城市自然灾害管理中的政府责任研究
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摘要
我国城市的自然灾害频繁发生,且种类多样,影响范围广,各种灾害不仅对人民的生命财产构成严重威胁,也影响城市社会的和谐和稳定发展。近年来,我国城市自然灾害管理机制不断完善,也取得了一些成效。然而,我国城市自然灾害管理与公众的期望、社会的发展要求还有较大差距,政府的自然灾害管理能力还有待提高。研究政府在城市自然灾害管理中的责任,有助于明确政府责任的内容和范围,有助于政府有针对性地采取措施,提高自然灾害管理能力,从而推进自然灾害管理体制的完善。
本文首先介绍了城市自然灾害管理中政府责任研究的背景和意义,并界定了城市自然灾害管理和政府责任的相关概念。其次,从管理学、政治学等角度对政府承担城市自然灾害管理责任的理论依据进行了简要分析,阐述了政府在城市自然灾害管理中的地位是领导者和主要责任承担者。第三,本文简要介绍了政府在城市自然灾害管理中的职责内容与类型。探讨了政府在城市自然灾害管理中的职责内容,其中包括保护国家安全、维护社会稳定、保障公民权利、降低社会危害、开展自然灾害教育等五个方面。而政府在城市自然灾害管理中所应承担的责任则包括政治责任、行政责任、法律责任以及社会保障责任。本文通过对我国自然灾害管理现状的考察,深入分析我国自然灾害管理中存在的问题,进一步探讨了出现这些问题的深层次因素。在此基础上,就我国政府应当如何承担起城市自然灾害管理的责任进行对策研究,从加强自然灾害管理的法制建设、建立统一的自然灾害管理部门、提高自然灾害管理人员的素质、普及公民的自然灾害知识、完善自然灾害信息管理系统、加强对救灾资金的管理、建立自然灾害损失补偿机制和自然灾害保险制度、建立有效的城市自然灾害管理评价与反馈机制和加强监督,建立责任追究制等方面提出对策建议。
The natural disasters occur frequently in our cities, together with the various kinds of that and the large coverage. The various disasters not only have a great threat on the lives and property of the people, but also have a badly harm on the harmony and development of the society. In recent years, we have got the effective achievement with the development of the administration policies on the natural disasters in cities. However, the administrations of the natural disasters in our cities have a long distance from the public expectations and the requirement of the social development. Therefore, the administration of the natural disasters is supposed to be improved. The essay will try to exploit the government responsibilities towards the administrations of the natural disasters in cities, then elaborate on the effects of that, such as, it will clear the contents and ranges of the responsibilities, as well as enhance the government abilities, which will improve the administration abilities of the natural disasters thus will perfect its system.
Firstly, the essay will introduce the background and meaning of the government responsibilities on the administrations of the natural disasters in cities, and define the related concept as it’s concerned. Furthermore, it will have a concise analysis on the theoretical basis of it from the perspective of the management and politics, and describe the status of the government in it as a leader and shoulder the major duties. What is more, the thesis makes a brief introduction about the functions and obligations of the government towards the administrations on the natural disasters. The functions can be described as the followings: protect the safety of the country, keep the society stable, safeguard the citizen’s interests, lower the social danger, spread the awareness of the related knowledge, etc. And the obligations of the government consist of the politics, the administration, the law and the society security. Last but not least, based on the investigations into the actual situation of the natural disasters, the thesis will analyze the existing questions as well as the deeper factors. With the investigation into the present issues about the related administration problems, the paper will probe into the deeper factors to these problems. Based on the previous study, the paper will probe into the strategy about how the government shoulders the responsibilities of the natural disasters. Therefore, to improve the constructions of the legal institutions, to set up the integrated administration department on the natural disasters, to enhance the quality of the administrators and disseminate the concerned knowledge to the citizens, to perfect the administration system, to reinforce the management of the capital on relieving the victims of the disaster, to establish the damage compensation institutions and the insurance system of the natural disaster, to set up the evaluation and the supervision institution, as well as some suggestions on the establishment of the duty-investigation system etc.
