, Watts G. Statins and metabolism of high density lipoprotein[J]. Cardiovasc Hematol Agents Med Chem, 2007, 5(3): 215.
[74] Insull W J, Koren M, Davignon J, et al.. Efficacy and short-term satiety of new ACAT inhibitor, avasimibe, on lipids, lipoproteins, and Apo lipoproteins, inpatients with combined hyperlipidemia[J]. Atherosclerosis, 2001, 157(1): 137.
[75] Kastelein J J. The future of lipid-lowering therapy: the big picture[J]. Neth J Med, 2003, 61(5 Suppl):35-39.
[76] Bays H E, Mc Kenney J M, Dujovne C A , et al. Effectiveness and tolerability of a new lipid-altering agent, gemcabene, in patients with low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol[J]. Am J Cardiol, 2003, 92(5): 538-543.
[77]张印俊.降血脂药物的研究进展.国外医药抗生素分册, 2003, 24(6): 241-245.
[78]廖建民,沈子龙,张瑾.海带多糖中不同组分降血脂及抗肿瘤作用的研究.中国药科大学学报, 2002, 33(1): 55-57.
[79]张华锋,高征,罗亚飞,等.海蒿子活性多糖降血脂作用的研.中成药, 2009, 31(12): 1925-1927.
[80] Heaton KW.Food fibre as an obstacle to energy intake[J]. Lancet., 1973, 2: 1418-1421.
[81] Birketvedt G S, Aaseth J, Florholmen J R, et al. Long-term effect of fibre supplement and reduced energy intake on body weight and blood lipids in overweight subjects[J]. Acta Med, 2000, 43: 129-132.
[82]董文彦,张东平,伍立居,等.三种膳食纤维降血脂、通便与减肥作用的比较研究.中国粮油学报, 2000, 15(1): 40-44.
[83]常银子,仲山民,曹玉成,等.百合膳食纤维对大鼠调节血脂和减肥功能的影响.食品科技, 2007, (9):246-247.
[84]徐丽萍.桔梗总皂甙降血脂作用的研究.食品工业科技, 2007, (8): 224-225.
[85]徐庆,赵一,成贵仁.七叶总皂试降血脂作用的研究.中国中药杂志, 1993, 18(6): 367-369.
[86]李艳霞,邓琳红,张胜杰.红景天皂甙对雌性动物的降血脂作用.吉林医学, 2008, 29(20): 1804-1805.
[87]金宗镰.保健食品的功能评价[M].北京:中国轻工业出版社, 2001.
[88]孙伟伟,曹维强,王静. DNS法测定玉米秸秆中总糖[J].食品研究与开发, 2006, 27: 120-123.
[89]崔勤,李新丽,翟淑芝.小麦叶片叶绿素含量测定的分光光度计法[J].安徽农业科学, 2006, 34: 2063.
[90]郑建仙.功能性食品(第三卷)[M].北京:中国轻工业出版社, 1999: 23-31.
[91]中国预防医学科学院、营养与食品卫生研究所编.食物成分表[M].北京:人民卫生出版社, 2000:12-15.
[92] Pellett P L, Yong V R. Nutritional evaluation of protein foods[M]. Tokyo: The United National University Publishing Company, 1980: 26-29.
[93] Dubois M, Gilles K A, Hamilton J K, et al. Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances[J]. Analytical Chemistry, 1956, 28: 350-366.
[94]张维杰.糖复合物生化研究技术[M].杭州:浙江人学出版社, 1994, 13-16.
[95]孙培龙.姬松茸多糖的分离纯化、结构鉴定和抗肿瘤活性研究[D].杭州:浙江大学, 2007, :29-31.
[96]李亚娜,林永成,佘志刚.响应面分析法优化羊栖菜多糖的提取工艺[J].华南理工大学学报, 2004, 32(11):28-32.
[97]洪楠. SAS for Windows(第8版)[M].北京:北京交通大学出版社, 2004: 540-550.
[98]陈毓荃.生物化学实验方法和技术[M].北京:科学出版社, 2002, 1-257.
[99] Bradford M M. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgran quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal. Biochem. 1976, 72: 248-254.
[100]方积年,丁侃.天然药物—多糖的主要生物活性及分离纯化方法.中国天然药物, 2007, 9(5): 338-347.
[101]胡梅.鸡腿蘑深层发酵技术及其多糖分离纯化的研究[D].华中农业大学. 2006.
[102]石宝霞,车会莲,赵利霞,等.碎米荠硒多糖的分离纯化及光谱分析[J].食品科学, 2007, 28(06): 298-302.
