水泥窑共处置危险废物的生命周期评价
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摘要
利用水泥窑共处置废弃物不仅可以有效地处置废弃物,而且可以减少资源、能源消耗和污染的排放,该技术已得到国内外的广泛关注。共处置过程对环境的影响需要进行全面评估才能得出其优于其他处置方法的证据。生命周期评价法(LCA)作为全面评价产品或工艺的环境影响评价方法,在社会各个领域得到广泛应用,本研究采用生命周期评价法对水泥窑共处置典型危险废物的处置效果进行全面评价。
本文首先建立了水泥窑共处置危险废物生命周期的环境影响模型,以湖北省某水泥厂共处置的废弃农药和辽宁省某水泥厂共处置的废白土为研究对象,与焚烧炉焚烧这两种危险废物作对比,取得了二者的生命周期能耗物耗和污染清单数据,应用LCA进行系统研究和分析,从人类健康(HH)、生态系统质量(EQ)和资源(R)对危险废物的不同处理处置系统的环境影响做出了定性和定量的评估。
结果表明:水泥窑共处置危险废物利于环境的可持续发展,而焚烧炉焚烧总体表现为对环境的破坏性。功能单位废弃农药总环境负荷在水泥窑共处置系统和焚烧炉焚烧系统分别为-27.5 yr.p和0.379 yr.p,前者的环境负荷比后者减少了7.36×103%,各个指标的减少率为:HH:372%,EQ:5.84×103%,R:-40.0%,尽管资源表现为增加的环境负荷,但在整体影响中所占的比例很小,并不会影响水泥窑共处置的环境友好性。功能单位废白土总环境负荷分别为-1.03 yr.p和0.273yr.p,前者的环境负荷比后者减少了479%,相应各个指标的减少率为:HH:413%,EQ:479%,R:36.9%。
总体来看,EQ是水泥窑系统和焚烧炉系统最敏感的影响类别,前者表现为避免的影响,后者则是破坏的影响。水泥窑共处置系统中,矿山开采是环境影响的关键阶段,避免的影响达97%以上;废弃农药焚烧炉系统中,焚烧过程的污染排放是造成环境影响的主要因素,避免柴油、蒸汽生产是避免HH和R影响的主要阶段;废白土焚烧系统中,电力生产对三大影响都有很高的贡献率;而蒸汽回收主要避免R的影响。
对影响因子的识别发现:二噁英、苯、重金属是水泥窑共处置危险废物的主要影响因子;NOx和粉尘是废弃农药焚烧炉系统的主要影响因子;粉尘和重金属对废白土焚烧处置系统的影响较大。采用热值高的废物可使水泥企业得到更高的环境效益。
论文系统地对水泥窑共处置典型危险废物与常规的焚烧炉焚烧系统的环境影响进行了分析、比较和评价,对改善水泥生产过程的环境行为、为危险废物寻找更利于环境友好的处理处置方法等具有重要的现实意义,同时也为今后的水泥窑共处置技术评价方法和评价标准的建立提高了技术借鉴。
It well knows that co-processing technology in cement kilns could disposed wastes effectively, as well as it could reduce the depletion of the abiotic, energy and large quantity discharge of pollution, this technology has been gained wide attention both broad and home. We need more evidences to prove co-processing in cement kiln is the best available technique for waste disposal, therefore a complete assessment should be taken to evaluate the environmental impact of this technics. As a complete way of environmental impact assessment to product and technics, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA in short) has been applied for all the social fields. The article use LCA as a tool to evaluate the typical hazardous wastes co-processing in cement kilns.
First of all, this article set up a LCA method of hazardous wastes co-processing technique. Then it taked the co-processing test burn of obsoleted pesticide in a cement plant of Hubei Province and spent bleaching clay in a cement plant of Liaoning Province as the research object, and compared to treatment in common incinerators, then we got the energy and material consumption and emission inventory of environmental pollutant of the two treatment system. By using a serial of methologies mentioned by LCA, it assessed the environmental impact of the treatment technics quality and quantity from the aspect of human health (HH), ecosystem quality (EQ) and resource (R).
