基于GIS技术的InSAR数据融合与分析
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摘要
合成孔径雷达干涉测量(InSAR)技术是近十几年发展起来的一种新型卫星对地观测技术,它凭着全天候、全天时、高分辨率等独特的优点成为地表形变监测领域最具潜力的新技术之一。但是InSAR技术在数据后处理及成果表达、分析方面具有一定的局限性,为了获取更多的信息,需要结合RS和GIS等相关技术进行综合应用分析。针对D-InSAR影像在空间信息表达方面的不足,我们采用遥感技术将D-InSAR影像与高分辨率遥感影像进行数据融合处理,使融合图像既包含沉降信息又具有高分辨率空间信息。针对InSAR技术在沉降结果表达、解释与分析方面的不足,利用GIS技术对多源数据进行管理,并将融合数据与其它地理数据、水准数据、GPS数据进行了叠加显示及相关分析。围绕以上两个重点主要展开了以下研究工作:
1、本文首先介绍了InSAR及数据融合的工作原理、数据处理流程和数据处理中的若干关键技术,并由此引出了数据融合层次上的探讨;
2、主要研究了像素层的几种融合算法,主要有HIS变换法、PCA变换法、乘积融合法、比值融合法、小波融合法以及一种针对InSAR强度图与形变图的融合算法(MPH算法),并以西安地区的数据为例进行了各种融合算法的实现;
3、研究了融合图像的主观和客观评价标准,并应用这些标准对融合影像进行了全面评价分析,研究得出MPH算法在InSAR形变图与高分辨率影像(PAN影像)的融合方面有着明显的优越性;
4、利用GIS技术对多源数据进行了统一的管理,根据InSAR监测地面沉降相关数据在更新、管理及分析等方面因素,得出对沉降结果表达最优的显示方案及数据库;
5、利用GIS技术对InSAR形变结果进行了空间分析,通过分析发现了西安市地裂缝空间分布与地面沉降变化的一致性,并且城市的建设发展与地面沉降、地裂缝空间分布也有着因果关系。
Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) technology is a new kind of Earth Observation Satellite technology developed nearly 10 years, and with it’s unique advantages such as all-weather, all-day and high-resolution etc, it is becoming one of the most potential new technology in the field of surface deformation monitoring, but because of the limitation of data post-processing, results expression and results analysis, InSAR technology must be integrated with RS and GIS for more information. In order to solve the problem of spatial information deficiency, we have a data fusion between D-InSAR image and high resolution RS image, at last, we get the image containing subsiding information and spatial information. For the deficiency of subsiding results expression, explanation and analysis with InSAR technology, we make use of GIS technology to manage multi-source data, and we do overlay display and relative analysis between fusion data and other data, for example, geography data, level data and GPS data etc. Surrounding the two emphases, we do some researches on the following:
First, This paper introduced InSAR and the principle of data fusion ,data processing and a number of key technologies during the data processing, and thus it leads to the discussion on the level of data fusion; We research several fusion algorithm based on Pixel level, including HIS transformation, PCA transformation, product fusion, ratio fusion, wavelet fusion and a fusion algorithm for magtitude map and deformation map(MPH algorithm).At last, we implement every fusion algorithm with the data of Xi'an city as a example.
We study the subjective and objective evaluation criteria for the images of fusion, and apply these standards on a comprehensive evaluation and analysis for fusion image. We find out that MPH algorithm has a clear superiority during the fusion processing between InSAR deformation map and high resolution image such as PAN image.
We make use of GIS technology to have a unified management for multi-source data, and according to the update,management and analysis of relative data for InSAR in monitoring ground subsidence. we get the best show scheme for subsidence result and related database;
At last, We make use of GIS technology to have a spatial analysis for InSAR deformation results, and we find out the consistency between the spatial distribution of Xi'an ground fissures and the change of ground subsidence, at last,we make a conclusion that the construction of urban development have causal relationships with ground subsidence and the spatial distribution of Xi'an ground fissures.
