复合乳酸菌对不同营养途径治疗的重症急性胰腺炎大鼠肠屏障功能的影响及其机制研究
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摘要
【目的】旨在建立适用于研究重症急性胰腺炎(severe acute pancreatitis,SAP)治疗的大鼠模型;并基于此模型,观察复合乳酸菌对早期肠内营养(early enteral nutrition,EEN)和肠外营养(parenteral nutrition,PN)治疗的SAP大鼠肠屏障功能的影响,深入探讨其作用机制。
【方法】
1、构建大鼠SAP模型
92只SD大鼠(体重200±10克),随机分为假手术组(共20只,分6、12、24和48h 4个时间点观察组,每个时间点组为5只)、造模组(共72只,其中20只分6、12、24和48h 4个时间点观察组,每个时间点组为5只;其余52只,用于观察死亡率)。采用胰腺被膜下均匀注射3.8%牛磺胆酸钠造模,比较对照组和造模组4个时间点血清淀粉酶和胰腺病理的情况,统计造模组死亡率的情况。
2、复合乳酸菌对不同营养途径治疗的SAP大鼠肠屏障功能的影响及其机制研究
96只SD大鼠(体重200±10克),随机分为假手术早期肠内营养治疗组(Sham-EEN)、早期肠内营养治疗组(EEN)、早期肠内营养加复合乳酸菌治疗组(EEN+Lac);假手术肠外营养治疗组(Sham-PN)、肠外营养治疗组(PN)、肠外营养加复合乳酸菌组(PN+Lac),每组16只,分别于第4d(8只)和第7d(8只)取材,检测肝和肠系膜淋巴结肠道菌群易位、血浆内毒素、肠转运功能、二胺氧化酶(DAO)、Tunnel法测定小肠上皮细胞凋亡、免疫组化法和实时定量PCR法测定肠上皮紧密结合蛋白Occludin蛋白的表达及mRNA含量、ELISA法测定小肠黏液SIgA含量、BCA法测定小肠粘膜蛋白含量,从多个角度来研究复合乳酸菌对不同营养途径治疗的SAP大鼠肠道功能的影响及其机制。
3、复合乳酸菌对不同营养途径治疗的SAP大鼠细胞因子平衡作用研究
[Objective] To establish an experimental severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) model in rats for evaluating therapeutic study;based on this SAP model, to investigate influence of different nutritional support with compound lactobacilli on intestinal barrier function of SAP in rats and its mechanism, and to investigate effect of different nutritional support with compound lactobacilli on cytokines balance of SAP in serum.[Methods] 1. Establishment of model of experimental SAP in rats: 92 SD rats were divided randomly into sham-operated group (SO) and SAP group. The SAP model in rat was established by injection of 1 ml of 3.8% sodium taurocholate beneath the pancreatic capsule. 20 rats of SO group and 20 rats of SAP group were killed at 6h, 12h, 24h and 48h after operation to determine the plasm amylase and the histopathologic changes of pancreatic. The rest 32 rats of SAP were added to calculate the mortality. 2. The influence of different nutritional support with compound lactobacilli on intestinal barrier function of severe acute pancreatitis in rats and its mechanism: 96 SD rats were divided randomly into sham-operated group with early enteral nutrition support (Sham-EEN), ENN group, EEN with compound lactobacilli (EEN+ Lac) group, sham-operated group with total parenteral nutrition support (Sham -TPN), TPN and PN with compound lactobacilli (PN+ Lac) group. Half of rats in each group were killed at 4d and 7d to determine the bacterial translocation in live and mesenteric lymph node (MLN), endotoxin and diamine oxidase( DAO) in plasm, intestinal transit index, epithelial cell apoptosis in intestinal barrier (by TUNEL), protein content in small intestinal mucosa (by BCA), the expression occludin protein
(by immuneohistochemistry, IHC) and mRNA (by Real-time quantitative PCR) in small intestinal mucosa, slgA content in small intestinal mucus. 3. The rats was divided and managed with the same way of the 2 section of the research. At 4d and 7d, determine the level of TNF-a and IL-10 in serum, and observe the changes of IL-10/TNF-a ratio in different group.