中美中小企业在国民经济增长中作用的比较研究
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摘要
中小企业在世界各国经济发展中都扮演了十分重要的角色-尤其是进入20世纪90年代以来,这种作用更加突出。本文通过对中美中小企业在国民经济增长中作用的比较研究,揭示了中美中小企业在国民经济增长中的特征、地位及发挥的佞用,并进而找出中国中小企业在发展中存在的差距和不足,这对于叕展中国中小企业，充分发挥中小企业在中国经济增长中的作用有着十分重要的现实意义。
首先,本文对中小企业促进国民经济增长的作用机理进行了分析。
其次,本文通过定量分析揭示了美国经济的总体运行状况和发展规律,着重研究了中小企业在美国经济增长中的作用,并利用IMPLAN软件分析了主要行业中小企业对美国经济产生的影响,给出了定量分析结果。
再次,本文通过定量分析揭示出中国经济的总体运行状况和发展规律,并以工业企业为代表,着重分析了中小型工业企业在促进国民经济增长、提供就业机会以及促进出口等方面的作用,进而计算出近年来中国中小型工业企业对GDP的贡献率。
最后,通过对中美中小企业在国民经济增长中特征、地位及作用的比较研究,本文揭示了中国中小企业与美国中小企业之间存在的差距和不足,并从内部机制和外部保障两个角度出发,给出促进中国中小企业发展的对策。
Almost all the countries’small and medium-sized enterprises have played very important roles in their economic development. Since 1990s, this kind of effect has become more prominent. Especially in USA, SMEs have become a strong driving force to its economic growth and has formed the mutual promotional situation between the development of SMEs and its new economic development. In contrast, SMEs have failed to play such a role in China's economic development. Therefore, through the comparative study on the roles of China’s and USA’s SMEs in national economic growth, this paper tries to reveal the characteristics, status and roles of SMEs in their own national economic growth so as to find the gaps and inadequacies of China’s SMEs. This will have significant meanings in promoting the development of China’s SMEs and in giving full play of their roles in China’s economic growth.
The main content of this paper includes the following seven sections:
Part I, mechanism analysis of SMEs’role in promoting national economic growth. Qualitative analysis has been made mainly in how SMEs achieve their roles in promoting national economic growth, including the following aspects: SME has its own advantages and characteristics; small and medium-sized enterprises accelerate the development of scientific and technological innovation activities; the development of SMEs promotes the socialization and specialization of production; the development of SMEs improves the industrial structure; the development of SMEs meets the consumers’individual needs and actives market economy; the development of SMEs eases the pressure on employment and stabilizes the whole society, and so on.
Part II, analysis on the whole operation situation of United States’national economy. Based on the analysis of the whole operation situation of United States economy, on one hand this paper reveals the compositions of United States’GDP and their developing trends, on the other hand it also finds the contribution rate of all sectors, all regions as well as major states of United States to the growth of its national economy.
Part III, research on the role of SMEs on national economic growth of USA. First, this paper does some research work on the classification and distribution features of private enterprises; Second, it analyzes the historical and current situation of SMEs in United States, including the development stages of SMEs in USA, the start-ups and closures situations of United States’SMEs in recent years, and the distribution features of small and medium-sized enterprises in industries, among industries and in main states; Third, the paper does some research work on the roles that SMEs have played in United State’s national economic growth, including analyzing the relationship between SMEs’quantities and GDP, and the relationship between SMEs’quantities of main states and GSP, and also including doing statistical analysis on the percentage of SMEs’receipt; Fourth, it studies the ability of United States’SMEs in solving employment problem; Finally, it does input-output analysis on the impact that small and medium-sized enterprises in some main industries have on United States’national economy by using IMPLAN model and gives the quantitative results.
Part IV, analysis on the overall operational situation of China’s national economy. Based on the analysis of the overall operational status of China's economy, on one hand this paper reveals the compositions of China's GDP and their developing tendencies; on the other hand it also finds the contribution rate of China's various sectors and regions to national economic growth. Part V, research on the role of China's SMEs on national economic growth. First, this paper analyzes the historical and current situations of China’s industrial SMEs; Secondly, it analyzes the relationship between the quantity of China’s SMEs and the added value of industry; Thirdly, it computes the contribution rate of small and medium-sized industrial enterprises to national economic growth; Finally, it makes further study on the abilities of China's SMEs in solving employment problems from the overall situation of China's employment and that of small and medium-sized enterprises.
