电梯事故应急救援体系研究
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摘要
电梯应急救援,是指一个政府各系统、部门整合各种资源,根据应急法制,针对电梯事故的性质、特点和可能造成的社会危害,建立起旨在防止或减少危机发生的工作体系。由于电梯属于特种设备的一种,又与其他特种设备的区别在于涉及广大群众,救援活动涉及多个部门,具有特殊的特殊性。近年来,我国电梯事故应急救援管理工作建设在较短的时间内取得了较为显著的成效,并逐步进入规范化、科学化和法制化的发展阶段,但与发达国家相比尚处于起步阶段,仍然存在较多的缺陷与不足。笔者通过研究我国现行的应急管理体系,并进行了解和剖析,查找其不足之处和薄弱环节,为构建我国地级政府电梯事故应急救援体系提供基础和依据。
本文从中国电梯应急救援管理的现状入手,应用社会学、管理学、行政学等相关理论,采用查阅资料、比较研究、系统分析的方法来分析研究我国电梯应急救援管理的发展过程。通过对美国、英国、澳大利亚等发达国家的应急管理体系的分析与评价,并结合目前我国电梯事故应急救援工作建设状况以及存在的问题,提出了构建我国地级政府电梯事故应急救援体系建设的具体设想。主要内容如下:
(1)分析我国电梯安全现状和电梯事故应急管理现状,在对电梯事故类型、事故后果及事故致因分析的基础上,对比发达国家应急管理体系,分析我国电梯事故应急救援存在的问题。
(2)以政府指导,分级管理,整合资源,条块结合,快速反应作为构建原则构建电梯事故应急救援体系。该应急管理体系由电梯事故应急指挥、应急救援决策支持、应急救援预案管理、应急救援物资保障、应急救援培训演练等五个子系统和响应机制、指挥机制、协调机制、信息上报及公开机制等四项运行机制构成。
(3)以广州市萝岗区为例,按照总体框架构建萝岗区电梯事故应急救援体系,并针对扶手电梯易出现群死群伤的事故,采用构建的电梯事故应急救援管理体系进行电梯事故应急救援模拟,对应急救援体系针对性、要素完善性、各应急救援部门间协调、应急响应和应急救援能力、应急信息上报等进行检验,并进行体系完善。
Elevator emergency rescue, is a type of working system that the departments of the government according to Emergency Precaution laws take into account the nature, character and social damage of elevator accidents, and integrate various resources to prevent or reduce crisis. Recently, the government established a remarkable elevator emergency rescue management system that towards to standard, scientific and legal development stage. However, it is still in the initial stage comparing with the developed country and remains many weaknesses. Aims to provide fundamental data and materials for establishing rescue system to the local government; the thesis investigates the current existing emergency rescue management system and indicates the shortcomings.
The thesis begins by investigating the current status of Elevator and emergency rescue management of China. We analyze the elevator emergency rescue management development process with applied sociology, management, administration and other relevant theories. Literature review, comparative study and systems analysis are proposed for the investigation. The thesis presents the detail design of establishing elevator emergency rescue system for local government of China via analyzing and evaluating the relevant system in the United States, Britain, Australia and other developed countries, together with investigating the existing problems and weaknesses in the our current system. The thesis is organized as follows:
(1)Analysis of the safety status of the elevator and elevator emergency management situation, the type of elevator accidents, cause of accident and accident consequence analysis, based on the emergency management system compared to developed countries, emergency rescue analysis of the elevator problem.
(2)We propose an elevator emergency rescue system, based on the national safety accident emergency rescue platform and according to the principals of government guidance, classification management, integration of resources and rapid response. The system is constructed with five sub-systems: elevator accident rescue management, emergency rescue decision making supporting, emergence rescue plan management, emergency rescue materials guarantee and emergency training. Moreover, the system also contains four operation mechanisms: command mechanism, coordination mechanisms, information disclosure mechanism.
(3)Aims to prevent large number of injuries and death, we proposed an escalator accident prone to certain venues as example. The elevator building management system is presented for elevator emergency rescue simulation. We evaluate the concentration of the emergency rescue system, elements of perfection, the inter-coordination of departments, emergency response, capability of emergency rescue and the emergency information reporting. Finally, we present a proposal for the system improvement.