The results showed that co-processing hazardous wastes in cement kilns were more beneficial to sustainable development of environment, by contraries, incinerators treatment system were impact to environment. The environment burden of functional unit of obsoleted pesticide in co-processing system and incinerating system were -27.5 yr.p and 0.379 yr.p respectively. The whole burden of the forer was reduced by 7.36×103% comparing with the later. Each impact index reduced as: HH: 372%, EQ: 5.84×103%, and R: -40.0%, in despite of it showed that resource was increased, but this would not influence the environmental friendiness of co-processing in cement kilns because of the least proportion of resource in total burden. As the same, the environment burden of functional unit of spent bleaching clay in co-processing system and incinerating system were -1.03 yr.p and 0.273 yr.p respectively. The whole burden of the forer was reduced by 479% comparing with the later. Each impact index reduced as: HH: 413%, EQ: 479%, and R: 36.9%.
Totality, EQ was the most sensitive impact category for both co-processing system and incinerating system. In the co-processing system, mining was the most important phase to environment that reached for 97% of total avoidable burden. In the obsoleted pesticide incinerating system, avoidance of production of diesel oil and steam was the main phase of avoiding HH and R, the pollutants emission in combusting and electricity producting were the main factors of HH and EQ impact. In spent bleaching caly incinerating system, electricity production was the main phase contributed to all impact items, steam production was the only phase avoided impact, which contributed to resource avoidance mainly.
After identifying the impact factors, it indicated that dioxin, benzene and heavy metals were the most important reason to co-processing hazardous wastes in cement kilns. NOx and dust were the main impact factors to obsoleted pesticide treatment system in incinerator, while dust and heavy metals were more sensitive to spent bleaching clay incinerating system. For co-processing hazardous wastes in cement kilns, those wastes with high calorific value would be more beneficial for cement plant in environmental aspect.
In this paper, the environmental impact with the use of hazardous wastes in the cement kiln system was analyzed and compared to. It has great significance of the improvement of the environmental behavior of cement production, and gain of best available technique for hazardous waste treatment. At the same time, this provides the reference for the foundation of co-processing technics evaluation methof and evaluation standard.
本文首先建立了水泥窑共处置危险废物生命周期的环境影响模型,以湖北省某水泥厂共处置的废弃农药和辽宁省某水泥厂共处置的废白土为研究对象,与焚烧炉焚烧这两种危险废物作对比,取得了二者的生命周期能耗物耗和污染清单数据,应用LCA进行系统研究和分析,从人类健康(HH)、生态系统质量(EQ)和资源(R)对危险废物的不同处理处置系统的环境影响做出了定性和定量的评估。
结果表明:水泥窑共处置危险废物利于环境的可持续发展,而焚烧炉焚烧总体表现为对环境的破坏性。功能单位废弃农药总环境负荷在水泥窑共处置系统和焚烧炉焚烧系统分别为-27.5 yr.p和0.379 yr.p,前者的环境负荷比后者减少了7.36×103%,各个指标的减少率为:HH:372%,EQ:5.84×103%,R:-40.0%,尽管资源表现为增加的环境负荷,但在整体影响中所占的比例很小,并不会影响水泥窑共处置的环境友好性。功能单位废白土总环境负荷分别为-1.03 yr.p和0.273yr.p,前者的环境负荷比后者减少了479%,相应各个指标的减少率为:HH:413%,EQ:479%,R:36.9%。
总体来看,EQ是水泥窑系统和焚烧炉系统最敏感的影响类别,前者表现为避免的影响,后者则是破坏的影响。水泥窑共处置系统中,矿山开采是环境影响的关键阶段,避免的影响达97%以上;废弃农药焚烧炉系统中,焚烧过程的污染排放是造成环境影响的主要因素,避免柴油、蒸汽生产是避免HH和R影响的主要阶段;废白土焚烧系统中,电力生产对三大影响都有很高的贡献率;而蒸汽回收主要避免R的影响。
对影响因子的识别发现:二噁英、苯、重金属是水泥窑共处置危险废物的主要影响因子;NOx和粉尘是废弃农药焚烧炉系统的主要影响因子;粉尘和重金属对废白土焚烧处置系统的影响较大。采用热值高的废物可使水泥企业得到更高的环境效益。
论文系统地对水泥窑共处置典型危险废物与常规的焚烧炉焚烧系统的环境影响进行了分析、比较和评价,对改善水泥生产过程的环境行为、为危险废物寻找更利于环境友好的处理处置方法等具有重要的现实意义,同时也为今后的水泥窑共处置技术评价方法和评价标准的建立提高了技术借鉴。