Part VI, comparative study on the role of China’s SMEs and that of United States’SMEs in national economic growth. This paper makes comparative studies on three aspects including the characteristics, status and roles of SMEs in national economic growth. It finds out some same and different points existing between United States’SMEs and China’s SMEs and reveals the gap and discrepancies that China's SMEs have when compared with United States’SMEs.At the same time it also discovers that China’s SMEs have broad future.
Part VII, countermeasures study on promoting the development of China’s SMEs. Considering the opportunities and challenges China’s SMEs are facing, this paper has done research work on how to promote the development of China’s SMEs from internal mechanism and external security two aspects.
Through all the research work, this paper draws the following conclusions:
Although China's SMEs have developed faster and played much more important roles in promoting economic growth in recent years than before, but they still have big discrepancies compared with those of United States, mainly on the following eight respects: first is about the quantity of SMEs; second is about the types of SMEs and the different industries they are focusing in; third is about the proportion of SMEs; fourth is about SMEs’output; fifth is about the employment opportunities provided by SMEs; sixth is about the innovation capabilities of SMEs; seventh is about the export capacity of SMEs; and the eighth is about the relationship between the quantity of SMEs and economic growth in these two countries. But at the same time, through the comparative analysis on the relationship between the total quantity of SMEs and economic growth in these two countries, on one hand we can see the role that China’s SMEs have played in promoting economic growth is weaker than that of United States’SMEs. On the other hand we can also see the bright and broad future of China’s SMEs. They can not only increase in quantity but also improve in quality.
The main reasons for the development of USA’s SMEs include two respects: one is the subject reason ------ the SMEs of United States have the features and merits that could not be substituted by large enterprises; the other is the objective reason ------ the external environment has provided fertile earth for the growth of United States’SMEs. So at last this paper tries to do deep research work on how to promote the development of SMEs from internal mechanism and external security two respects. Research on the internal mechanism of promoting the development of SMEs includes the following four aspects: strategy selection, reasonable position of industry, construction of core competence and promotion of technological innovation activities.Research on the external security of promoting the development of SMEs includes the following three aspects: government’s legislative and policy support, further strengthening system construction and further perfecting the service system for SMEs.
The innovative achievements of this paper include the following respects:
First, this paper constructs the model systems that reflect the situation of United States’national economic growth and makes quantitative analysis on the effects that different sectors, regions and major states have had on promoting United States’economic growth. Thus this paper reveals the overall operational status of United States’national economy and its developing tendency. And it also finds the major characteristics about the founder and closure of United States’SMEs and the distribution features of SMEs in all sectors, all regions and major states and reveals the roles of SMEs in promoting the development of United States’economic growth.
Second, IMPLAN software is first applied to make quantitative analysis on the impact that SMEs of major sectors have had on United States’national economy, so this paper reveals the different roles of the SMEs from different sectors in promoting United States’economy growth.
Third, this paper constructs the model systems that reflect the growing situation of China’national economy and reveals the overall operational status and developing tendency of China’national economy. By using industrial enterprises as representative, this paper makes quantitative analysis on the roles that SMEs have played in promoting China’s national economic growth and also calculates the SMEs’contribution rate to GDP in recent years.
Fourth, this paper finds the discrepancies existing between China’s and United States’SMEs, and also gives out the policy proposals on promoting the development of China's SMEs from both internal mechanism and external security two respects.
In short, this paper aims to provide a theoretical basis for giving full play of the SMEs’roles in promoting China's economic growth.