本文从中国电梯应急救援管理的现状入手,应用社会学、管理学、行政学等相关理论,采用查阅资料、比较研究、系统分析的方法来分析研究我国电梯应急救援管理的发展过程。通过对美国、英国、澳大利亚等发达国家的应急管理体系的分析与评价,并结合目前我国电梯事故应急救援工作建设状况以及存在的问题,提出了构建我国地级政府电梯事故应急救援体系建设的具体设想。主要内容如下:
(1)分析我国电梯安全现状和电梯事故应急管理现状,在对电梯事故类型、事故后果及事故致因分析的基础上,对比发达国家应急管理体系,分析我国电梯事故应急救援存在的问题。
(2)以政府指导,分级管理,整合资源,条块结合,快速反应作为构建原则构建电梯事故应急救援体系。该应急管理体系由电梯事故应急指挥、应急救援决策支持、应急救援预案管理、应急救援物资保障、应急救援培训演练等五个子系统和响应机制、指挥机制、协调机制、信息上报及公开机制等四项运行机制构成。
(3)以广州市萝岗区为例,按照总体框架构建萝岗区电梯事故应急救援体系,并针对扶手电梯易出现群死群伤的事故,采用构建的电梯事故应急救援管理体系进行电梯事故应急救援模拟,对应急救援体系针对性、要素完善性、各应急救援部门间协调、应急响应和应急救援能力、应急信息上报等进行检验,并进行体系完善。
Elevator emergency rescue, is a type of working system that the departments of the government according to Emergency Precaution laws take into account the nature, character and social damage of elevator accidents, and integrate various resources to prevent or reduce crisis. Recently, the government established a remarkable elevator emergency rescue management system that towards to standard, scientific and legal development stage. However, it is still in the initial stage comparing with the developed country and remains many weaknesses. Aims to provide fundamental data and materials for establishing rescue system to the local government; the thesis investigates the current existing emergency rescue management system and indicates the shortcomings.
The thesis begins by investigating the current status of Elevator and emergency rescue management of China. We analyze the elevator emergency rescue management development process with applied sociology, management, administration and other relevant theories. Literature review, comparative study and systems analysis are proposed for the investigation. The thesis presents the detail design of establishing elevator emergency rescue system for local government of China via analyzing and evaluating the relevant system in the United States, Britain, Australia and other developed countries, together with investigating the existing problems and weaknesses in the our current system. The thesis is organized as follows:
(1)Analysis of the safety status of the elevator and elevator emergency management situation, the type of elevator accidents, cause of accident and accident consequence analysis, based on the emergency management system compared to developed countries, emergency rescue analysis of the elevator problem.
(2)We propose an elevator emergency rescue system, based on the national safety accident emergency rescue platform and according to the principals of government guidance, classification management, integration of resources and rapid response. The system is constructed with five sub-systems: elevator accident rescue management, emergency rescue decision making supporting, emergence rescue plan management, emergency rescue materials guarantee and emergency training. Moreover, the system also contains four operation mechanisms: command mechanism, coordination mechanisms, information disclosure mechanism.