本文首先介绍了城市自然灾害管理中政府责任研究的背景和意义,并界定了城市自然灾害管理和政府责任的相关概念。其次,从管理学、政治学等角度对政府承担城市自然灾害管理责任的理论依据进行了简要分析,阐述了政府在城市自然灾害管理中的地位是领导者和主要责任承担者。第三,本文简要介绍了政府在城市自然灾害管理中的职责内容与类型。探讨了政府在城市自然灾害管理中的职责内容,其中包括保护国家安全、维护社会稳定、保障公民权利、降低社会危害、开展自然灾害教育等五个方面。而政府在城市自然灾害管理中所应承担的责任则包括政治责任、行政责任、法律责任以及社会保障责任。本文通过对我国自然灾害管理现状的考察,深入分析我国自然灾害管理中存在的问题,进一步探讨了出现这些问题的深层次因素。在此基础上,就我国政府应当如何承担起城市自然灾害管理的责任进行对策研究,从加强自然灾害管理的法制建设、建立统一的自然灾害管理部门、提高自然灾害管理人员的素质、普及公民的自然灾害知识、完善自然灾害信息管理系统、加强对救灾资金的管理、建立自然灾害损失补偿机制和自然灾害保险制度、建立有效的城市自然灾害管理评价与反馈机制和加强监督,建立责任追究制等方面提出对策建议。
The natural disasters occur frequently in our cities, together with the various kinds of that and the large coverage. The various disasters not only have a great threat on the lives and property of the people, but also have a badly harm on the harmony and development of the society. In recent years, we have got the effective achievement with the development of the administration policies on the natural disasters in cities. However, the administrations of the natural disasters in our cities have a long distance from the public expectations and the requirement of the social development. Therefore, the administration of the natural disasters is supposed to be improved. The essay will try to exploit the government responsibilities towards the administrations of the natural disasters in cities, then elaborate on the effects of that, such as, it will clear the contents and ranges of the responsibilities, as well as enhance the government abilities, which will improve the administration abilities of the natural disasters thus will perfect its system.
Firstly, the essay will introduce the background and meaning of the government responsibilities on the administrations of the natural disasters in cities, and define the related concept as it’s concerned. Furthermore, it will have a concise analysis on the theoretical basis of it from the perspective of the management and politics, and describe the status of the government in it as a leader and shoulder the major duties. What is more, the thesis makes a brief introduction about the functions and obligations of the government towards the administrations on the natural disasters. The functions can be described as the followings: protect the safety of the country, keep the society stable, safeguard the citizen’s interests, lower the social danger, spread the awareness of the related knowledge, etc. And the obligations of the government consist of the politics, the administration, the law and the society security. Last but not least, based on the investigations into the actual situation of the natural disasters, the thesis will analyze the existing questions as well as the deeper factors. With the investigation into the present issues about the related administration problems, the paper will probe into the deeper factors to these problems. Based on the previous study, the paper will probe into the strategy about how the government shoulders the responsibilities of the natural disasters. Therefore, to improve the constructions of the legal institutions, to set up the integrated administration department on the natural disasters, to enhance the quality of the administrators and disseminate the concerned knowledge to the citizens, to perfect the administration system, to reinforce the management of the capital on relieving the victims of the disaster, to establish the damage compensation institutions and the insurance system of the natural disaster, to set up the evaluation and the supervision institution, as well as some suggestions on the establishment of the duty-investigation system etc.
引文
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[3]童大焕.自然灾害死亡抚慰金体现政府责任[N].东方早报,2007,8(24):5.
[4] 曹 文 安 . 试 论 灾 害 事 故 管 理 与 政 府 的 责 任 [EB] . :http//www.chinalawinfo.com/article/user/art,2008-3-14.
[5]金磊.中国城市防灾的综合管理对策研究[J].建筑电气咨询,2001,(5).
[6]金磊.城市灾害学原理概论[J].新建筑,1998,(2).
[7]范宝俊.中国自然灾害与灾害管理[M].哈尔滨:黑龙江教育出版社,1998:1-7.