首先,本文对中小企业促进国民经济增长的作用机理进行了分析。
其次,本文通过定量分析揭示了美国经济的总体运行状况和发展规律,着重研究了中小企业在美国经济增长中的作用,并利用IMPLAN软件分析了主要行业中小企业对美国经济产生的影响,给出了定量分析结果。
再次,本文通过定量分析揭示出中国经济的总体运行状况和发展规律,并以工业企业为代表,着重分析了中小型工业企业在促进国民经济增长、提供就业机会以及促进出口等方面的作用,进而计算出近年来中国中小型工业企业对GDP的贡献率。
最后,通过对中美中小企业在国民经济增长中特征、地位及作用的比较研究,本文揭示了中国中小企业与美国中小企业之间存在的差距和不足,并从内部机制和外部保障两个角度出发,给出促进中国中小企业发展的对策。
Almost all the countries’small and medium-sized enterprises have played very important roles in their economic development. Since 1990s, this kind of effect has become more prominent. Especially in USA, SMEs have become a strong driving force to its economic growth and has formed the mutual promotional situation between the development of SMEs and its new economic development. In contrast, SMEs have failed to play such a role in China's economic development. Therefore, through the comparative study on the roles of China’s and USA’s SMEs in national economic growth, this paper tries to reveal the characteristics, status and roles of SMEs in their own national economic growth so as to find the gaps and inadequacies of China’s SMEs. This will have significant meanings in promoting the development of China’s SMEs and in giving full play of their roles in China’s economic growth.
The main content of this paper includes the following seven sections:
Part I, mechanism analysis of SMEs’role in promoting national economic growth. Qualitative analysis has been made mainly in how SMEs achieve their roles in promoting national economic growth, including the following aspects: SME has its own advantages and characteristics; small and medium-sized enterprises accelerate the development of scientific and technological innovation activities; the development of SMEs promotes the socialization and specialization of production; the development of SMEs improves the industrial structure; the development of SMEs meets the consumers’individual needs and actives market economy; the development of SMEs eases the pressure on employment and stabilizes the whole society, and so on.
Part II, analysis on the whole operation situation of United States’national economy. Based on the analysis of the whole operation situation of United States economy, on one hand this paper reveals the compositions of United States’GDP and their developing trends, on the other hand it also finds the contribution rate of all sectors, all regions as well as major states of United States to the growth of its national economy.
Part III, research on the role of SMEs on national economic growth of USA. First, this paper does some research work on the classification and distribution features of private enterprises; Second, it analyzes the historical and current situation of SMEs in United States, including the development stages of SMEs in USA, the start-ups and closures situations of United States’SMEs in recent years, and the distribution features of small and medium-sized enterprises in industries, among industries and in main states; Third, the paper does some research work on the roles that SMEs have played in United State’s national economic growth, including analyzing the relationship between SMEs’quantities and GDP, and the relationship between SMEs’quantities of main states and GSP, and also including doing statistical analysis on the percentage of SMEs’receipt; Fourth, it studies the ability of United States’SMEs in solving employment problem; Finally, it does input-output analysis on the impact that small and medium-sized enterprises in some main industries have on United States’national economy by using IMPLAN model and gives the quantitative results.
Part IV, analysis on the overall operational situation of China’s national economy. Based on the analysis of the overall operational status of China's economy, on one hand this paper reveals the compositions of China's GDP and their developing tendencies; on the other hand it also finds the contribution rate of China's various sectors and regions to national economic growth. Part V, research on the role of China's SMEs on national economic growth. First, this paper analyzes the historical and current situations of China’s industrial SMEs; Secondly, it analyzes the relationship between the quantity of China’s SMEs and the added value of industry; Thirdly, it computes the contribution rate of small and medium-sized industrial enterprises to national economic growth; Finally, it makes further study on the abilities of China's SMEs in solving employment problems from the overall situation of China's employment and that of small and medium-sized enterprises.
Part VI, comparative study on the role of China’s SMEs and that of United States’SMEs in national economic growth. This paper makes comparative studies on three aspects including the characteristics, status and roles of SMEs in national economic growth. It finds out some same and different points existing between United States’SMEs and China’s SMEs and reveals the gap and discrepancies that China's SMEs have when compared with United States’SMEs.At the same time it also discovers that China’s SMEs have broad future.
Part VII, countermeasures study on promoting the development of China’s SMEs. Considering the opportunities and challenges China’s SMEs are facing, this paper has done research work on how to promote the development of China’s SMEs from internal mechanism and external security two aspects.