(3)Aims to prevent large number of injuries and death, we proposed an escalator accident prone to certain venues as example. The elevator building management system is presented for elevator emergency rescue simulation. We evaluate the concentration of the emergency rescue system, elements of perfection, the inter-coordination of departments, emergency response, capability of emergency rescue and the emergency information reporting. Finally, we present a proposal for the system improvement.
引文
[1]朱德文,刘剑著.电梯安全技术[M].北京:中国电力出版社,2007:461
[2]国家质检总局特种设备事故调查处理中心.特种设备典型事故案例集[M].北京:航空工业出版社,2005:108-123
[3]关于2009年全国特种设备安全状况的情况通报[R].国家质量监督检验检疫总局,2009
[4]苗兴壮.国内外公共突发事件应对研究述评[J].广东培正学院学报,2006(1):23-26
[5]梁广炽.美国特种设备安全管理综述[J].林业劳动安全,2005,18(2):22-23
[6]赵红.从美国联邦应急计划看美国国家应急管理运行机制[J].理论研究.2004,1:26-30
[7]何娟霞.城市生产安全事故应急救援体系及关键技术研究[D].西安:西安建筑科技大学,2006
[8]陈钢,宋继红,陶雪荣等编著.21世纪特种设备安全科技发展战略[M].北京:国防工业出版社, 2007:158
[9]梁广炽.特种设备安全管理目标模式的探讨[J].中国质量技术监督,2002, (12):30-31
[10]张树志.影响电梯安全运行的主要因素与对策[J].设备管理与维修,2003, (11):9-103
[11]任天笑.中国电梯的安全状况与安全管理制度[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2005:58
[12]任天笑.乘坐电梯的风险及安全部件的作用[J].中国电梯,2002,13(7):7-10
[13]顾徐毅.基于风险的电梯安全评价方法研究[D].上海:上海交通大学,2009
[14]邢娟娟主编.企业重大事故应急管理与预案编制[M].北京:航空工业出版社,2005: 225-227
[15]姜兰.论我国突发事件应急管理体系的构建[D].上海:华东政法大学,2007
[16]宋英华.突发事件应急管理导论[M].北京:中国经济出版社, 2009: 80-97
[17]张兴发.从电梯事故的分析到预防[J].特种设备,2002,12:40-41
[18]朱思中.电梯的安全分析方法[J].中国电梯,2007,18(31):33-36
[19]董伟.特种设备事故分析评价及信息管理系统研发[D].武汉:武汉科技大学,2009
[20]杨振林.特种设备事故致因理论探析[J].工程机械,2008,39(3):58-61
[21]王秦平.特种设备安全监察研究[M].北京:中国计量出版社,2006:34
[22]国家特种设备应急救援体系建设规划[Z].国家质检总局
[23]编委会编.应急救援基础知识[M].北京:中国石化出版社, 2007: 38-43
[24]王福德,孙强.浅议基层特种设备管理中的几个不足[J].中国质量技术监督,2007, 2:40-40
[25]么璐璐.江苏省重大事故应急救援体系的建立与计算机管理系统的研制[D].南京:南京理工大学,2005
[26]特种设备安全监察条例[Z].国务院
[27]傅冰钢.论处置社会突发事件的决策程序[J].江苏警官学院学报,1995,(3):34-36
[28]樊运晓主编.应急救援预案编制实务—理论·实践·实例[M].北京:化学工业出版社, 2005:3-50
[29]邢娟娟.重大事故的应急救援预案编制技术[J].中国安全科学学报,2004,14(1):57-59
[30]刘铁民,刘功智,陈胜.国家生产安全应急救援体系分级响应和救援程序探讨[J].中国安全科学学报,2003,13 (12):5-8
[31]李经中.政府危机管理[M].中国城市出版社,2003:58
[32]Ali Farazmand,ed.Handbook of Crisis and Emergency Management[J] . Marcel Dekker,2001:202-230
[33]Federal Emergency Management Agency[J].Federal Response Plan,2003:1
[34]National Response Team. Hazardous Material Emergency Planing Guide[R].USA:2001.7
[35]苗宏亮.特种设备安全评价体系的建立及应用[D].南京:南京理工大学,2007
[36]2007 Special equipment safety[J].ChinaStandardization,2007,4(4):34-44
[37]Peng jie . The international forum on special equipment safety[J].Elevatorworld,2006,LVI(3):54-58
[38]王宝学,夏荣华,黄菀苓.“预先危险性分析”在电梯检验危险因素分析中的应用[J].中国特种设备安全,2007, 8:35-38
[39]GB7588-2003,电梯制造与安装安全规范[S].2003
[40]Ben R Martin. Technology Foresight: A Review of Recent Govemment Exercises[J].Science,Technology,Industry Review,1996, (17):15-50.
[41]Henderson Lenneal.J.Emergency and Disaster: Pervasive Risk and Public Bureaucracy in Developing Nations[J].Public Organization Review,2004,4(2):103-119
[42]宋娜娜.上海地铁一号线中山北路站人员疏散模拟[J] .性能化设计与实践,2007,26(4):390-392
[43]梁广炽,李家骥.美国特种设备安全管理[M].胡军.北京:中国计量出版社,2005:158-186