[103]余杰,王欣,陈美珍,等.潮汕沿海龙须菜的营养成分和多糖组成分析.食品科学, 2006,27(1):93-96.
[104]梁燕茹,李文权,刘四光.自养小球藻硫酸多糖的红外光谱分析.实验与技术, 2007, 31(11): 1-4.
[105]张昆.龙须菜多糖的结构特征和抗肿瘤活性研究[D].中国海洋大学硕士学位论文, 2006, :6.
[106] OBAIDY H M, SIDDIQI A M. Properties of broad bean lipoxygenase[J]. Journal of Food Science, 1981, 46: 622-629.
[107]吴艳兵,谢荔岩,谢联辉,等.毛头鬼伞(Coprinus comatus)多糖的理化性质及体外抗氧化活性[J].激光生物学报, 2007, 16(4): 438-442.
[108]陈留勇,孟宪军,贾薇,等.黄桃水溶性多糖的抗肿瘤作用及清除自由基提高免疫活性研究[J].食品科学, 2004, 25(2): 167-171.
[2]蔡金龙,骆江兰,周祥,等.海芦笋的开发应用初探.现代农业科技, 2007, (20): 66.
[3]吴雅静.盐生植物海蓬子的利用价值与开发前景.安徽农业科学, 2007, 35(24): 7459-7460.
[4] Attia F.M., Alsobayel A.A., Kriadees M.S., et al. Nutrient composition and feeding value of Salicornia bigelovii Torr. Mealin broiler diets. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 1997, 65(1-4): 257-263.
[5] Glenn E.P., O’Leary J.W., Watson M.C., et al. Salicornia bigelovii Torr.: an oil seed halophyte for seawater irrigation. Science, 1991, 251(1): 1065-1067.
[6]叶颜春.海蓬子的开发利用及栽培.特种经济动植物, 2004, (7): 26-27.
[7]叶妙水,钟克亚,张桂和,等.盐生经济作物北美海莲子与盐渍地生态环境改造[J].草业科学, 2006, 23(6): 6-14.
[8]洪立洲,丁海荣,杨智青,等.盐生植物海蓬子的研究进展与前景展望.江西农业学报, 2008, 20(7): 46-48.
[9]周祥,骆江兰,蔡金龙,等.海芦笋的高效栽培技术.长江蔬菜, 2008, 27-28.
[10]张美霞,刘兴宽.北美海蓬子引种盐城滩涂后生长条件和营养组成比较.食品科技, 2007, (5): 104-106.
[11]阮其惠,劳同盛,蔡慧,等.超低温与航天育种方法改良引种海蓬子.广东科技, 50-51.
[12]唐文忠,李华林,李莉,等.北美海蓬予在广西引种试验.广西热带农业, 2003, (3):7-9.
[13]冯德庆,颜台银.福建沿海海蓬子栽培技术.福建农业科技, 2007, (6): 37.
[14]卢安根,张兴龙,鞠馨,等.冷冻干燥海蓬子的品质分析.食品研究与开发, 2008, 29(1): 120-124.
[15]唐文忠,刘泽平,朱建华,等.两个北美海蓬子新品种组分含量研究.广西农学报, 2003, 5: 33-35.
[16]张爱军,沈继红,王能飞,等.海蓬子叶绿素成分的分析测定.中国食品添加剂, 2006, 59-161.
[17]欧继昌.海蓬子海水农业生态工程的构建.热带农业工程, 2001, 3: 23-25.
[18]吕忠进, Edward P. Glenn, Roy M. Hodges, et al.全海水灌溉的作物———北美海蓬子(下).世界农业, 2001, (2): 14-16.
[19]张爱军,刘发义,沈继红,等.海蓬子种子营养成分分析及制备共轭亚油酸的研究.海洋科学进展, 2003, 21(1): 89-92.
[20]刘晓庚.海蓬子种子中脂肪酸组成成分分析.食品科学, 2005, 26(2): 182-185.
[21] Han S.K., Kim G.W.. Antioxidative effect of Salicornia herbacea L. grown in closed sea beach[J]. Korean Food Sci. Nutr., 2003, 32: 207-210.
[22] Seo Y., Lee H.J., Kim Y.A., et al. Antioxidative effect of glasswort (Saliconia herbacea) extract from Daebudo. Proc. Curr. Biotech. Bioeng, 2004, 10: 1–7.
[23] Park S.H., Kim K.S.. Isolation and identification of antioxidant ?avonoids from Salicornia herbacea L.[J]. Korean Soc. Appl. Biol. Chem., 2004, 47: 120–123.
[24] Chang Suk Kong, Jung Ae Kim, Zhong Ji Qian, et al. Protective effect of isorhamnetin 3-O-β-D- glucopyranoside from Salicornia herbacea against oxidation-induced cell damage. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2009, 47: 1914-1920.