Through all the research work, this paper draws the following conclusions:
Although China's SMEs have developed faster and played much more important roles in promoting economic growth in recent years than before, but they still have big discrepancies compared with those of United States, mainly on the following eight respects: first is about the quantity of SMEs; second is about the types of SMEs and the different industries they are focusing in; third is about the proportion of SMEs; fourth is about SMEs’output; fifth is about the employment opportunities provided by SMEs; sixth is about the innovation capabilities of SMEs; seventh is about the export capacity of SMEs; and the eighth is about the relationship between the quantity of SMEs and economic growth in these two countries. But at the same time, through the comparative analysis on the relationship between the total quantity of SMEs and economic growth in these two countries, on one hand we can see the role that China’s SMEs have played in promoting economic growth is weaker than that of United States’SMEs. On the other hand we can also see the bright and broad future of China’s SMEs. They can not only increase in quantity but also improve in quality.
The main reasons for the development of USA’s SMEs include two respects: one is the subject reason ------ the SMEs of United States have the features and merits that could not be substituted by large enterprises; the other is the objective reason ------ the external environment has provided fertile earth for the growth of United States’SMEs. So at last this paper tries to do deep research work on how to promote the development of SMEs from internal mechanism and external security two respects. Research on the internal mechanism of promoting the development of SMEs includes the following four aspects: strategy selection, reasonable position of industry, construction of core competence and promotion of technological innovation activities.Research on the external security of promoting the development of SMEs includes the following three aspects: government’s legislative and policy support, further strengthening system construction and further perfecting the service system for SMEs.
The innovative achievements of this paper include the following respects:
First, this paper constructs the model systems that reflect the situation of United States’national economic growth and makes quantitative analysis on the effects that different sectors, regions and major states have had on promoting United States’economic growth. Thus this paper reveals the overall operational status of United States’national economy and its developing tendency. And it also finds the major characteristics about the founder and closure of United States’SMEs and the distribution features of SMEs in all sectors, all regions and major states and reveals the roles of SMEs in promoting the development of United States’economic growth.
Second, IMPLAN software is first applied to make quantitative analysis on the impact that SMEs of major sectors have had on United States’national economy, so this paper reveals the different roles of the SMEs from different sectors in promoting United States’economy growth.
Third, this paper constructs the model systems that reflect the growing situation of China’national economy and reveals the overall operational status and developing tendency of China’national economy. By using industrial enterprises as representative, this paper makes quantitative analysis on the roles that SMEs have played in promoting China’s national economic growth and also calculates the SMEs’contribution rate to GDP in recent years.
Fourth, this paper finds the discrepancies existing between China’s and United States’SMEs, and also gives out the policy proposals on promoting the development of China's SMEs from both internal mechanism and external security two respects.
In short, this paper aims to provide a theoretical basis for giving full play of the SMEs’roles in promoting China's economic growth.
引文
① 《中国中小企业手册》,中国经济出版社,2004 年,P2。
① 林汉川:《中国中小企业创新与持续发展》,上海财经大学出版社,2006 年,P159-167。
① [美]约瑟夫.熊彼特:《经济发展理论》,商务印书馆,1997 年。
① 陈凤杰:《中小企业创新》, 东北财经大学出版社,2002 年, P32-36。
① 杨玉、庞雅莉:《现代科技革命与马克思主义》,吉林大学出版社 2003 年 8 月版
① 林汉川:《中国中小企业发展机制研究》,商务印书馆,2003 年,P462。
① 林汉川:《中国中小企业发展机制研究》,商务印书馆,2003 年 12 月,P49
① 蔡根女,鲁德银:《中小企业发展与政府扶持》,北京:中国农业出版社,2005 年 P123-124
① 曹昱等:《小型企业:美国新经济的助推器》,上海财经大学出版社,2000年,P12-18。
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[171] http://www.sba.gov/ (美国小企业管理局网站)
[172] http://www.stat-usa.gov/(美国商务部网站)
[173] http://www.census.gov/(美国人口普查局网站)