[44]姚建.电梯运行系统安全评价若干问题讨论[J].中国电梯,2004,15(21):24-25
[45]安徽省特种设备特大事故应急预案[Z].安徽省质量技术监督局
[46]Vaughan,Emmett J.Risk Management[M].New York:John Wiley & Sons,Inc,1997:35-36
[47]王影.我国工业企业安全生产事故应急管理体系研究[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工程大学,2008
[2]国家质检总局特种设备事故调查处理中心.特种设备典型事故案例集[M].北京:航空工业出版社,2005:108-123
[3]关于2009年全国特种设备安全状况的情况通报[R].国家质量监督检验检疫总局,2009
[4]苗兴壮.国内外公共突发事件应对研究述评[J].广东培正学院学报,2006(1):23-26
[5]梁广炽.美国特种设备安全管理综述[J].林业劳动安全,2005,18(2):22-23
[6]赵红.从美国联邦应急计划看美国国家应急管理运行机制[J].理论研究.2004,1:26-30
[7]何娟霞.城市生产安全事故应急救援体系及关键技术研究[D].西安:西安建筑科技大学,2006
[8]陈钢,宋继红,陶雪荣等编著.21世纪特种设备安全科技发展战略[M].北京:国防工业出版社, 2007:158
[9]梁广炽.特种设备安全管理目标模式的探讨[J].中国质量技术监督,2002, (12):30-31
[10]张树志.影响电梯安全运行的主要因素与对策[J].设备管理与维修,2003, (11):9-103
[11]任天笑.中国电梯的安全状况与安全管理制度[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2005:58
[12]任天笑.乘坐电梯的风险及安全部件的作用[J].中国电梯,2002,13(7):7-10
[13]顾徐毅.基于风险的电梯安全评价方法研究[D].上海:上海交通大学,2009
[14]邢娟娟主编.企业重大事故应急管理与预案编制[M].北京:航空工业出版社,2005: 225-227
[15]姜兰.论我国突发事件应急管理体系的构建[D].上海:华东政法大学,2007
[16]宋英华.突发事件应急管理导论[M].北京:中国经济出版社, 2009: 80-97
[17]张兴发.从电梯事故的分析到预防[J].特种设备,2002,12:40-41
[18]朱思中.电梯的安全分析方法[J].中国电梯,2007,18(31):33-36
[19]董伟.特种设备事故分析评价及信息管理系统研发[D].武汉:武汉科技大学,2009
[20]杨振林.特种设备事故致因理论探析[J].工程机械,2008,39(3):58-61
[21]王秦平.特种设备安全监察研究[M].北京:中国计量出版社,2006:34
[22]国家特种设备应急救援体系建设规划[Z].国家质检总局
[23]编委会编.应急救援基础知识[M].北京:中国石化出版社, 2007: 38-43
[24]王福德,孙强.浅议基层特种设备管理中的几个不足[J].中国质量技术监督,2007, 2:40-40
[25]么璐璐.江苏省重大事故应急救援体系的建立与计算机管理系统的研制[D].南京:南京理工大学,2005
[26]特种设备安全监察条例[Z].国务院
[27]傅冰钢.论处置社会突发事件的决策程序[J].江苏警官学院学报,1995,(3):34-36
[28]樊运晓主编.应急救援预案编制实务—理论·实践·实例[M].北京:化学工业出版社, 2005:3-50
[29]邢娟娟.重大事故的应急救援预案编制技术[J].中国安全科学学报,2004,14(1):57-59
[30]刘铁民,刘功智,陈胜.国家生产安全应急救援体系分级响应和救援程序探讨[J].中国安全科学学报,2003,13 (12):5-8
[31]李经中.政府危机管理[M].中国城市出版社,2003:58
[32]Ali Farazmand,ed.Handbook of Crisis and Emergency Management[J] . Marcel Dekker,2001:202-230
[33]Federal Emergency Management Agency[J].Federal Response Plan,2003:1
[34]National Response Team. Hazardous Material Emergency Planing Guide[R].USA:2001.7
[35]苗宏亮.特种设备安全评价体系的建立及应用[D].南京:南京理工大学,2007
[36]2007 Special equipment safety[J].ChinaStandardization,2007,4(4):34-44
[37]Peng jie . The international forum on special equipment safety[J].Elevatorworld,2006,LVI(3):54-58
[38]王宝学,夏荣华,黄菀苓.“预先危险性分析”在电梯检验危险因素分析中的应用[J].中国特种设备安全,2007, 8:35-38
[39]GB7588-2003,电梯制造与安装安全规范[S].2003
[40]Ben R Martin. Technology Foresight: A Review of Recent Govemment Exercises[J].Science,Technology,Industry Review,1996, (17):15-50.
[41]Henderson Lenneal.J.Emergency and Disaster: Pervasive Risk and Public Bureaucracy in Developing Nations[J].Public Organization Review,2004,4(2):103-119
[42]宋娜娜.上海地铁一号线中山北路站人员疏散模拟[J] .性能化设计与实践,2007,26(4):390-392
[43]梁广炽,李家骥.美国特种设备安全管理[M].胡军.北京:中国计量出版社,2005:158-186
[44]姚建.电梯运行系统安全评价若干问题讨论[J].中国电梯,2004,15(21):24-25
[45]安徽省特种设备特大事故应急预案[Z].安徽省质量技术监督局
[46]Vaughan,Emmett J.Risk Management[M].New York:John Wiley & Sons,Inc,1997:35-36
[47]王影.我国工业企业安全生产事故应急管理体系研究[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工程大学,2008