1、本文首先介绍了InSAR及数据融合的工作原理、数据处理流程和数据处理中的若干关键技术,并由此引出了数据融合层次上的探讨;
2、主要研究了像素层的几种融合算法,主要有HIS变换法、PCA变换法、乘积融合法、比值融合法、小波融合法以及一种针对InSAR强度图与形变图的融合算法(MPH算法),并以西安地区的数据为例进行了各种融合算法的实现;
3、研究了融合图像的主观和客观评价标准,并应用这些标准对融合影像进行了全面评价分析,研究得出MPH算法在InSAR形变图与高分辨率影像(PAN影像)的融合方面有着明显的优越性;
4、利用GIS技术对多源数据进行了统一的管理,根据InSAR监测地面沉降相关数据在更新、管理及分析等方面因素,得出对沉降结果表达最优的显示方案及数据库;
5、利用GIS技术对InSAR形变结果进行了空间分析,通过分析发现了西安市地裂缝空间分布与地面沉降变化的一致性,并且城市的建设发展与地面沉降、地裂缝空间分布也有着因果关系。
Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) technology is a new kind of Earth Observation Satellite technology developed nearly 10 years, and with it’s unique advantages such as all-weather, all-day and high-resolution etc, it is becoming one of the most potential new technology in the field of surface deformation monitoring, but because of the limitation of data post-processing, results expression and results analysis, InSAR technology must be integrated with RS and GIS for more information. In order to solve the problem of spatial information deficiency, we have a data fusion between D-InSAR image and high resolution RS image, at last, we get the image containing subsiding information and spatial information. For the deficiency of subsiding results expression, explanation and analysis with InSAR technology, we make use of GIS technology to manage multi-source data, and we do overlay display and relative analysis between fusion data and other data, for example, geography data, level data and GPS data etc. Surrounding the two emphases, we do some researches on the following:
First, This paper introduced InSAR and the principle of data fusion ,data processing and a number of key technologies during the data processing, and thus it leads to the discussion on the level of data fusion; We research several fusion algorithm based on Pixel level, including HIS transformation, PCA transformation, product fusion, ratio fusion, wavelet fusion and a fusion algorithm for magtitude map and deformation map(MPH algorithm).At last, we implement every fusion algorithm with the data of Xi'an city as a example.
We study the subjective and objective evaluation criteria for the images of fusion, and apply these standards on a comprehensive evaluation and analysis for fusion image. We find out that MPH algorithm has a clear superiority during the fusion processing between InSAR deformation map and high resolution image such as PAN image.
We make use of GIS technology to have a unified management for multi-source data, and according to the update,management and analysis of relative data for InSAR in monitoring ground subsidence. we get the best show scheme for subsidence result and related database;
At last, We make use of GIS technology to have a spatial analysis for InSAR deformation results, and we find out the consistency between the spatial distribution of Xi'an ground fissures and the change of ground subsidence, at last,we make a conclusion that the construction of urban development have causal relationships with ground subsidence and the spatial distribution of Xi'an ground fissures.
引文
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[10]Fruneau B. , Delacourt C. , Achache J. . Observation and modeling of the Saint--Etienne-de-Tin landslide using SAR interferometry[EB/OL]. http://www.geo.unizh.ch/rsl/fringe96/papers. 1996
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[28]Lu Zhong, Power J. A. , McConnell V. S. ,et al.Preeruptive inflation and surface interferometric coherence characteristics revealed by satellite radar interferometry at Makushin Volcano, Alaska: 1993–2000.JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, 2002, V107(B11):1-1- 1-13
[29]陈基炜. InSAR-GPS-GIS数据整合在地面沉降研究中的应用[J].大地测量与地球动力学, 2004, V24(3):88-91
[30]赵超英,丁晓利,张勤等.采用InSAR技术研究西安地面沉降和地裂缝[C].第五届海峽两岸测绘发展研讨会论文集[CD]. 2007,台湾新竹
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[2]廖明生,林珲著.雷达干涉测量——原理与信号处理基础[M].北京:测绘出版社, 2003年8月
[3]Rodgers A. E. E.,Ingalls R. P. . Venus:mapping the surface reflectivity by radar interferometry[J]. Science, 1969, V165(3895): 797-799