It well knows that co-processing technology in cement kilns could disposed wastes effectively, as well as it could reduce the depletion of the abiotic, energy and large quantity discharge of pollution, this technology has been gained wide attention both broad and home. We need more evidences to prove co-processing in cement kiln is the best available technique for waste disposal, therefore a complete assessment should be taken to evaluate the environmental impact of this technics. As a complete way of environmental impact assessment to product and technics, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA in short) has been applied for all the social fields. The article use LCA as a tool to evaluate the typical hazardous wastes co-processing in cement kilns.
First of all, this article set up a LCA method of hazardous wastes co-processing technique. Then it taked the co-processing test burn of obsoleted pesticide in a cement plant of Hubei Province and spent bleaching clay in a cement plant of Liaoning Province as the research object, and compared to treatment in common incinerators, then we got the energy and material consumption and emission inventory of environmental pollutant of the two treatment system. By using a serial of methologies mentioned by LCA, it assessed the environmental impact of the treatment technics quality and quantity from the aspect of human health (HH), ecosystem quality (EQ) and resource (R).
The results showed that co-processing hazardous wastes in cement kilns were more beneficial to sustainable development of environment, by contraries, incinerators treatment system were impact to environment. The environment burden of functional unit of obsoleted pesticide in co-processing system and incinerating system were -27.5 yr.p and 0.379 yr.p respectively. The whole burden of the forer was reduced by 7.36×103% comparing with the later. Each impact index reduced as: HH: 372%, EQ: 5.84×103%, and R: -40.0%, in despite of it showed that resource was increased, but this would not influence the environmental friendiness of co-processing in cement kilns because of the least proportion of resource in total burden. As the same, the environment burden of functional unit of spent bleaching clay in co-processing system and incinerating system were -1.03 yr.p and 0.273 yr.p respectively. The whole burden of the forer was reduced by 479% comparing with the later. Each impact index reduced as: HH: 413%, EQ: 479%, and R: 36.9%.
Totality, EQ was the most sensitive impact category for both co-processing system and incinerating system. In the co-processing system, mining was the most important phase to environment that reached for 97% of total avoidable burden. In the obsoleted pesticide incinerating system, avoidance of production of diesel oil and steam was the main phase of avoiding HH and R, the pollutants emission in combusting and electricity producting were the main factors of HH and EQ impact. In spent bleaching caly incinerating system, electricity production was the main phase contributed to all impact items, steam production was the only phase avoided impact, which contributed to resource avoidance mainly.
After identifying the impact factors, it indicated that dioxin, benzene and heavy metals were the most important reason to co-processing hazardous wastes in cement kilns. NOx and dust were the main impact factors to obsoleted pesticide treatment system in incinerator, while dust and heavy metals were more sensitive to spent bleaching clay incinerating system. For co-processing hazardous wastes in cement kilns, those wastes with high calorific value would be more beneficial for cement plant in environmental aspect.
In this paper, the environmental impact with the use of hazardous wastes in the cement kiln system was analyzed and compared to. It has great significance of the improvement of the environmental behavior of cement production, and gain of best available technique for hazardous waste treatment. At the same time, this provides the reference for the foundation of co-processing technics evaluation methof and evaluation standard.
引文
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