韩国银行业市场结构与绩效研究
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摘要
产业组织理论的核心内容是市场结构与市场绩效的关系,“市场结构——市场行为——市场绩效”的SCP分析范式是其主要研究方法,其中,市场结构的研究一直是产业组织理论研究的重点。市场结构与市场绩效的表现有着密切的联系,对二者关系的研究,则可以通过调整产业结构来达到提高市场绩效的目的。
银行系统的稳定是金融稳定的核心,这是从20世纪金融业研究中得出的一项基本结论。银行经营稍有不慎,便会导致整个社会金融体系和信用体系的崩溃,由此可能引发金融危机。因此,银行体系的安全性问题也越来越受关注,银行业市场结构对金融稳定的影响开始被重视。银行业的稳定更成为金融稳定的关键所在。对于银行业市场结构中存在的不足,若能早日弥补,则可以有效预防金融危机的冲击和对经济的危害。
1997年亚洲金融危机的背景下,韩国政府对其国内金融结构进行了大力的调整,因而最早走出金融危机的阴影,妥善地化解了此次危机。在金融结构调整过程中,银行业进行了一系列重组,使国内银行业不断发展壮大,并修改法律和制度框架,改良金融体系,使银行的盈利能力明显增强,服务效率也有所提高。分析其金融危机后银行业市场结构的变化,并对其银行业市场结构与银行业绩效关系进行实证分析,对银行业改革具有借鉴作用。
本文从韩国银行业的市场结构客观现实入手,通过对市场结构的实证分析,判断目前韩国银行业的市场结构类型,即市场集中度高且竞争度也高,属于竞争型市场；然后以资产收益率、权益收益率、净利润、净利息边际、自有资本充足率、次级以下不良贷款比率为指标,分析韩国银行业的市场绩效,得出其绩效好转且其绩效水平相对较高的结论；最后,在前者的基础上,再对韩国银行业市场结构与市场绩效的关系进行进一步的探讨,并选用韩国银行业2000-2008年的多项样本数据加以分析,得出韩国银行业的市场结构与市场绩效二者之间存在着正相关关系。正是由于韩国银行业市场结构的改变,银行抗风险能力和盈利能力的提高,才使韩国银行业的市场绩效得以好转。
The core content of Industrial organization theory is the relationship of the market structure and market performance. "Market Structure-Market Conduct-Market Performance, SCP" paradigm is the ken content of industrial organization theory, which always focuses on the research of market structure. By studying the situation and the relationship of market structure and performance, we can adjust market structure to achieve the goal of improving market performance.
Financial stability lies in the stability of the banking industry, which is a fundamental conclusion drawn from the research of finance in the 20th century. If bank-operating goes wrong even a little, it will result to the entire collapse of banking and credit system, and the financial crisis will be likely to follow. And a growing concern has been focused on the security of the banking system accordingly. People have started to attach more importance to the impact of the market structure of banking industry on the financial stability. SO the stability of the banking industry is more important to sustain financial stability. To cover the shortages of the banking market structure can effectively prevent the impacts of financial crisis and other economic exposures.
After the Asian financial crisis of 1997, the Korean government vigorously promoted financial and economical reforms in the countries and regions that were affected by the crisis. The Korean government was well deal with the crisis by the financial theoretic according with finance development. So the Korea was the first country that escaped the influence of the crisis, In the process of financial structure adjusting, banking industry carried on a series of restructuring and development so much integration to increase market power. The Korean government adapted law the institutional framework and improved the financial system to enhance their profitability and the service efficiency. By analyzing the changes in market structure after the Asian financial crisis and the relationship between market structure and market performance, we can draw some conclusions to the banking industrial reform.
The thesis begins with current research in market structure of Korean banking industry. First of all, through the empirical analysis of market structure, banking market in Korean is a competitive market which has a high level of concentration and competition. Then, the market performance of Korean banking industry is measured by several factors, such as return on assets, return on equity, net income, net interest margin, capital adequacy, and bad loans ration. During the analysis of the Korean banking market performance, we find that its performance improve largely. Finally, Based on the former two parts, this thesis discusses the relationship between market structure and market performance of Korean banking industry, measures the market structure by using data from 2000 to 2008, and finds that there is a obvious statistical relationship. By changing Korean banking market structure, Korean banking improved their ability in risk control and in profit making. Consequently, the market performance became better.