[25] Chung Y.C., Choi J.H., Oh K.N., et al. Tungtungmadic acid isolated from Salicornia herbacea suppresses the progress of carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic fibrosis in mice, Toxicol. Res., 2006, 22: 267–273.
[26] Hwang Yong Pil, Yun Hyo Jeong, Chun Hyo Kon, et al. Protective mechanisms of 3-caffeoyl,4-dihydrocaffeoyl quinicacid from Salicornia herbacea against tert-butyl hydroperoxide-induced oxidative damage. Chemico-Biological Interactions, 2009, 181: 366–376.
[27] Kong Chang-Suk, Kim You Ah, KimMoon-Moo, et al. Flavonoid glycosides isolated from Salicornia herbacea inhibit matrix metalloproteinase in HT1080 cells. Toxicology in Vitro, 2008, 22: 1742–1748.
[28] Im S.A., Kim K., Lee C.K., Immunomodulatory activity of polysaccharides isolated from Salicornia herbacea, Int. Immunopharmacol., 2006, 6: 1451–1458.
[29] Lee K.Y., Lee M.H., Chang I.Y., et al. Macrophage activation by polysaccharide fraction isolated from Salicornia herbacea[J]. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2006, 103: 372–378.
[30] Im S.A., Lee Y.R., Lee Y.H, et al. Synergistic activation of monocytes by polysaccharides isolated fromSalicornia herbacea and interferon-gamma, J. Ethnopharmacol., 2007, 111: 365–370.
[31] Han Eun Hee, Kim Ji Young, Kim Hyung Gyun, et al. Inhibitory effect of 3-caffeoyl-4-dicaffeoylquinic acid from Salicornia herbacea against phorbol ester-induced cyclooxygenase-2 expression in macrophages. Chemico-Biological Interactions, 2010, 183: 397–404.
[32] Kim, C. S., Song, T. G.. Ecologocal studies on the halophyte communities at western and southern coasts in Korea. Kor. J. Eco., 1983, 6: 167-176.
[33] Lee, Y. N.. Flora of Korea. Kyohak Publishing Co., Seoul, 1997, 144.
[34] Park Sang Hyun, Ko Sung Kwon, Choi Jin Gyu, et al. Salicornia herbacea Prevents High Fat Diet-Induced Hyperglycemia and Hyperlipidemia in ICR Mice. Arch Pharm Res, 2006, 29(3): 256-264.
[35] Im S.A., Kim K., Lee C.K., Immunomodulatory activity of polysaccharides isolated from Salicornia herbacea, Int. Immunopharmacol., 2006, 6: 1451–1458.
[36]崔世友,缪亚梅,谈峰.沿海滩涂耐盐(海水)植物的研究与开发.河北农学院学报, 2002, 12: 555-559.
[37] http://www.foodsnet.cn/trade-leads/423492.htm
[38]张美霞,杨小兰.冻干海蓬子粉加工工艺研究.食品工业科技, 2007, (6): 136-138.
[39]竹文礼,张慜,周祥,等.脱水海芦笋的护色工艺研究.食品与生物技术学报, 2009, 28(2): 182- 187.
[40]阮宏伟,张慜,周祥,等.海芦笋脱盐和真空油炸工艺的优化.食品与生物技术学报, 2009, 28(3): 332-337.
[41]范友丙,张慜,周祥,等.富硒海芦笋的真空油炸工艺研究.食品科学, 2009, 30(12): 82-85.
[42]中国肥胖问题工作组数据汇总分析协作组.我国成年人体重指数和腰围对相关疾病危险因素异常的预测价值:适宜体重指数和腰围切点的研究[J].中华流行病学杂志, 2002, 23(1): 5-10.
[43] Lew EA. Mortality and weight: insured lives and the American cancer study[J]. Annals of Intern Med, 1985, 103: 1024-1029.
[44] Van Itallie T B. Health implications of overweight and obesity[J]. Am Int Med, 1985(103): 983.
[45] Hubert H B. The importance of obesity in the development of coronary risk factors and disease: the epidemiological evidence[J]. Annu Rev Public Health, 1986, (7): 493-502.
[46] Eckel R, Krauss R. American Heart Association call to action: obesity as a major risk factor for coronary heart disease[J].Circulation, 1998, 97: 2099.
[47] WIRTH A, KRAUSE J. Long-term weight loss with sibutramine: a randomized controlled trial[J]. JAMA, 2001, 286(11): 1331-1339.
[48]王贤才主译.临床药物大典[M].青岛:青岛出版社, 1994: 248-300.