[Results] 1. Establishment of model of experimental SAP in rats: in SAP group, Plasm amylase increased 12 hours after injection, reached peak value at 24h, and maintained at high level at 48h. There was significant difference between model group and SO group. The HE staining results showed there was pancreatic hemorrhage and necrosis, and the impairment was progressive. The mortality rate was stable within one week. 2. The influence of different nutritional support with compound lactobacilli on intestinal barrier function of severe acute pancreatitis in rats and its mechanism: (1) the result of bacterial translocation in liver and MLN: the rate of bacterial translocation was significantly higher in SAP groups (P<0.01 vs. Sham-EEN and Sham-TPN groups);it was higher in TPN group (P<0.05 vs. EEN group);it was higher in TPN 4d group (P<0.05 vs. PN+Lac 4d group). (2) The result of endotoxin in pasm: the level of endotoxin in plasm was significantly higher in SAP groups (P<0.01 vs. Sham-EEN and Sham-TPN groups);it was higher in TPN group (P<0.05 vs. EEN and EEN+Lac group);it was higher in EEN group (P<0.05 vs. EEN+Lac group);it was significantly higher in TPN group (P<0.01 vs. PN+Lac group);and it was significantly higher in 4d group (P<0.01 vs. 7d group);(3) The change of small intestinal mechanic barrier: ?intestinal transit index: the intestinal transit index was significantly higher in SAP groups except EEN+Lac 4d and PN+ Lac 7d group (P<0.01 vs. Sham-EEN and Sham-TPN groups);it was significantly lower in TPN group (P<0.01 vs. PN+Lac group);?diamine oxidase ( DAO) in plasm: the level of DAO in plasm was significantly higher in TPN group (P<0.01 vs. Sham-EEN and Sham-TPN groups);it was significantly higher in TPN 4d group (P<0.01 vs. EEN);it was higher in EN 4d group (P<0.01 vs. EEN+Lac );and it was
significantly higher in 4d group (P<0.01 vs. 7d group), ?intestinal epithelia AI (%): the intestinal epithelia AI was significantly higher in SAP groups (P<0.01 vs. Sham-EEN and Sham-TPN groups);it was higher in TPN group (P<0.05 vs. EEN and EEN+Lac group);it was higher in TPN group (P<0.05 vs. PN+Lac group);it was significantly higher in PN+Lac 4d group (P<0.01 vs. PN+Lac 7d group);and it was significantly higher in 4d group (P<0.01 vs. 7d group);@The relative gray value of occludin protein slices by IHC: the relative gray value of occluding was higher in SAP groups (P<0.05 vs. Sham-EEN and Sham-TPN groups);it was higher in TPN group (P<0.05 vs. EEN and EEN+Lac group);it was higher in EN 4d group (P<0.05 vs. EEN+Lac 4d group);it was higher in PN+Lac 7d group (P<0.05 vs. PN+Lac 7d group) and it was higher in EN 4d group (P<0.01 vs. EN 7d group), ?the expression of occludin protein mRNA: the expression of occludin protein mRNA was lower in SAP 4d groups (P<0.05 vs. Sham-EEN 4d and Sham-TPN 4d groups) and was lower in TPN 7d group (P<0.05 vs. Sham-TPN 7d group);it was lower in TPN group (P<0.05 vs. EEN and EEN+Lac group);it was lower in TPN 7d group (P<0.05 vs. PN+Lac group). ?There is significantly positive correlation between the occluding protein mRNA level and the reciprocal of relative gray value, r=0.9216, P<0.01.