银行系统的稳定是金融稳定的核心,这是从20世纪金融业研究中得出的一项基本结论。银行经营稍有不慎,便会导致整个社会金融体系和信用体系的崩溃,由此可能引发金融危机。因此,银行体系的安全性问题也越来越受关注,银行业市场结构对金融稳定的影响开始被重视。银行业的稳定更成为金融稳定的关键所在。对于银行业市场结构中存在的不足,若能早日弥补,则可以有效预防金融危机的冲击和对经济的危害。
1997年亚洲金融危机的背景下,韩国政府对其国内金融结构进行了大力的调整,因而最早走出金融危机的阴影,妥善地化解了此次危机。在金融结构调整过程中,银行业进行了一系列重组,使国内银行业不断发展壮大,并修改法律和制度框架,改良金融体系,使银行的盈利能力明显增强,服务效率也有所提高。分析其金融危机后银行业市场结构的变化,并对其银行业市场结构与银行业绩效关系进行实证分析,对银行业改革具有借鉴作用。
本文从韩国银行业的市场结构客观现实入手,通过对市场结构的实证分析,判断目前韩国银行业的市场结构类型,即市场集中度高且竞争度也高,属于竞争型市场；然后以资产收益率、权益收益率、净利润、净利息边际、自有资本充足率、次级以下不良贷款比率为指标,分析韩国银行业的市场绩效,得出其绩效好转且其绩效水平相对较高的结论；最后,在前者的基础上,再对韩国银行业市场结构与市场绩效的关系进行进一步的探讨,并选用韩国银行业2000-2008年的多项样本数据加以分析,得出韩国银行业的市场结构与市场绩效二者之间存在着正相关关系。正是由于韩国银行业市场结构的改变,银行抗风险能力和盈利能力的提高,才使韩国银行业的市场绩效得以好转。
The core content of Industrial organization theory is the relationship of the market structure and market performance. "Market Structure-Market Conduct-Market Performance, SCP" paradigm is the ken content of industrial organization theory, which always focuses on the research of market structure. By studying the situation and the relationship of market structure and performance, we can adjust market structure to achieve the goal of improving market performance.
Financial stability lies in the stability of the banking industry, which is a fundamental conclusion drawn from the research of finance in the 20th century. If bank-operating goes wrong even a little, it will result to the entire collapse of banking and credit system, and the financial crisis will be likely to follow. And a growing concern has been focused on the security of the banking system accordingly. People have started to attach more importance to the impact of the market structure of banking industry on the financial stability. SO the stability of the banking industry is more important to sustain financial stability. To cover the shortages of the banking market structure can effectively prevent the impacts of financial crisis and other economic exposures.
After the Asian financial crisis of 1997, the Korean government vigorously promoted financial and economical reforms in the countries and regions that were affected by the crisis. The Korean government was well deal with the crisis by the financial theoretic according with finance development. So the Korea was the first country that escaped the influence of the crisis, In the process of financial structure adjusting, banking industry carried on a series of restructuring and development so much integration to increase market power. The Korean government adapted law the institutional framework and improved the financial system to enhance their profitability and the service efficiency. By analyzing the changes in market structure after the Asian financial crisis and the relationship between market structure and market performance, we can draw some conclusions to the banking industrial reform.
The thesis begins with current research in market structure of Korean banking industry. First of all, through the empirical analysis of market structure, banking market in Korean is a competitive market which has a high level of concentration and competition. Then, the market performance of Korean banking industry is measured by several factors, such as return on assets, return on equity, net income, net interest margin, capital adequacy, and bad loans ration. During the analysis of the Korean banking market performance, we find that its performance improve largely. Finally, Based on the former two parts, this thesis discusses the relationship between market structure and market performance of Korean banking industry, measures the market structure by using data from 2000 to 2008, and finds that there is a obvious statistical relationship. By changing Korean banking market structure, Korean banking improved their ability in risk control and in profit making. Consequently, the market performance became better.
引文
①萧松华,刘明月.银行产权结构与效率关系理论评析[J].国际金融研究,2004(5)：4-10.