[8]张梅颖编著.灾害与社会管理专家论坛丛书:城市灾害管理[M].北京:群言出版社,2004:5.
[9]韩景卫.灾害学导论[M].西安:陕西科技出版社,2003:3.
[10]郭济主编.政府应急管理实务[M].北京:中共中央党校出版社,2004:50、170.
[11]汪勤模.漫话自然灾害[OL] .: http//www.weather.org.cn/50year/detail3,2007-11-29.
[12]吕元.城市防灾空间系统规划策略研究[D].北京:北京工业大学,2005.
[13]叶义成,叶义华,许梦国.城市防灾工程[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,1999:210.
[14]赵领娣.中国灾害综合管理机制构建研究[D].青岛:中国海洋大学,2003.
[15]杨光斌.政治学导论[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2004:124、98、318.
[16]张文显.法学基本范畴研究[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,1993:184.
[17]张天蔚.从“官员问责”望“政府责任”[N].北京青年报,2004,4(18):7.
[18]浦兴祖,洪涛主编.西方政治学说史[M].上海:复旦大学出版社,2003:213.
[19]王浦劬主编.政治学基础[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1995:236.
[20]《马克思恩格斯选集》第 4 卷.北京:人民出版社,1992:166.
[21]黄顺康.论公共危机管理中的政府责任[J].甘肃社会科学,2006,(1).
[22]高培勇,崔军.公共部门经济学[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2003:42.
[23]张国庆.行政管理学概论[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2000:84、562.
[24]童颖华,刘武根.国内外政府职能基本理论研究综述[J].江西师范大学学报,2007,(6).
[25]张金鉴.行政学典范[M].台湾:台湾“中国行政学会”,1992:103.
[26]俞晓秋.自然灾害须全球共同应对[N].人民日报,2005,12(9):7.
[27]陈振明.政治学[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,1999:449.
[28]《邓小平文选》第 3 卷.北京:人民出版社,1993:284.
[29]孙关宏,胡雨春.政治学[M].上海:复旦大学出版社,2005:272.
[30]郭正民.救灾救济管理实务全书[M].北京:当代中国音像出版社、电子出版物数据中心,2003:57.
[31]David L.Weimer and Aidan R.Vining,Policy Analysis---concept and practice,1989,by Prentice—Hall,Inc.Englewood Cliffs,New Jersey.P241.
[32]George A.Steiner and John F.Steiner,Business、Government and Society,Palatino,1997.P468.
[33]邹健.问责制中政治责任内涵的四维审视[J].四川行政学院学报,2006,(2).
[34]《“卡特里娜”能敲醒布什吗?》[N].重庆经济报,2005,9(4):4.
[35]肖余恨.灾害预警与政府责任[N].现代快报,2005,6(16):8.
[36]王臻荣.论我国责任政府的建构及其实现途径[J].中国行政管理,2006,(3).
[37]杜钢建.政府责任与灾害管理[N].法律图书馆,2007,7:53.
[38]项小军.我国政府危机管理存在的问题和对策[D].武汉:武汉科技大学,2005.
[39]谢永刚,张佳丹.我国当代救灾制度综述[J].北京林业大学学报,2006,(9).
[40] 苏永通.反思国家应急体系:雪灾暴露出的问题[N].南方周末,2008,2(21):2.
[41]徐娜.灾害信息管理现状[J].中国减灾,2006,(10).
[42]美国联邦紧急事务署.STATE CAPABILITY ASSESS MENT FOR READINESS (CAR).http:// www.fema.gov,2000-4-21.
[43]台湾行政院灾害防救委员会.建置各级政府执行灾害防救工作绩效评估机制之研究案[EB].:http://www.ndppc.nat.gov.tw/uploadfile/series/200502272026.pdf,2004-12-26.
[44]朱正威,胡增基.我国地方政府灾害管理能力评估体系的构建[J].学术论坛,2006,(5).
[45]杨恩.灾害防治法律制度研究[D].重庆:西南政法大学,2005.
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