(Z)sIgA content in small intestinal mucus: the slgA content in small intestinal mucus was significantly lower in SAP groups except EEN+Lac 7d group (P<0.05 vs. Sham-EEN and Sham-TPN groups);it was lower in EEN group (P<0.05 vs. EEN+ Lac group);it was lower in TPN group (P<0.05 vs. EEN and EEN+Lac group);it was lower in PN+Lac group (P<0.05 vs. EEN+Lac group) and it was lower in SAP 4d group (P<0.05 vs. 7d group). (3)protein content in small intestinal mucosa: the protein content in small intestinal mucosa was lower in SAP groups except EEN+ Lac 7d group and PN+Lac 7d group (P<0.05 vs. Sham-EEN and Sham-TPN groups);it was lower in EEN group (P<0.05 vs. EEN+Lac group);it was lower in TPN group (P<0.05 vs. PN+Lac group);it was significantly lower in TPN group (P<0.01 vs. EEN and EEN+Lac group);it was lower in PN+Lac group (P<0.05 vs. EEN+Lac group) and it was lower in EEN+Lac 4d group (P<0.05 vs. EEN+Lac 7d group) . 3. The effect of different nutritional support with compound lactobacilli on cytokines balance
of SAP in serum. (1) the level of TNF-a in serum: the level of TNF-a in serum was significantly higher in SAP group (P<0.01 vs. Sham-EEN and Sham-TPN groups);it was lower in 4d SAP group (P<0.05 vs. 7d SAP group);it was higher in EEN 4d group (P<0.05 vs. EEN+Lac 4dgroup);it was higher in TPN group (P<0.01 vs. EEN and EEN+Lac group);it was higher in TPN group (P<0.01 vs. PN+Lac group). (2)the level of IL-10 in serum: the level of IL-10 in serum was significantly higher in SAP group (P<0.01 vs. Sham-EEN and Sham-TPN groups);it was significantly lower in 4d SAP group (P<0.01 vs. 7d SAP group);it was higher in EEN group (P<0.05 vs. EEN+Lac group);it was higher in TPN group (P<0.05 vs. EEN+Lac group);it was higher in TPN group (P<0.05 vs. PN+Lac group). (3) the ratio of IL-10/TNF-a in serum: the ratio of IL-10/TNF-a in serum was lower in SAP group (P<0.05 vs. Sham-EEN and Sham-TPN groups);it was lower in EEN 4d group (P<0.05 vs. EEN + Lac 4d group);it was lower in TPN group (P<0.05 vs. PN + Lac group).[Conclusions]1. Establishment of model of experimental SAP in ratsEstablish the rat model of SAP by injection of 1 ml of 3.8% sodium taurocholate beneath the pancreatic capsule. The mortality rate was stable within one week. And the method could establish SAP model with good reproducibility. The model resembles the natural course of human SAP and will be valuable for evaluating therapeutic study on SAP.2. The influence of different nutritional support with compound lactobacilli on intestinal barrier function of severe acute pancreatitis in rats and its mechanism(1) EEN with compound lactobacilli can significantly benefit the intestinal barrier function, decreasing the occurrence of bacterial translocation and endotoxin translocation;(2) The mechanisms of positive of EEN with compound lactobacilli on the intestmal barrier function may through improving synthesis of intestinal mucous protein, decreasing the apoptosis of the epithelial cell, improving the expression of occludin protein in intestinal epithelial tight junction, and enhancing the
immunology barrier function of intestine by improving the excretion of the slgA.(3) The mechanisms of positive of TPN with compound lactobacilli on the intestinal barrier function may through the same mechanism of EEN(4) EEN is superior in benefiting intestinal barrier function to TPN.3. The effect of different nutritional support with compound lactobacilli on cytokines balance of SAP in serum(1) EEN with compound lactobacilli can significantly benefit cytokines balance of SAP in serum.(2) TPN with compound lactobacilli can significantly benefit cytokines balance of SAP in serum.(3) EEN is superior in benefiting cytokines balance to TPN.