①刘伟,黄桂田.中国银行业改革的侧重点：产权结构还是市场结构[J].经济研究,2002(8)：3-11
①王颖捷.金融产业组织的市场结构[M].北京：机械工业出版社，2004：89-90
②胡庆康.现代货币银行学教程[M].上海：复旦大学出版 ，2006：122-123
①杨治.产业经济学导论[M].北京：中国人民出版社,1995：86-87
①杨治.产业经济学导论[M].北京：中国人民出版社,1995：91-92
②杨治.产业经济学导论[M].北京：中国人民出版社,1995：156-157
①韩载振.韩国银行业所有权结构的演变[J].全球视线,2008年：103-104
①熊继洲.韩国银行体制变革的经验与启示[J].经济纵横,2005(3)：98-99
②兰向明,胡明和李倩倩.外资银行进入对韩国银行业的绩效影响分析[J].金融经济,2009：128-129
[1]Berger & Allen, N. The Profit-Structure Relationship in Banking:Tests of Market-Power and Efficiency-Structure Hypothesis[J]Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking,1995, (27):404-431
[2]Berger & Timothy Hannan.The Efficiency Cost of Market Power in the Banking Industry:A Test of the "Quiet Life"and Related Hypotheses[J].The Review of Economics and Statistics,1998, (80):454-465.
[3]Boyd, John H & De Nicolo, Gianni & Smith, Bruce D. Crises in Competitive versus Monopolistic Banking Systems[J]. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 2004 (36):487-506.
[4]Francisco Perez Garcia & Joaquin Maudos Villarroya & Juan Francisco Fernandez de Guevara Radoselovics. Market Power In European Banking Sectors[J].Working Papers,2002, (5)
[5]Jeon, Yongil and Stephen M.Miller.Bank concentration and performance[Z]. University of Connecticut, Department of Economics Working Paper Series,2002, 2002-25
[6]Smirlock, Michael & Marshall, William. An Exanmination of the Empirical Relationship between the Dividend and Investment Decisions:A Note[J] Journal of Finance.(1983)
[7]Timothy H. Hannan & Ferdinand Mavinga.Expense Preference and Managerial Control:the Case of the Banking Firm[J].Bell Journal of Economics,1980, (38)
[8]Yougil Jeon & Stephen M. Miller. Bank Concentration and Performance[J]. Working papers,2002, (25)
[9]陈敬学.中国银行业市场结构与市场绩效的实证分析[J].统计研究,2004(5)：25-29
[10]丁志杰,王秀山和白钦先.金融体系重组中国有银行产权改革的国际经验[J].国际金融研究,2002(4)：27-31
[11]贺春临.我国银行业的市场结构与绩效研究[J].经济评论,2004(6)：96-102
[12]胡庆康,现代货币银行学教程[M].北京：复旦大学出版社,2006
[13]黄隽.韩国银行业市场竞争度的实证分析[J].东北亚论坛,2007(3)：102-106
[14]兰向明,胡明和李倩倩.外交银行进入对韩国银行业的绩效影响分析[J].金融经济,2007(18)：128-129
[15]林毅夫,李永军.中小金融机构发展与中小企业融资[J].经济研究,2001(1)：10-18转53
[16]刘伟,黄桂田.中国银行业改革的侧重点：产权结构还是市场结构[J].经济研究,2002(8)：3-11
[17]刘小玄.中国转轨经济中的产权结构和市场结构——产业绩效水平的决定因素[J].经济研究,2003(1)：21-29
[18]秦宛顺,欧阳俊.中国商业银行业市场结构、效率和绩效[J].经济科学,2001(4)：34-45
[19]宋富敏,黄华峰.外资银行进入对韩国银行业市场结构影响的经验借鉴[J].齐齐哈尔大学学报,2008(3)：53-55
[20]王国红.论中国银行业的市场结构[J].经济评论,2002(2)：96-103
[21]王国红.中国银行业市场结构改革评述[J].生产力研究,2004(2)：8-13
[22]王颖捷,金融产业组织的市场结构[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2004
[23]徐滇庆,巴曙松.我们呼唤怎么样的民营银行[J].金融经济,2003(5)：14-16
[24]杨治,产业经济学导论[M].北京：中国人民出版社,1995
[25]于良春,鞠源.垄断与竞争：中国银行业的改革和发展[J].经济研究,1999, (8)
[26]袁鹰.我国银行业的市场结构及效应分析[J].金融教学与研究,2000(5)
[27]赵旭,周军民和蒋振声.国有商业银行效率的实证分析[J].华南金融研究,2001(2)
[28]诸廷助,陈华龙和赵玉花.金融危机后韩国银行业的新发展[J].国际金融研究,2005(3)：4-11
①刘伟,黄桂田.中国银行业改革的侧重点：产权结构还是市场结构[J].经济研究,2002(8)：3-11
①王颖捷.金融产业组织的市场结构[M].北京：机械工业出版社，2004：89-90
②胡庆康.现代货币银行学教程[M].上海：复旦大学出版 ，2006：122-123
①杨治.产业经济学导论[M].北京：中国人民出版社,1995：86-87
①杨治.产业经济学导论[M].北京：中国人民出版社,1995：91-92
②杨治.产业经济学导论[M].北京：中国人民出版社,1995：156-157
①韩载振.韩国银行业所有权结构的演变[J].全球视线,2008年：103-104
①熊继洲.韩国银行体制变革的经验与启示[J].经济纵横,2005(3)：98-99
②兰向明,胡明和李倩倩.外资银行进入对韩国银行业的绩效影响分析[J].金融经济,2009：128-129
[1]Berger & Allen, N. The Profit-Structure Relationship in Banking:Tests of Market-Power and Efficiency-Structure Hypothesis[J]Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking,1995, (27):404-431
[2]Berger & Timothy Hannan.The Efficiency Cost of Market Power in the Banking Industry:A Test of the "Quiet Life"and Related Hypotheses[J].The Review of Economics and Statistics,1998, (80):454-465.