[4]Zebker H. A. , Goldstein R. M. . Topographic Mapping from Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar observations[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 1986, 91:4993-4999
[5]Goldstein R. M. , Zebker H. A. , Werner C. L. . Satellite radar interferometry: two-dimensional phase unwrapping[J]. Radio Science, 1988, 23(4):713-720
[6]Gahriel A. K. , Goldstein R. M. , Zebker H. A. . Mapping small elevation changes over large areas: differential radar interferometry[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 1989, 94(B7):9183-9191
[7]Zebker H. A. , Rosen P. A. , Goldstein R. M. ,et al. On the derivation of coseismic displacement fields using differential radar interferometry: The Landers earthquake[J]. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, 1994, 99(B10):19617-19634
[8]Murakami M. . Coseismic crustal deformations of 1994 Northridge, California, earthquake detected by interferometric JERS-1 synthetic aperture radar[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,1994,101(B4):8605-8614
[9]Achache J. , Fruneau B. , Delacourt C. . Applicability of SAR interferometry for operational monitoring of landslides[A]. In: Proceedings of the Second ERS Applications Workshop[C]. London, 1995, P:165-168
[10]Fruneau B. , Delacourt C. , Achache J. . Observation and modeling of the Saint--Etienne-de-Tin landslide using SAR interferometry[EB/OL]. http://www.geo.unizh.ch/rsl/fringe96/papers. 1996
[11]Marco van der K. Land subsidence measurements at the Belridge Oil Fields from ERS InSAR Data [EB/OL]. http://earth.esa.int/workshops/ers97/papers/vanderkooij1/. 2001
[12]路旭,匡绍君,贾有良等.用InSAR做地面沉降监测的试验研究[J].大地测量与地球动力学, 2002, 22(4):66-70
[13]张红,王超,刘智.获取张北地震同震形变场的差分干涉测量技术[J].中国图像图形学报, 2002, 5(A6):497-500
[14]王超,刘智,张红等.张北—尚义地震同震形变场雷达差分干涉测量[J].科学通报, 2000, 45(23):2500-2553
[15]王超,张红,刘智等.苏州地区地面沉降的星载合成孔径雷达差分干涉测量监测[J].自然科学进展, 2002, 12(6):621-624
[16]刘国祥,丁晓利,陈永奇等.使用卫星雷达差分干涉技术测量香港赤腊角机场沉降场[J].科学通报, 2001, 46(14):1224-1228
[17]周春霞,鄂栋臣,廖明生. InSAR用于南极测图的可行性研究[J].武汉大学学报(信息科学版), 2004, 29(7):619-623
[18]Zhao Chaoying, Ding Xiaoli, Zhang Qin, et al. Land subsidence and groundfissure monitoring in Xian, during 1992 to 2006 by using SAR interferometry, in press[J]. ISPRS, 2008,待刊
[19]Zhang Qin, Zhao Chaoying, Ding Xiaoli, et al. Monitoring Xian Land Subsidence Evolution by Differential SAR Interferometry. Jonathan Li, Sisi Zlatanova and Andrea G. Fabbri eds. Geomatics Solutions for Disaster Management[J]. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007,P:91-102
[20]ZHAO Chaoying, ZHANG Qin, DING Xiaoli, et al. Preliminary Results of Subsidence Measurements in Xi’an by Differential SAR Interferometry[C]. VI Hotine-Marussi Symposium of Theoretical and Computational Geodesy: Challenge and Role of Modern Geodesy[CD]. 2006, Wuhan
[21]何贵青.卫星多源遥感SAR图像和TM图像融合研究[D].西安:西北工业大学, 2005, 3
[22]贾永红,李德仁,孙家柄.多源遥感影像数据融合[J].遥感技术与应用, 2000, 3:41-44
[23]夏明革,何友,唐小明等.多传感器图像融合综述[J].电光与控制, 2002, V9(4):1-7
[24]毛士艺,赵巍.多传感器图像融合技术综述[J].北京航空航天大学学报, 2002, V28(5):512-518
[25]鄔伦.地理信息系统-原理、方法与应用[M].北京:科学出版社, 2002
[26]Ge Linlin, Chang Hsing-Chung, Janssen V. , et al. Integration of GPS, Radar Interferometry and GIS for Ground Deformation Monitoring.Proc. 2003 Int. Symp. on GPS/GNSS, Toyko, Japan, 15-18 November 2003:465-472
[27]Lu Zhong. InSAR analysis of natural recharge to define structure of a ground-water basin, San Bernardino, California. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, 2001, V28(13):2661–2664
[28]Lu Zhong, Power J. A. , McConnell V. S. ,et al.Preeruptive inflation and surface interferometric coherence characteristics revealed by satellite radar interferometry at Makushin Volcano, Alaska: 1993–2000.JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, 2002, V107(B11):1-1- 1-13
[29]陈基炜. InSAR-GPS-GIS数据整合在地面沉降研究中的应用[J].大地测量与地球动力学, 2004, V24(3):88-91
[30]赵超英,丁晓利,张勤等.采用InSAR技术研究西安地面沉降和地裂缝[C].第五届海峽两岸测绘发展研讨会论文集[CD]. 2007,台湾新竹
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