【方法】
1、构建大鼠SAP模型
92只SD大鼠(体重200±10克),随机分为假手术组(共20只,分6、12、24和48h 4个时间点观察组,每个时间点组为5只)、造模组(共72只,其中20只分6、12、24和48h 4个时间点观察组,每个时间点组为5只;其余52只,用于观察死亡率)。采用胰腺被膜下均匀注射3.8%牛磺胆酸钠造模,比较对照组和造模组4个时间点血清淀粉酶和胰腺病理的情况,统计造模组死亡率的情况。
2、复合乳酸菌对不同营养途径治疗的SAP大鼠肠屏障功能的影响及其机制研究
96只SD大鼠(体重200±10克),随机分为假手术早期肠内营养治疗组(Sham-EEN)、早期肠内营养治疗组(EEN)、早期肠内营养加复合乳酸菌治疗组(EEN+Lac);假手术肠外营养治疗组(Sham-PN)、肠外营养治疗组(PN)、肠外营养加复合乳酸菌组(PN+Lac),每组16只,分别于第4d(8只)和第7d(8只)取材,检测肝和肠系膜淋巴结肠道菌群易位、血浆内毒素、肠转运功能、二胺氧化酶(DAO)、Tunnel法测定小肠上皮细胞凋亡、免疫组化法和实时定量PCR法测定肠上皮紧密结合蛋白Occludin蛋白的表达及mRNA含量、ELISA法测定小肠黏液SIgA含量、BCA法测定小肠粘膜蛋白含量,从多个角度来研究复合乳酸菌对不同营养途径治疗的SAP大鼠肠道功能的影响及其机制。
3、复合乳酸菌对不同营养途径治疗的SAP大鼠细胞因子平衡作用研究
[Objective] To establish an experimental severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) model in rats for evaluating therapeutic study;based on this SAP model, to investigate influence of different nutritional support with compound lactobacilli on intestinal barrier function of SAP in rats and its mechanism, and to investigate effect of different nutritional support with compound lactobacilli on cytokines balance of SAP in serum.[Methods] 1. Establishment of model of experimental SAP in rats: 92 SD rats were divided randomly into sham-operated group (SO) and SAP group. The SAP model in rat was established by injection of 1 ml of 3.8% sodium taurocholate beneath the pancreatic capsule. 20 rats of SO group and 20 rats of SAP group were killed at 6h, 12h, 24h and 48h after operation to determine the plasm amylase and the histopathologic changes of pancreatic. The rest 32 rats of SAP were added to calculate the mortality. 2. The influence of different nutritional support with compound lactobacilli on intestinal barrier function of severe acute pancreatitis in rats and its mechanism: 96 SD rats were divided randomly into sham-operated group with early enteral nutrition support (Sham-EEN), ENN group, EEN with compound lactobacilli (EEN+ Lac) group, sham-operated group with total parenteral nutrition support (Sham -TPN), TPN and PN with compound lactobacilli (PN+ Lac) group. Half of rats in each group were killed at 4d and 7d to determine the bacterial translocation in live and mesenteric lymph node (MLN), endotoxin and diamine oxidase( DAO) in plasm, intestinal transit index, epithelial cell apoptosis in intestinal barrier (by TUNEL), protein content in small intestinal mucosa (by BCA), the expression occludin protein
(by immuneohistochemistry, IHC) and mRNA (by Real-time quantitative PCR) in small intestinal mucosa, slgA content in small intestinal mucus. 3. The rats was divided and managed with the same way of the 2 section of the research. At 4d and 7d, determine the level of TNF-a and IL-10 in serum, and observe the changes of IL-10/TNF-a ratio in different group.[Results] 1. Establishment of model of experimental SAP in rats: in SAP group, Plasm amylase increased 12 hours after injection, reached peak value at 24h, and maintained at high level at 48h. There was significant difference between model group and SO group. The HE staining results showed there was pancreatic hemorrhage and necrosis, and the impairment was progressive. The mortality rate was stable within one week. 2. The influence of different nutritional support with compound lactobacilli on intestinal barrier function of severe acute pancreatitis in rats and its mechanism: (1) the result of bacterial translocation in liver and MLN: the rate of bacterial translocation was significantly higher in SAP groups (P<0.01 vs. Sham-EEN and Sham-TPN groups);it was higher in TPN group (P<0.05 vs. EEN group);it was higher in TPN 4d group (P<0.05 vs. PN+Lac 4d group). (2) The result of endotoxin in pasm: the level of endotoxin in plasm was significantly higher in SAP groups (P<0.01 vs. Sham-EEN and Sham-TPN groups);it was higher in TPN