[3]Boyd, John H & De Nicolo, Gianni & Smith, Bruce D. Crises in Competitive versus Monopolistic Banking Systems[J]. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 2004 (36):487-506.
[4]Francisco Perez Garcia & Joaquin Maudos Villarroya & Juan Francisco Fernandez de Guevara Radoselovics. Market Power In European Banking Sectors[J].Working Papers,2002, (5)
[5]Jeon, Yongil and Stephen M.Miller.Bank concentration and performance[Z]. University of Connecticut, Department of Economics Working Paper Series,2002, 2002-25
[6]Smirlock, Michael & Marshall, William. An Exanmination of the Empirical Relationship between the Dividend and Investment Decisions:A Note[J] Journal of Finance.(1983)
[7]Timothy H. Hannan & Ferdinand Mavinga.Expense Preference and Managerial Control:the Case of the Banking Firm[J].Bell Journal of Economics,1980, (38)
[8]Yougil Jeon & Stephen M. Miller. Bank Concentration and Performance[J]. Working papers,2002, (25)
[9]陈敬学.中国银行业市场结构与市场绩效的实证分析[J].统计研究,2004(5)：25-29
[10]丁志杰,王秀山和白钦先.金融体系重组中国有银行产权改革的国际经验[J].国际金融研究,2002(4)：27-31
[11]贺春临.我国银行业的市场结构与绩效研究[J].经济评论,2004(6)：96-102
[12]胡庆康,现代货币银行学教程[M].北京：复旦大学出版社,2006
[13]黄隽.韩国银行业市场竞争度的实证分析[J].东北亚论坛,2007(3)：102-106
[14]兰向明,胡明和李倩倩.外交银行进入对韩国银行业的绩效影响分析[J].金融经济,2007(18)：128-129
[15]林毅夫,李永军.中小金融机构发展与中小企业融资[J].经济研究,2001(1)：10-18转53
[16]刘伟,黄桂田.中国银行业改革的侧重点：产权结构还是市场结构[J].经济研究,2002(8)：3-11
[17]刘小玄.中国转轨经济中的产权结构和市场结构——产业绩效水平的决定因素[J].经济研究,2003(1)：21-29
[18]秦宛顺,欧阳俊.中国商业银行业市场结构、效率和绩效[J].经济科学,2001(4)：34-45
[19]宋富敏,黄华峰.外资银行进入对韩国银行业市场结构影响的经验借鉴[J].齐齐哈尔大学学报,2008(3)：53-55
[20]王国红.论中国银行业的市场结构[J].经济评论,2002(2)：96-103
[21]王国红.中国银行业市场结构改革评述[J].生产力研究,2004(2)：8-13
[22]王颖捷,金融产业组织的市场结构[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2004
[23]徐滇庆,巴曙松.我们呼唤怎么样的民营银行[J].金融经济,2003(5)：14-16
[24]杨治,产业经济学导论[M].北京：中国人民出版社,1995
[25]于良春,鞠源.垄断与竞争：中国银行业的改革和发展[J].经济研究,1999, (8)
[26]袁鹰.我国银行业的市场结构及效应分析[J].金融教学与研究,2000(5)
[27]赵旭,周军民和蒋振声.国有商业银行效率的实证分析[J].华南金融研究,2001(2)
[28]诸廷助,陈华龙和赵玉花.金融危机后韩国银行业的新发展[J].国际金融研究,2005(3)：4-11