常压储罐系统安全评价研究
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摘要
储罐是输油系统中的重要设施,其内多储存易燃易爆、具有环境污染的介质。随着使用时间的延长和环境介质的影响,储罐材料不可避免的出现老化、腐蚀等缺陷,造成储罐安全度的下降,抗突发性荷载能力下降,加之压力或液位的不断变化,很容易引起介质泄漏,导致产生严重的经济损失和环境与生态污染。因此开展常压储罐系统安全评价方法研究,对于确保储罐在日常生产中的安全运行,在突发性荷载产生时提高安全储备、减少灾害损失等方面均具有重要的意义。
     本文在对储罐受力状况进行分析研究的基础上,建立了相应的力学模型,并采用高精度八节点等参元有限元方法进行求解,以获得罐体上各点应力值及整体结构的应力分布图。采用模糊决策技术,获得了大型罐体结构的模糊最大应力集和模糊最小失效集,及含裂纹时基体的模糊断裂应力强度因子集和模糊断裂失效集。在常规可靠性设计失效准则的基础上,考虑了影响结构失效的不确定性因素的两个方面:随机性和模糊性,结合断裂力学理论建立了模糊断裂极限状态方程,确立了结构模糊断裂可靠度计算方法,提出了比较适用且具有较高效率的计算结构系统模糊断裂可靠度的权函数综合法,给出了结构模糊断裂可靠度的综合表达式。
     编制完成了常压储罐安全运行可靠性分析计算机软件,并对承受液态介质的某化工厂大型液氨储罐在各种失效边界下的模糊断裂可靠度进行了计算。
Oil tanks are important facilities in oil transport system, in which the medium that are tend to burn or explode, or else, may pollute the environment is installed. With the extension of the employing time and the infection of the circumstance medium, the material of oil tanks are inevitably weathering and eroded. As the result, the tank's security degree drops and the resistibility against outburst load also descends, together with the continuous change of the pressure and the fluid depth, the leakage of the medium is easily brought, then serious economic loss and pollution to the environment and ecology is brought out. Therefore, the research to the method of evaluation to the security of the tank at normal pressure is significant to several facets, such as the tank's safe run in daily works, the enhance of the security degree upon outburst load, and the reduce of the disaster loss.
    Based on the analysis to the forced status of the oil tank in this paper, the corresponding mechanics model is established, which is calculated with the eight-dot limited element, so the stress value of the identified point on the tank and the integer stress distribution fig are obtained. By use of the fuzzy decision making technique, the fuzzy most stress set and the fuzzy least failure set of the large-sized tank structure is obtained, at the same time, the fuzzy fractural stress intension factor set and fuzzy fractural failure set of the cell that involves cracks is also obtained. Based on the normal failure criterion of reliability design, and considering the two sides of the undetermined factor: randomness and fuzzyness. Combined with fractural mechanics theory, the fuzzy equation under fractural limit state is established, the calculated method of the structural fuzzy fractural reliability is confirmed, simultaneously, a fuzzy weight function algorithm for calculating structural reliability of a tank was presented which is relatively applicable and effective, the wholly expression of the structural fuzzy fractural reliability is also presented.
    The computer software of the analysis to the safely running reliability of the tank at normal pressure is compiled. Then the fuzzy fractural reliability on several kinds of failure boundary of the liquid ammonia tank in a certain chemical plant that is under the force of liquid medium is calculated with the software.
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