[49]肖正大,高玉琪.肥胖病的药物治疗研究进展[J].国外医学内分泌学分册, 1990,(4): 174.
[50] Anon ML.阿卡波糖治疗糖尿病的机制[J].国外医药(合成药、生化药、制剂分册), 1996, 17(5): 315.
[51]陈希.减肥药物的研究进展及前景.海峡药学, 2004, 16(4): 8-11.
[52] Drent ML, Vander Veen EA. First clinical studies with orlistat[J]. Obes Res, 1995, 3(4): 623.
[53]陈艳清,郭传勇编译.减肥药:奥利司他[J].国外医药合成药生化药制剂分册, 1999, 20(5): 284-286.
[54]郑以漫,项坤三.减肥新药: orlistat的作用机制及临床[J].中国糖尿病杂志, 2001, 9(2): 120-121.
[55]钱磊,向华,尤启冬,等.减肥药物最新研究进展, 2007, 16(6): 437-442.
[56] Zezulak K M, Green H. The generation Of insulin like growth factor sensitive cells by using growth hormone action[J]. Science, 1986, 233:551.
[57] Wabitsch M, Heinze E. Body fat in GH-deficient children and the effect of treatment[J]. Horm Res, 1993, 40: 5.
[58] Joseph MG. Effects of growth hormone on body fat in adults[J]. Horm Res, 1993, (40): 10.
[59] Clore J N. Dchydroepiandrosterone and body fat[J]. Obes Res. 1995, 3(4): 613.
[60] Arch JR, Wilson S. Prospects forβ3-adrenoeeptor agonists in the treatment of obesity and diabetes[J]. Int J Obe Relat Metab Disord, 1996, 20(3): 19.
[61] Sawynok J. Pharmacological rationale for the clinical use of caffeine[J]. Drugs, 1995, 49(l): 37-45.
[62] Finer N. Present and future Pharmacological approaches[J]. Br Med Bull, 1997, 53(2): 409.
[63] Ingalis A M, Dickie M M, Sheu G D. Obese, a new mutation in the house mouse[J]. J Heted, 1950, 41(12): 317-318.
[64] Michael W. Specificity of leptin action on elevated blood glucose levels and hypothalamic neuropeptide Y gene expression in ob/ob mice[J]. Diabetes, 1996, 45: 531.
[65] Halas J L, Gajiwala K S, Maffei M, et al.. Weight-reducing effects of the Plasma Protein encoded by the obese gene[J]. Seience, 1995, 269: 543.
[66] Ryan DH, Kaiser P, Bray GA. Sibutramine: a novel new agent for obesity treatment[J]. Obe Res, 1995, 3(4): 553.
[67] Strock M J. Sbutramine: a review of the Pharmaeology of novel anti-obesity agent[J].Int J Obe RelaMetab Disord, 1997, 21(1): 25.
[68]李明编译.肥胖症治疗药西布曲明[J].国外医药合成药生化药制剂分册, 1998, 19(6): 331.
[69]吴平,胡永狮,杜青云等.减肥药物的分类及其作用机制[J].中国临床药学杂志, 2000, 9(2): 131-134.
[70]王海勇.降血脂药物的研究进展.国外医学药学分册, 2004, 31(3): 160-166.
[71] Davidson MH, Dicklin MR, Maki KC, et al..Colesevelam hydrochloride: a non-absorbed, polymeric cholesterol-lowering agent[J]. Expert Opin Onvestig Drugs, 2000, 9(11): 2663.
[72]施敏,黄绳武.降血脂药物制剂的研究进展.中国药事, 2008, 22(10): 920-923.
[73] Sviridov D, Nestel P, Watts G. Statins and metabolism of high density lipoprotein[J]. Cardiovasc Hematol Agents Med Chem, 2007, 5(3): 215.
[74] Insull W J, Koren M, Davignon J, et al.. Efficacy and short-term satiety of new ACAT inhibitor, avasimibe, on lipids, lipoproteins, and Apo lipoproteins, inpatients with combined hyperlipidemia[J]. Atherosclerosis, 2001, 157(1): 137.
[75] Kastelein J J. The future of lipid-lowering therapy: the big picture[J]. Neth J Med, 2003, 61(5 Suppl):35-39.
[76] Bays H E, Mc Kenney J M, Dujovne C A , et al. Effectiveness and tolerability of a new lipid-altering agent, gemcabene, in patients with low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol[J]. Am J Cardiol, 2003, 92(5): 538-543.
[77]张印俊.降血脂药物的研究进展.国外医药抗生素分册, 2003, 24(6): 241-245.