group (P<0.05 vs. EEN and EEN+Lac group);it was higher in EEN group (P<0.05 vs. EEN+Lac group);it was significantly higher in TPN group (P<0.01 vs. PN+Lac group);and it was significantly higher in 4d group (P<0.01 vs. 7d group);(3) The change of small intestinal mechanic barrier: ?intestinal transit index: the intestinal transit index was significantly higher in SAP groups except EEN+Lac 4d and PN+ Lac 7d group (P<0.01 vs. Sham-EEN and Sham-TPN groups);it was significantly lower in TPN group (P<0.01 vs. PN+Lac group);?diamine oxidase ( DAO) in plasm: the level of DAO in plasm was significantly higher in TPN group (P<0.01 vs. Sham-EEN and Sham-TPN groups);it was significantly higher in TPN 4d group (P<0.01 vs. EEN);it was higher in EN 4d group (P<0.01 vs. EEN+Lac );and it was
significantly higher in 4d group (P<0.01 vs. 7d group), ?intestinal epithelia AI (%): the intestinal epithelia AI was significantly higher in SAP groups (P<0.01 vs. Sham-EEN and Sham-TPN groups);it was higher in TPN group (P<0.05 vs. EEN and EEN+Lac group);it was higher in TPN group (P<0.05 vs. PN+Lac group);it was significantly higher in PN+Lac 4d group (P<0.01 vs. PN+Lac 7d group);and it was significantly higher in 4d group (P<0.01 vs. 7d group);@The relative gray value of occludin protein slices by IHC: the relative gray value of occluding was higher in SAP groups (P<0.05 vs. Sham-EEN and Sham-TPN groups);it was higher in TPN group (P<0.05 vs. EEN and EEN+Lac group);it was higher in EN 4d group (P<0.05 vs. EEN+Lac 4d group);it was higher in PN+Lac 7d group (P<0.05 vs. PN+Lac 7d group) and it was higher in EN 4d group (P<0.01 vs. EN 7d group), ?the expression of occludin protein mRNA: the expression of occludin protein mRNA was lower in SAP 4d groups (P<0.05 vs. Sham-EEN 4d and Sham-TPN 4d groups) and was lower in TPN 7d group (P<0.05 vs. Sham-TPN 7d group);it was lower in TPN group (P<0.05 vs. EEN and EEN+Lac group);it was lower in TPN 7d group (P<0.05 vs. PN+Lac group). ?There is significantly positive correlation between the occluding protein mRNA level and the reciprocal of relative gray value, r=0.9216, P<0.01.(Z)sIgA content in small intestinal mucus: the slgA content in small intestinal mucus was significantly lower in SAP groups except EEN+Lac 7d group (P<0.05 vs. Sham-EEN and Sham-TPN groups);it was lower in EEN group (P<0.05 vs. EEN+ Lac group);it was lower in TPN group (P<0.05 vs. EEN and EEN+Lac group);it was lower in PN+Lac group (P<0.05 vs. EEN+Lac group) and it was lower in SAP 4d group (P<0.05 vs. 7d group). (3)protein content in small intestinal mucosa: the protein content in small intestinal mucosa was lower in SAP groups except EEN+ Lac 7d group and PN+Lac 7d group (P<0.05 vs. Sham-EEN and Sham-TPN groups);it was lower in EEN group (P<0.05 vs. EEN+Lac group);it was lower in TPN group (P<0.05 vs. PN+Lac group);it was significantly lower in TPN group (P<0.01 vs. EEN and EEN+Lac group);it was lower in PN+Lac group (P<0.05 vs. EEN+Lac group) and it was lower in EEN+Lac 4d group (P<0.05 vs. EEN+Lac 7d group) . 3. The effect of different nutritional support with compound lactobacilli on cytokines balance
of SAP in serum. (1) the level of TNF-a in serum: the level of TNF-a in serum was significantly higher in SAP group (P<0.01 vs. Sham-EEN and Sham-TPN groups);it was lower in 4d SAP group (P<0.05 vs. 7d SAP group);it was higher in EEN 4d group (P<0.05 vs. EEN+Lac 4dgroup);it was higher in TPN group (P<0.01 vs. EEN and EEN+Lac group);it was higher in TPN group (P<0.01 vs. PN+Lac group). (2)the level of IL-10 in serum: the level of IL-10 in serum was significantly higher in SAP group (P<0.01 vs. Sham-EEN and Sham-TPN groups);it was significantly lower in 4d SAP group (P<0.01 vs. 7d SAP group);it was higher in EEN group (P<0.05 vs. EEN+Lac group);it was higher in TPN group (P<0.05 vs. EEN+Lac group);it was higher in TPN group (P<0.05 vs. PN+Lac group). (3) the ratio of IL-10/TNF-a in serum: the ratio of IL-10/TNF-a in serum was lower in SAP group (P<0.05 vs. Sham-EEN and Sham-TPN groups);it was lower in EEN 4d group (P<0.05 vs. EEN + Lac 4d group);it was lower in TPN group (P<0.05 vs. PN + Lac group).[Conclusions]1. Establishment of model of experimental SAP in ratsEstablish the rat model of SAP by injection of 1 ml of 3.8% sodium taurocholate beneath the pancreatic capsule. The mortality rate was stable within one week. And the method could establish SAP model with good reproducibility. The model resembles the natural course of human SAP and will be valuable for evaluating therapeutic study on SAP.2. The influence of different nutritional support with compound lactobacilli on intestinal barrier function of severe acute pancreatitis in rats and its mechanism(1) EEN with compound lactobacilli can significantly benefit the intestinal barrier function, decreasing the occurrence of bacterial translocation and endotoxin translocation;(2) The mechanisms of positive of EEN with compound lactobacilli on the intestmal barrier function may through improving synthesis of intestinal mucous protein, decreasing the apoptosis of the epithelial cell, improving the expression of occludin protein in intestinal epithelial tight junction, and enhancing the
immunology barrier function of intestine by improving the excretion of the slgA.(3) The mechanisms of positive of TPN with compound lactobacilli on the intestinal barrier function may through the same mechanism of EEN(4) EEN is superior in benefiting intestinal barrier function to TPN.3. The effect of different nutritional support with compound lactobacilli on cytokines balance of SAP in serum(1) EEN with compound lactobacilli can significantly benefit cytokines balance of SAP in serum.(2) TPN with compound lactobacilli can significantly benefit cytokines balance of SAP in serum.(3) EEN is superior in benefiting cytokines balance to TPN.
引文
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[35] Avgerinos C, Delis S, Rizos S, et al.Nutritional support in acute pancreatitis[J]. Dig Dis, 2003, 21(3):214-219.
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[37] Hosokawa M, Tsukada H, Fukuda F, et al. Therapeutic effect of basic fibroblast growth factor on experimental pancreatitis in rat[J]. Pancreas, 2000, 20(4): 373-377.
[38] Alah A, Belagyi T, Issekutz A, et al. Randomized clinical trial of specific lactobacillus and fibre supplement to early enteral nutrition in patients with acute pancreatitis[J]. Br J Surg, 2002, 89:1103-1107.
[39] Jickerson RN, Vehe KL, Mullen JL, et al. Resting energy expenditure in patients with pancreatitis[J]. Crit Care Med, 1991, 19:484-490.
[40] Houffard YH, Delafosse BX, Annat GJ, et al. Energy expenditure during severe acute pancreatitis[J]. J Parenter Enteral Nutr, 1989, 13:26-29.
[41] Shaw JHF, Wolfe RR. Glucose, fatty acid, and urea kinetics in patients with severe pancreatitis. The response to substrate infusion and total parenteral nutrition[J]. Ann Surg, 1986, 204:665-672.
[42] Helton WS. Intravenous nutrition in patients with acute pancreatitis. In: Clinical nutrition: Parenteral nutrition. JLRombeau(ed). Philadelpgia: WB Saunder, 1990, 442-461.
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[44] Abou AS, Keefes OJ. Nutrition in acute pancreatitis[J]. J Clin Gastroenterol, 2001, 32(3):203-209.
[45] MacFie J.Enteral versus parenteral nutrition: the signigicance of bacterial translocation and gut-barrier function[J]. Nutrition, 2000, 16:606-611.
[46] Abou AS, O'Keefe SJ. Nutrition support during acute pancreatifis[J]. Nutrition, 2002, 18(11-12):938-945.