[78]廖建民,沈子龙,张瑾.海带多糖中不同组分降血脂及抗肿瘤作用的研究.中国药科大学学报, 2002, 33(1): 55-57.
[79]张华锋,高征,罗亚飞,等.海蒿子活性多糖降血脂作用的研.中成药, 2009, 31(12): 1925-1927.
[80] Heaton KW.Food fibre as an obstacle to energy intake[J]. Lancet., 1973, 2: 1418-1421.
[81] Birketvedt G S, Aaseth J, Florholmen J R, et al. Long-term effect of fibre supplement and reduced energy intake on body weight and blood lipids in overweight subjects[J]. Acta Med, 2000, 43: 129-132.
[82]董文彦,张东平,伍立居,等.三种膳食纤维降血脂、通便与减肥作用的比较研究.中国粮油学报, 2000, 15(1): 40-44.
[83]常银子,仲山民,曹玉成,等.百合膳食纤维对大鼠调节血脂和减肥功能的影响.食品科技, 2007, (9):246-247.
[84]徐丽萍.桔梗总皂甙降血脂作用的研究.食品工业科技, 2007, (8): 224-225.
[85]徐庆,赵一,成贵仁.七叶总皂试降血脂作用的研究.中国中药杂志, 1993, 18(6): 367-369.
[86]李艳霞,邓琳红,张胜杰.红景天皂甙对雌性动物的降血脂作用.吉林医学, 2008, 29(20): 1804-1805.
[87]金宗镰.保健食品的功能评价[M].北京:中国轻工业出版社, 2001.
[88]孙伟伟,曹维强,王静. DNS法测定玉米秸秆中总糖[J].食品研究与开发, 2006, 27: 120-123.
[89]崔勤,李新丽,翟淑芝.小麦叶片叶绿素含量测定的分光光度计法[J].安徽农业科学, 2006, 34: 2063.
[90]郑建仙.功能性食品(第三卷)[M].北京:中国轻工业出版社, 1999: 23-31.
[91]中国预防医学科学院、营养与食品卫生研究所编.食物成分表[M].北京:人民卫生出版社, 2000:12-15.
[92] Pellett P L, Yong V R. Nutritional evaluation of protein foods[M]. Tokyo: The United National University Publishing Company, 1980: 26-29.
[93] Dubois M, Gilles K A, Hamilton J K, et al. Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances[J]. Analytical Chemistry, 1956, 28: 350-366.
[94]张维杰.糖复合物生化研究技术[M].杭州:浙江人学出版社, 1994, 13-16.
[95]孙培龙.姬松茸多糖的分离纯化、结构鉴定和抗肿瘤活性研究[D].杭州:浙江大学, 2007, :29-31.
[96]李亚娜,林永成,佘志刚.响应面分析法优化羊栖菜多糖的提取工艺[J].华南理工大学学报, 2004, 32(11):28-32.
[97]洪楠. SAS for Windows(第8版)[M].北京:北京交通大学出版社, 2004: 540-550.
[98]陈毓荃.生物化学实验方法和技术[M].北京:科学出版社, 2002, 1-257.
[99] Bradford M M. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgran quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal. Biochem. 1976, 72: 248-254.
[100]方积年,丁侃.天然药物—多糖的主要生物活性及分离纯化方法.中国天然药物, 2007, 9(5): 338-347.
[101]胡梅.鸡腿蘑深层发酵技术及其多糖分离纯化的研究[D].华中农业大学. 2006.
[102]石宝霞,车会莲,赵利霞,等.碎米荠硒多糖的分离纯化及光谱分析[J].食品科学, 2007, 28(06): 298-302.
[103]余杰,王欣,陈美珍,等.潮汕沿海龙须菜的营养成分和多糖组成分析.食品科学, 2006,27(1):93-96.
[104]梁燕茹,李文权,刘四光.自养小球藻硫酸多糖的红外光谱分析.实验与技术, 2007, 31(11): 1-4.
[105]张昆.龙须菜多糖的结构特征和抗肿瘤活性研究[D].中国海洋大学硕士学位论文, 2006, :6.
[106] OBAIDY H M, SIDDIQI A M. Properties of broad bean lipoxygenase[J]. Journal of Food Science, 1981, 46: 622-629.
[107]吴艳兵,谢荔岩,谢联辉,等.毛头鬼伞(Coprinus comatus)多糖的理化性质及体外抗氧化活性[J].激光生物学报, 2007, 16(4): 438-442.
[108]陈留勇,孟宪军,贾薇,等.黄桃水溶性多糖的抗肿瘤作用及清除自由基提高免疫活性研究[J].食品科学, 2004, 25(2): 167-171.