[47] Shea JC, Bishop MD, Parker EM, et al. An enteral therapy containing medium-chain triglycerides and hydrolyzed peptides reduces postprandial pain associated with chronic pancreatitis[J]. Pancreatology, 2003, 3(1):36-40.
[48] Stonge MP, Lamarche B, Mauger JE Consumption of a functional oil rich in phytosterols and medium-chain triglyceride oil improves plasma lipid profiles in men[J]. Nutrition, 2003, 133(6):1815-1820.
[49] Donaghue KC, Pena MM, Chan AKF, et al. Beneficial effects of increasing monounsaturated fat intake in adolescents with type 1 diabetes[J]. Diabe Res Clin Pract, 2000, 48:193-199.
[50] Guamer F, Malagelada JR. Gut flora in health and disease[J]. Lancet, 2003, 361(9356):512-519.
[51] FullerR. Probiotics in man and animals[J]. J Appl Baeteriol, 1989, 66(5):365-378
[52] Schrezenmeir J, de Verse M. Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics-approaching a definition[J]. Am J ClinNutr, 2001, 73(s):361-364.
[53] Reiner W, Heiko CR. Bacterial translocation in the gut[J]. Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology, 2003, 17(3):397-425.
[54] Abou-AssiS. O' keefeSJ. Nutrition in acute pancreatitis[J]. J Clin Gastroenterol, 2001, 32(3):203.
[55] Bhatia M, Wong FL, Cao Y, et al. Pathophysiology of acute pancreatitis[J]. Panc-reatology, 2005, 5(2-3):132-144.
[56] Runkel N, Moody FG, Smith GS, et al. The role of the gut in the developmengof sepsisin acute panceatitis[J]. J SurgRes, 1991, 51(1):18-23.
[57] Ljungdahl M, Lundholm M, Katouli M, et al. Bacterial translocation in experimental shock is dependent on the strains in the intestinal flora[J]. Scand J Gastroentol, 2000, 35: 389-397.
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[60] Windsor JA, Fearon KC, Ross JA, et al. Role of serum endotox in core antibody levels in predicting the development of MOF in acute pacreatits[J]. Br J Surg, 1999, 80(8):1042.
[61] MacFie J. Enteral versus parenteral nutrition: the significance of bacterial translocation and gut-barrier function[J]. Nutrition, 2000, 16:606-611.
[62] Makhijia R, Kinganorth AN. Cytokine storm in acute pancreatitis[J]. J hepato-biliary Pancr Sury, 2002, 9:401-404.
[63] Rabeneck L, Feinstein A, Horwitz RL, et al. A new clinical prognostic staging system for acute pancreatitis[J]. Am J Med, 1993, 95(1):61-70.
[64] Hanx, Fink MP, Yang R, et al. Increased iNOs activity is assential for intestinal epithelial tight junction dysfunction in endotoxeric mice[J]. Shock, 2004, 21:261-270.
[65] Thompson JS, Lok GD. The effect of the route of nutrient delivery on gut structure and diamine oxidase levels[J]. JPEN, 1987, 11:28-32.
[66] Luk GD,Bayless TM., Baylin SB. Diamine oxidase (histaminase): a circulating marker for rat intestinal mucosal maturation and integrity[J]. J Clin Invest, 1980, 66: 60-70.
[67] Tsunooka N, Maeyama K, Hamada Y, et al. Bacterial translocation secondary to small intestinal mucosal ischemia during cardiopulmonary bypass. Measurement by diamine oxidase and peptidoglycan[J]. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2004, 25(2): 275-280.
[68] Liboshi Y, R Nezu, M. Kennedy. Totoal parenteral nutrition decrease luminal muscus gel and increased per meablity of small intestine[J]. Int J Radiat Biol. 1990, 58(6):925.
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[71] Takeyama Y. Significance of apoptotic cell death in systemic complications with severe acute pancreatitis[J]. J Gastroenterol, 2005, 40:1-10.
[72] Kim JM, Eckmann L, Savidge TC, et al. Apoptosis of human intestinalepithelial cells after bacterial invasion[J]. J Clin Invest,1998, 102: 1815-1823.
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